Glenn Yago and Susanne Trimbath
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195149234
- eISBN:
- 9780199871865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195149238.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This short introductory chapter provides a brief analysis of the high‐yield (junk bond) market in the USA in 2001 and 2002, discussing the multitude of influences upon it, including the September 11, ...
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This short introductory chapter provides a brief analysis of the high‐yield (junk bond) market in the USA in 2001 and 2002, discussing the multitude of influences upon it, including the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. It notes that any attempt to compare the impact of these attacks with previous historical events will be flawed because the combination of an act of war committed in the USA at the time of a recession has never before occurred. A table is presented that attempts to sort out the positive and negative effects of individual events and circumstances on the market for high‐yield securities, and a summary is given of the immediate damage to the credit markets in September 2001. It is suggested that there is at least anecdotal evidence of large cash positions sitting on the sidelines globally, so that any recovery could be significant.Less
This short introductory chapter provides a brief analysis of the high‐yield (junk bond) market in the USA in 2001 and 2002, discussing the multitude of influences upon it, including the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. It notes that any attempt to compare the impact of these attacks with previous historical events will be flawed because the combination of an act of war committed in the USA at the time of a recession has never before occurred. A table is presented that attempts to sort out the positive and negative effects of individual events and circumstances on the market for high‐yield securities, and a summary is given of the immediate damage to the credit markets in September 2001. It is suggested that there is at least anecdotal evidence of large cash positions sitting on the sidelines globally, so that any recovery could be significant.
Shannon Dudley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195175479
- eISBN:
- 9780199851522
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175479.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
A symbol of Trinidadian culture, the steelband has made an extraordinary transformation since its origins: from junk metal to steel orchestra, and from disparaged underclass pastime to Trinidad and ...
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A symbol of Trinidadian culture, the steelband has made an extraordinary transformation since its origins: from junk metal to steel orchestra, and from disparaged underclass pastime to Trinidad and Tobago’s national instrument. This book looks at the musical thinking that ignited this transformation, and the way it articulates Afro-Trinidadian tradition, carnival, colonial authority, and nationalist politics. The book tells the story of the steelband from the point of view of musicians who overcame the disadvantages of poverty and prejudice with their extraordinary ambition. Literally referring to the poor neighborhoods nestled in the hills bordering Port of Spain to the East, “Behind the Bridge,” used in the title of this book, is also a metaphor for the conditions of social disadvantage and cultural resistance that shaped the steelband movement in the various Afro-Trinidadian communities where it first took root. The book further explores the implications of the steelband’s “nationalization” in post-independence Trinidad and Tobago, and contemporary steelband musicians’ preoccupation with the formally adjudicated annual Panorama competition. In discussing the intersection of musical thinking, festivity, and politics, this book connects questions about the history of the steelband to general questions about the relation between popular culture and nationalism.Less
A symbol of Trinidadian culture, the steelband has made an extraordinary transformation since its origins: from junk metal to steel orchestra, and from disparaged underclass pastime to Trinidad and Tobago’s national instrument. This book looks at the musical thinking that ignited this transformation, and the way it articulates Afro-Trinidadian tradition, carnival, colonial authority, and nationalist politics. The book tells the story of the steelband from the point of view of musicians who overcame the disadvantages of poverty and prejudice with their extraordinary ambition. Literally referring to the poor neighborhoods nestled in the hills bordering Port of Spain to the East, “Behind the Bridge,” used in the title of this book, is also a metaphor for the conditions of social disadvantage and cultural resistance that shaped the steelband movement in the various Afro-Trinidadian communities where it first took root. The book further explores the implications of the steelband’s “nationalization” in post-independence Trinidad and Tobago, and contemporary steelband musicians’ preoccupation with the formally adjudicated annual Panorama competition. In discussing the intersection of musical thinking, festivity, and politics, this book connects questions about the history of the steelband to general questions about the relation between popular culture and nationalism.
Alan D. Morrison and William J. Wilhelm Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199296576
- eISBN:
- 9780191712036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296576.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter argues that the most important factors influencing the development of investment banks in the second half of the 20th century were technological. The emergence first of large scale batch ...
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This chapter argues that the most important factors influencing the development of investment banks in the second half of the 20th century were technological. The emergence first of large scale batch computers and later of high-powered desktop machines resulted in the computerization of many aspects of investment banking. At the same time, new developments in financial economics resulted in the codification of many activities that formerly had relied upon tacit skill. These businesses, which previously relied upon unquantifiable human capital, were transformed in this period. This trend is related to the rise of institutional investment, and it is argued that it manifested itself in the development of formal risk management systems. Traditional relational investment banking skills found new applications. The chapter traces the emergence of the modern M&A advisory business, and argues that the junk bond market gave investment bankers an opportunity to return to an activist investor role.Less
This chapter argues that the most important factors influencing the development of investment banks in the second half of the 20th century were technological. The emergence first of large scale batch computers and later of high-powered desktop machines resulted in the computerization of many aspects of investment banking. At the same time, new developments in financial economics resulted in the codification of many activities that formerly had relied upon tacit skill. These businesses, which previously relied upon unquantifiable human capital, were transformed in this period. This trend is related to the rise of institutional investment, and it is argued that it manifested itself in the development of formal risk management systems. Traditional relational investment banking skills found new applications. The chapter traces the emergence of the modern M&A advisory business, and argues that the junk bond market gave investment bankers an opportunity to return to an activist investor role.
Leah Price
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691114170
- eISBN:
- 9781400842186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691114170.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter looks at religious tracts and junk mail. The Victorians pioneered institutions—whether secular (the post) or religious (the tract society)—that allowed printed matter to be distributed ...
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This chapter looks at religious tracts and junk mail. The Victorians pioneered institutions—whether secular (the post) or religious (the tract society)—that allowed printed matter to be distributed at the expense of someone other than its end user. By disjoining owning from choosing, those transactions challenged Enlightenment assumptions about the relation between reading and identity. Where the secular press trusted print to lift individuals out of their social origin, the niche marketing pioneered by Evangelical publishers and commercial advertisers alike vested it instead with the power to mark age, gender, and class. If the content of tracts interpellated new audiences by matching characters' demographic to readers', so did the different material forms that each text took—reprinted on different paper, sold at different price points, distributed in gross and in detail.Less
This chapter looks at religious tracts and junk mail. The Victorians pioneered institutions—whether secular (the post) or religious (the tract society)—that allowed printed matter to be distributed at the expense of someone other than its end user. By disjoining owning from choosing, those transactions challenged Enlightenment assumptions about the relation between reading and identity. Where the secular press trusted print to lift individuals out of their social origin, the niche marketing pioneered by Evangelical publishers and commercial advertisers alike vested it instead with the power to mark age, gender, and class. If the content of tracts interpellated new audiences by matching characters' demographic to readers', so did the different material forms that each text took—reprinted on different paper, sold at different price points, distributed in gross and in detail.
Lukasz Gruszczynski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578924
- eISBN:
- 9780191722646
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578924.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter addresses the science-based provisions of the SPS Agreement. The main part of the discussion is dedicated to risk assessment disciplines as elaborated by the SPS case law. This includes ...
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This chapter addresses the science-based provisions of the SPS Agreement. The main part of the discussion is dedicated to risk assessment disciplines as elaborated by the SPS case law. This includes the problem of the required structure and the content of risk assessment, the role of scientific minority opinions as a legitimate basis for a SPS measure, and standard of review applicable to evaluation of scientifically complex issues. Against this analysis, the last part of the chapter attempts to identify the ultimate function that is performed by science under the SPS Agreement and to propose some critical observations on its capacity to perform such a role. It concludes that although science-based criteria may compromise the choice of WTO members regarding an acceptable level of risk, a proper interpretation of the SPS Agreement may reduce that danger, maintaining at the same time advantages of the current system.Less
This chapter addresses the science-based provisions of the SPS Agreement. The main part of the discussion is dedicated to risk assessment disciplines as elaborated by the SPS case law. This includes the problem of the required structure and the content of risk assessment, the role of scientific minority opinions as a legitimate basis for a SPS measure, and standard of review applicable to evaluation of scientifically complex issues. Against this analysis, the last part of the chapter attempts to identify the ultimate function that is performed by science under the SPS Agreement and to propose some critical observations on its capacity to perform such a role. It concludes that although science-based criteria may compromise the choice of WTO members regarding an acceptable level of risk, a proper interpretation of the SPS Agreement may reduce that danger, maintaining at the same time advantages of the current system.
Glenn Yago and Susanne Trimbath
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195149234
- eISBN:
- 9780199871865
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195149238.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Since financial myths exploded in the 1980s, the perspective of time creates a unique opportunity to update and expand the analysis begun in Glenn Yago's 1991 book, Junk Bonds: How High Yield ...
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Since financial myths exploded in the 1980s, the perspective of time creates a unique opportunity to update and expand the analysis begun in Glenn Yago's 1991 book, Junk Bonds: How High Yield Securities Restructured Corporate America (OUP). When first published, Junk Bonds drew controversial responses, but some 12 years later, enough time has passed to allow this dispassionate empirical analysis to shear away the hype and hysteria that surrounded the Wall Street scandals, Washington controversies, and media frenzy of the time. In retrospect, the evidence clearly casts favorable light on the role of high‐yield securities (junk bonds), and the research presented in this book demonstrates how financial innovations enabled capital access for industrial restructuring, capital and labor productivity gains, and improved global competitiveness. The book provides a one‐stop data, reference, and case study presentation of firms and securities in the contemporary high‐yield market in the USA (and elsewhere), and of the financial innovations that spurred growth in the 1990s and will continue to finance the future. The high‐yield market incubated successive waves of financial technologies that now proliferate beyond junk bonds to all the dimensions and dynamics of global debt and equity capital markets. The book charts the recovery of the market in the 1990s, the wave of fallen angels, distressed credits and defaults in 2001–2002, and suggests how the high‐yield market will be recreated in the global market of the twenty‐first century. It also explicates the linkages between the high‐yield market and other credit and equity markets in managing a firm's capital structure to execute its business strategy. Anyone active in corporate finance, financial institutions, or capital markets will find this book useful for interpreting and understanding the recent history of both the high‐yield marketplace and its interaction with private equity, public equity, and fixed‐income markets. The material presented is arranged in 11 chapters and four appendices. The latter provide definitions of junk bonds, some technical material from Ch. 4, a “tools of the trade” glossary, and a literature review containing short summaries of seven topics (bond ratings, macroeconomic relationships, regulation, use of proceeds, Drexel Burnham Lambert – a bond underwriter, default rates, and risk) with associated references, a table of annotated references, and further references.Less
Since financial myths exploded in the 1980s, the perspective of time creates a unique opportunity to update and expand the analysis begun in Glenn Yago's 1991 book, Junk Bonds: How High Yield Securities Restructured Corporate America (OUP). When first published, Junk Bonds drew controversial responses, but some 12 years later, enough time has passed to allow this dispassionate empirical analysis to shear away the hype and hysteria that surrounded the Wall Street scandals, Washington controversies, and media frenzy of the time. In retrospect, the evidence clearly casts favorable light on the role of high‐yield securities (junk bonds), and the research presented in this book demonstrates how financial innovations enabled capital access for industrial restructuring, capital and labor productivity gains, and improved global competitiveness. The book provides a one‐stop data, reference, and case study presentation of firms and securities in the contemporary high‐yield market in the USA (and elsewhere), and of the financial innovations that spurred growth in the 1990s and will continue to finance the future. The high‐yield market incubated successive waves of financial technologies that now proliferate beyond junk bonds to all the dimensions and dynamics of global debt and equity capital markets. The book charts the recovery of the market in the 1990s, the wave of fallen angels, distressed credits and defaults in 2001–2002, and suggests how the high‐yield market will be recreated in the global market of the twenty‐first century. It also explicates the linkages between the high‐yield market and other credit and equity markets in managing a firm's capital structure to execute its business strategy. Anyone active in corporate finance, financial institutions, or capital markets will find this book useful for interpreting and understanding the recent history of both the high‐yield marketplace and its interaction with private equity, public equity, and fixed‐income markets. The material presented is arranged in 11 chapters and four appendices. The latter provide definitions of junk bonds, some technical material from Ch. 4, a “tools of the trade” glossary, and a literature review containing short summaries of seven topics (bond ratings, macroeconomic relationships, regulation, use of proceeds, Drexel Burnham Lambert – a bond underwriter, default rates, and risk) with associated references, a table of annotated references, and further references.
Charles R. Geisst
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195130867
- eISBN:
- 9780199871155
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195130863.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History, Financial Economics
Market rises after stimulus package from Washington. Mergers trend begins in 1982 with corporate raiding. Stock market rout in 1987 and S&L crisis a year later. Junk bond trend emerges. Michael ...
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Market rises after stimulus package from Washington. Mergers trend begins in 1982 with corporate raiding. Stock market rout in 1987 and S&L crisis a year later. Junk bond trend emerges. Michael Milken found guilty and sentenced. Bull market resumes during Clinton years and bubble reaches historic highs on DJIA. Mergers continue unabated. Greenspan becomes Fed chairman.Less
Market rises after stimulus package from Washington. Mergers trend begins in 1982 with corporate raiding. Stock market rout in 1987 and S&L crisis a year later. Junk bond trend emerges. Michael Milken found guilty and sentenced. Bull market resumes during Clinton years and bubble reaches historic highs on DJIA. Mergers continue unabated. Greenspan becomes Fed chairman.
Hendrik S. Houthakker and Peter J. Williamson
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195044072
- eISBN:
- 9780199832958
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019504407X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
The supply of securities is examined both in terms of the contractual characteristics and importance of each main type and the way in which the actual performance and supply of each over time is ...
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The supply of securities is examined both in terms of the contractual characteristics and importance of each main type and the way in which the actual performance and supply of each over time is influenced by the behavior of issuers. The analysis presented is with respect to the USA. The securities explored include government securities – municipal bonds and bonds of foreign governments and international organizations; corporate securities – equities and senior debt, takeovers, bonds, junk bonds, convertible securities; mutual fund shares; mortgages and mortgage‐backed securities. The chapter also includes discussion of the implications for the supply of securities of corporate financial policy, partnership units and business taxation, and claims on financial institutions.Less
The supply of securities is examined both in terms of the contractual characteristics and importance of each main type and the way in which the actual performance and supply of each over time is influenced by the behavior of issuers. The analysis presented is with respect to the USA. The securities explored include government securities – municipal bonds and bonds of foreign governments and international organizations; corporate securities – equities and senior debt, takeovers, bonds, junk bonds, convertible securities; mutual fund shares; mortgages and mortgage‐backed securities. The chapter also includes discussion of the implications for the supply of securities of corporate financial policy, partnership units and business taxation, and claims on financial institutions.
Glenn Yago and Susanne Trimbath
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195149234
- eISBN:
- 9780199871865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195149238.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter first presents a brief history of the high‐yield securities market in the USA since the 1970s. It then discusses the etymology of the term ‘junk bonds’, and goes on to describe critical ...
More
This chapter first presents a brief history of the high‐yield securities market in the USA since the 1970s. It then discusses the etymology of the term ‘junk bonds’, and goes on to describe critical events in the high‐yield market from the period 1989–1990 – which has often been characterized as the time of the beginning of the end for the market. The next part of the chapter discusses the capital access and high‐yield financial innovations that led to the development of the high‐yield securities market from the late 1970s, giving a comparative breakdown of the distribution of the main uses of high‐yield proceeds in the periods 1983–1989 and 1990–1999, and a year‐by‐year breakdown of the use of proceeds from 1983 to 2000. Last, the junk bond situation in 2000–2002 is contrasted with that in the 1990s, giving comparative year‐by‐year data for the distress ratio, the percentage of Rule 144A (which permits private placements to be freely traded among qualified institutional buyers (QIBs)) new issues, and high‐yield default rates from 1990 to 2002; data on high‐yield supply for 2000–2002 are included.Less
This chapter first presents a brief history of the high‐yield securities market in the USA since the 1970s. It then discusses the etymology of the term ‘junk bonds’, and goes on to describe critical events in the high‐yield market from the period 1989–1990 – which has often been characterized as the time of the beginning of the end for the market. The next part of the chapter discusses the capital access and high‐yield financial innovations that led to the development of the high‐yield securities market from the late 1970s, giving a comparative breakdown of the distribution of the main uses of high‐yield proceeds in the periods 1983–1989 and 1990–1999, and a year‐by‐year breakdown of the use of proceeds from 1983 to 2000. Last, the junk bond situation in 2000–2002 is contrasted with that in the 1990s, giving comparative year‐by‐year data for the distress ratio, the percentage of Rule 144A (which permits private placements to be freely traded among qualified institutional buyers (QIBs)) new issues, and high‐yield default rates from 1990 to 2002; data on high‐yield supply for 2000–2002 are included.
Simon Ville and David M. Williams (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780969588542
- eISBN:
- 9781786944887
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780969588542.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This volume seeks to explore the vast history of international maritime business, focussing on themes of management, finance, and labour. Each essay considers the economics of maritime industries and ...
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This volume seeks to explore the vast history of international maritime business, focussing on themes of management, finance, and labour. Each essay considers the economics of maritime industries and the factors that influenced decision-making. Their collective purpose is to spotlight relatively neglected areas of international maritime business history, and their richly varied subjects and geographies are primarily unified by this theme, whilst demonstrating the universality of international maritime business. The essays cover the following subjects:- the Norwegian shipbroking firm, Fearnley and Eger; the labour management strategies of nineteenth century London dock companies; the hierarchies of Finnish seagoing in the nineteenth century; twentieth-century Spanish merchant shipping; an examination of Gothenburg’s leading shipping companies; an exploration of The Royal Mail’s postal contracts and overseas mail service; patterns of ownership and finance in Greek deep-sea steamship fleets; the relationships between banks and industry in interwar Italy; the expansion of Japanese post-war shipbuilding; and a survey of Chinese junk trades.Less
This volume seeks to explore the vast history of international maritime business, focussing on themes of management, finance, and labour. Each essay considers the economics of maritime industries and the factors that influenced decision-making. Their collective purpose is to spotlight relatively neglected areas of international maritime business history, and their richly varied subjects and geographies are primarily unified by this theme, whilst demonstrating the universality of international maritime business. The essays cover the following subjects:- the Norwegian shipbroking firm, Fearnley and Eger; the labour management strategies of nineteenth century London dock companies; the hierarchies of Finnish seagoing in the nineteenth century; twentieth-century Spanish merchant shipping; an examination of Gothenburg’s leading shipping companies; an exploration of The Royal Mail’s postal contracts and overseas mail service; patterns of ownership and finance in Greek deep-sea steamship fleets; the relationships between banks and industry in interwar Italy; the expansion of Japanese post-war shipbuilding; and a survey of Chinese junk trades.
Earl Conee
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199253722
- eISBN:
- 9780191601361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253722.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Knowing a proposition appears to justify dismissing any evidence against that proposition as misleading. Yet a dismissal of evidence is dogmatic and belief against sufficiently strong evidence is ...
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Knowing a proposition appears to justify dismissing any evidence against that proposition as misleading. Yet a dismissal of evidence is dogmatic and belief against sufficiently strong evidence is never epistemically justified. It is argued in response that the problem can be resolved by applying an evidentialist view of the justification that is required for knowledge. Although knowledge includes evidence that helps justify judgments to the effect that contrary evidence is misleading, we do not thereby become justified in disregarding contrary evidence.Less
Knowing a proposition appears to justify dismissing any evidence against that proposition as misleading. Yet a dismissal of evidence is dogmatic and belief against sufficiently strong evidence is never epistemically justified. It is argued in response that the problem can be resolved by applying an evidentialist view of the justification that is required for knowledge. Although knowledge includes evidence that helps justify judgments to the effect that contrary evidence is misleading, we do not thereby become justified in disregarding contrary evidence.
Deborah Knight
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198159216
- eISBN:
- 9780191673566
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198159216.003.0016
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
This chapter shows another concern of early film theorists. This concern has been addressed more recently by a number of writers in the analytic tradition. The chapter focuses on the paradox of genre ...
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This chapter shows another concern of early film theorists. This concern has been addressed more recently by a number of writers in the analytic tradition. The chapter focuses on the paradox of genre or ‘junk’ fiction consumption. Noel Carroll who was able to anatomize it solved the paradox by claiming that genre texts engage viewers in the cognitive activities of testing out hypotheses concerning the likely outcome of the action. This chapter argues that the ‘paradox of junk fiction’ is not so much false as ill-conceived and that some problematic assumptions that inform the paradox posited by Carroll inhabit the solution. The chapter further argues that entelechial causality is central for understanding genre fictions in which the horizon of expectations is framed. It is not a matter of predicting what will happen next in the context of a particular story.Less
This chapter shows another concern of early film theorists. This concern has been addressed more recently by a number of writers in the analytic tradition. The chapter focuses on the paradox of genre or ‘junk’ fiction consumption. Noel Carroll who was able to anatomize it solved the paradox by claiming that genre texts engage viewers in the cognitive activities of testing out hypotheses concerning the likely outcome of the action. This chapter argues that the ‘paradox of junk fiction’ is not so much false as ill-conceived and that some problematic assumptions that inform the paradox posited by Carroll inhabit the solution. The chapter further argues that entelechial causality is central for understanding genre fictions in which the horizon of expectations is framed. It is not a matter of predicting what will happen next in the context of a particular story.
Kuo-tung Ch'en
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780969588542
- eISBN:
- 9781786944887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780969588542.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This essay focuses primarily on Chinese junks and examines ownership, organisation, numbers, size, cost, manning, trade routes, goods and custom controls.
This essay focuses primarily on Chinese junks and examines ownership, organisation, numbers, size, cost, manning, trade routes, goods and custom controls.
Antonio Fontdevila
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199541379
- eISBN:
- 9780191728532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541379.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Developmental Biology
The importance of transposable elements (TEs) in shaping the genome is discussed. Two main aspects are highlighted; one refers to their capacity for producing mutations; the other emphasises the TEs ...
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The importance of transposable elements (TEs) in shaping the genome is discussed. Two main aspects are highlighted; one refers to their capacity for producing mutations; the other emphasises the TEs involvement in genome reorganisation mainly through transduction of genome fragments, production of chromosomal rearrangements, and exon shuffling. This TE dynamics is discussed from the original controversial viewpoint of their role as parasitic, selfish elements (the ‘junk’ DNA hypothesis), challenged from its inception by those who assign to TEs a long-term adaptive role. This chapter presents a suite of examples from genomic studies that bolster that although most probably TEs originally exhibited a parasitic behaviour, this was followed by a process in which TE functions, of which epigenetic regulation is prime, were co-opted by the genome in a domestication process. The chapter ends showing some challenging natural scenarios (i.e. colonisation and hybridisation) that may promote TE mobilisations of far reaching evolutionary effects in adaptation and speciation.Less
The importance of transposable elements (TEs) in shaping the genome is discussed. Two main aspects are highlighted; one refers to their capacity for producing mutations; the other emphasises the TEs involvement in genome reorganisation mainly through transduction of genome fragments, production of chromosomal rearrangements, and exon shuffling. This TE dynamics is discussed from the original controversial viewpoint of their role as parasitic, selfish elements (the ‘junk’ DNA hypothesis), challenged from its inception by those who assign to TEs a long-term adaptive role. This chapter presents a suite of examples from genomic studies that bolster that although most probably TEs originally exhibited a parasitic behaviour, this was followed by a process in which TE functions, of which epigenetic regulation is prime, were co-opted by the genome in a domestication process. The chapter ends showing some challenging natural scenarios (i.e. colonisation and hybridisation) that may promote TE mobilisations of far reaching evolutionary effects in adaptation and speciation.
Christian de Perthuis and Pierre-André Jouvet
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231171403
- eISBN:
- 9780231540360
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231171403.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Advocates of degrowth suggest reducing strain on the planet by acting on the average wealth of each occupant. On behalf of protecting the environment, should we be moving toward green degrowth?
Advocates of degrowth suggest reducing strain on the planet by acting on the average wealth of each occupant. On behalf of protecting the environment, should we be moving toward green degrowth?
Jeanne Fahnestock
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199764129
- eISBN:
- 9780199918928
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764129.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Applied Linguistics and Pedagogy
The English lexicon changes constantly as users coin new words and press existing words into new uses. Novel English words are formed by a variety of methods, including compounding existing words, ...
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The English lexicon changes constantly as users coin new words and press existing words into new uses. Novel English words are formed by a variety of methods, including compounding existing words, adding affixes, clipping, blending, creating acronyms, and converting from one part of speech to another. Many of these word-morphing and coining options were discussed in rhetorical manuals, and understanding these methods of word formation leads to an appreciation of English morphology. Coined words are often rhetorical “hot spots”; they indicate an arguer's attempt to convey a novel content/form pairing, and they often argue for “newness” in themselves. This chapter offers examples of each form of coinage, some from arguments where the new word trenchantly delivers an argument. The chapter also covers the inevitable processes of users changing meanings over time, and of losing words as they fall out of current if not potential usage. The process of change and loss is illustrated with an extended case study of the variable meanings of the word junk, beginning with its use by Darwin in a passage from The Voyage of the Beagle where the sense is difficult to recover.Less
The English lexicon changes constantly as users coin new words and press existing words into new uses. Novel English words are formed by a variety of methods, including compounding existing words, adding affixes, clipping, blending, creating acronyms, and converting from one part of speech to another. Many of these word-morphing and coining options were discussed in rhetorical manuals, and understanding these methods of word formation leads to an appreciation of English morphology. Coined words are often rhetorical “hot spots”; they indicate an arguer's attempt to convey a novel content/form pairing, and they often argue for “newness” in themselves. This chapter offers examples of each form of coinage, some from arguments where the new word trenchantly delivers an argument. The chapter also covers the inevitable processes of users changing meanings over time, and of losing words as they fall out of current if not potential usage. The process of change and loss is illustrated with an extended case study of the variable meanings of the word junk, beginning with its use by Darwin in a passage from The Voyage of the Beagle where the sense is difficult to recover.
Jo Pike and Derek Colquhoun
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428462
- eISBN:
- 9781447307259
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428462.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
School food has recently become the focus of many international governments' efforts to address ‘the obesity epidemic’ among children and young people. The chapter attends to the issue of school ...
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School food has recently become the focus of many international governments' efforts to address ‘the obesity epidemic’ among children and young people. The chapter attends to the issue of school meals by addressing the ways in which the management of the school site in the UK and the emergent spatial practices within and around school communities have been implicated in the delivery of school food policy objectives, specifically those that aim to produce young people as healthy subjects. It suggests that the management of the school site and its immediate environs have been integral to the way in which school food policy has been enacted at the local level. Drawing on notions of territoriality the chapter discusses the kinds of spatialised strategies and techniques that are deployed in relation to the ‘school boundary’ and the ways in which this boundary is policed to ensure the effectiveness of school meals policy. The chapter focuses in particular on the consequences for those that transgress the school boundary, both the physically and symbolically, with an analysis of the press reaction to the ‘junk food mums’ during a parent/school standoff that became known as ‘The Battle of Rawmarsh’.Less
School food has recently become the focus of many international governments' efforts to address ‘the obesity epidemic’ among children and young people. The chapter attends to the issue of school meals by addressing the ways in which the management of the school site in the UK and the emergent spatial practices within and around school communities have been implicated in the delivery of school food policy objectives, specifically those that aim to produce young people as healthy subjects. It suggests that the management of the school site and its immediate environs have been integral to the way in which school food policy has been enacted at the local level. Drawing on notions of territoriality the chapter discusses the kinds of spatialised strategies and techniques that are deployed in relation to the ‘school boundary’ and the ways in which this boundary is policed to ensure the effectiveness of school meals policy. The chapter focuses in particular on the consequences for those that transgress the school boundary, both the physically and symbolically, with an analysis of the press reaction to the ‘junk food mums’ during a parent/school standoff that became known as ‘The Battle of Rawmarsh’.
Thierry Bardini
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816667505
- eISBN:
- 9781452946580
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816667505.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This introductory chapter provides a background to the connection between junk and late-modern humans. It talks about the contemporary art of Vik Muniz, who plays the history of art and re-creates ...
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This introductory chapter provides a background to the connection between junk and late-modern humans. It talks about the contemporary art of Vik Muniz, who plays the history of art and re-creates past masterpieces in heteroclite media. Photographs of Mona Lisa in peanut butter or Sisyphus in junk established Muniz as a leading contemporary artist and as a maker of “the worst possible illusion.” This chapter also analyzes junk DNA or the noncoding DNA found in the human genome, and relates junk DNA to Samuel Butler’s analogy of the inversion between chicken and egg, which implies that “a hen is only an egg’s way of making another egg.”Less
This introductory chapter provides a background to the connection between junk and late-modern humans. It talks about the contemporary art of Vik Muniz, who plays the history of art and re-creates past masterpieces in heteroclite media. Photographs of Mona Lisa in peanut butter or Sisyphus in junk established Muniz as a leading contemporary artist and as a maker of “the worst possible illusion.” This chapter also analyzes junk DNA or the noncoding DNA found in the human genome, and relates junk DNA to Samuel Butler’s analogy of the inversion between chicken and egg, which implies that “a hen is only an egg’s way of making another egg.”
David J. Alworth
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691183343
- eISBN:
- 9781400873807
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691183343.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter considers the work and life of William S. Burroughs, and proposes that Naked Lunch (1959) constructs something like a nightmare image of Latourian sociality: a collective of human ...
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This chapter considers the work and life of William S. Burroughs, and proposes that Naked Lunch (1959) constructs something like a nightmare image of Latourian sociality: a collective of human subjects and nonhuman objects governed by the logic of putrefaction, or “translation” run amok. The novel not only visualizes a welter of “literal garbage” decomposing in a dumpsite, which Burroughs names the “junk world,” but also assumes the formal structure of a landfill, a site governed by the logic of putrefaction. In other words, rather than simply representing the dump, Burroughs enacts a mimetic relation to it, thereby converting spatial into literary form.Less
This chapter considers the work and life of William S. Burroughs, and proposes that Naked Lunch (1959) constructs something like a nightmare image of Latourian sociality: a collective of human subjects and nonhuman objects governed by the logic of putrefaction, or “translation” run amok. The novel not only visualizes a welter of “literal garbage” decomposing in a dumpsite, which Burroughs names the “junk world,” but also assumes the formal structure of a landfill, a site governed by the logic of putrefaction. In other words, rather than simply representing the dump, Burroughs enacts a mimetic relation to it, thereby converting spatial into literary form.
Stephen Davies
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208203
- eISBN:
- 9789888268221
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208203.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
In December 1846, the Keying, a Chinese junk purchased by British investors, set sail from Hong Kong for London. Named after the Chinese Imperial Commissioner who had signed away Hong Kong to the ...
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In December 1846, the Keying, a Chinese junk purchased by British investors, set sail from Hong Kong for London. Named after the Chinese Imperial Commissioner who had signed away Hong Kong to the British, manned by a Chinese and European crew, and carrying a travelling exhibition of Chinese items, the Keying had a troubled voyage. After quarrels on the way and a diversion to New York, culminating in a legal dispute over arrears of wages for Chinese members of the crew, it finally reached London in 1848, where it went on exhibition on the River Thames until 1853. It was then auctioned off, towed to Liverpool, and finally broken up. This book tells a story of missed opportunities, with an erratic course, overambitious aims, and achievements born of lucky breaks—a microcosm, in fact, of early Hong Kong and of the relations between China and the West.Less
In December 1846, the Keying, a Chinese junk purchased by British investors, set sail from Hong Kong for London. Named after the Chinese Imperial Commissioner who had signed away Hong Kong to the British, manned by a Chinese and European crew, and carrying a travelling exhibition of Chinese items, the Keying had a troubled voyage. After quarrels on the way and a diversion to New York, culminating in a legal dispute over arrears of wages for Chinese members of the crew, it finally reached London in 1848, where it went on exhibition on the River Thames until 1853. It was then auctioned off, towed to Liverpool, and finally broken up. This book tells a story of missed opportunities, with an erratic course, overambitious aims, and achievements born of lucky breaks—a microcosm, in fact, of early Hong Kong and of the relations between China and the West.
