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This chapter focuses on the government efforts to regulate, tax, and restrict transborder movement and enforce jurisdictional boundaries within the context of social and economic integration. As the threat of Apaches and filibusters faded, the border shifted from a site where the state proved its power through military defense of its territory to one in which sovereignty was measured in customs collected, immigrants rejected, and bandits arrested. All of these responsibilities demanded that U.S. and Mexican officials attempt to control who and what crossed it. As such, the U.S. and Mexican governments resurveyed the boundary line and established new ports of entry along it. They also dispatched a growing force of customs, immigration, and law enforcement officers to the border to enforce a growing number of conditional restrictions. With these efforts the nation-states increased their presence in everyday life along the border and laid the foundation for the modern border control apparatus.

This chapter looks more closely at the interplay between Jewish and Islamic courts. It discusses instances in which Jews chose to bring cases to Islamic legal institutions even when they could have remained in Jewish courts, and when Muslims similarly chose to use Jewish legal institutions rather than stay in Islamic ones. The chapter also argues that Jews' and Muslims' movement across jurisdictional boundaries caused judicial officials from both communities to accommodate the realities of legal pluralism. Islamic law and Jewish law converged toward each other—Islamic law by accommodating the existence and validity of Jewish legal institutions, and Jewish law by accommodating the presence of Muslims in Jewish courts.

This chapter traces French legal reforms in the early decades of the Protectorate and their impact on Jews' legal strategies. Colonial administrators attempted to harden the jurisdictional boundaries separating Morocco's different legal orders in order to prevent forum shopping and promote the rationalization of the government. In doing so, they reduced the jurisdiction of Jewish and shariʻa courts. The French were not able to implement their legal reforms immediately; both Jews and Muslims initially resisted these far-reaching changes. Nonetheless, the colonial authorities eventually succeeded at imposing firm jurisdictional boundaries among different legal institutions. Yet these reforms had unintended negative consequences for Morocco's Jews—consequences that proved particularly hard to swallow given France's promises to emancipate the country's religious minority.

This chapter discusses different theories, models, and concepts from various fields and disciplines. It examines ideas on relationships between place, space, time, technology, and organizations, as well as their implications for governments and public authorities. The virtual world, which is usually associated with digital technology, is more than that. Research has shown that the use of the Internet only reinforces the citizen's already existing habits: an activist in the actual world remains an activist on the Net. However, the virtual world does have real effects: it can change jurisdictional boundaries, accountabilities, and cooperative efforts among organizations. It can reach out to citizens in remote places, and even shift bureaucratic hierarchies to existing networks that can reduce a load of rules and regulations. The opposite can also happen when face-to-face interactions can either increase trust or lessen it. Some Internet users perceive e-government as an improvement in efficiency, but a study has shown that this optimism has no basis.