Rafal Goebel, Ricardo G. Sanfelice, and Andrew R. Teel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153896
- eISBN:
- 9781400842636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153896.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter presents the model of a hybrid system to be used in this volume. The focus is on the data structure and on modeling. The model suggests that the flow set, the flow map, the jump set, and ...
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This chapter presents the model of a hybrid system to be used in this volume. The focus is on the data structure and on modeling. The model suggests that the flow set, the flow map, the jump set, and the jump map can be specialized to capture the dynamics of purely continuous-time or discrete-time systems on ℝn. The former corresponds to a flow set equal to ℝn and an empty jump set, while the latter can be captured with an empty flow set and a jump set defined as ℝn. In addition, several examples of hybrid systems are given, including models of hybrid control systems. The model of a hybrid system is then related to other modeling frameworks; such as hybrid automata, impulsive differential equations, and switching systems.Less
This chapter presents the model of a hybrid system to be used in this volume. The focus is on the data structure and on modeling. The model suggests that the flow set, the flow map, the jump set, and the jump map can be specialized to capture the dynamics of purely continuous-time or discrete-time systems on ℝn. The former corresponds to a flow set equal to ℝn and an empty jump set, while the latter can be captured with an empty flow set and a jump set defined as ℝn. In addition, several examples of hybrid systems are given, including models of hybrid control systems. The model of a hybrid system is then related to other modeling frameworks; such as hybrid automata, impulsive differential equations, and switching systems.
Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos, Leonel Olmedo, and Kazutaka Takahashi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Proximal-to-distal sequencing of limb segments is characteristic of a number of motor behaviors, including throwing, hitting, jumping, and perhaps even reach-to-grasp. Moreover, shoulder- and ...
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Proximal-to-distal sequencing of limb segments is characteristic of a number of motor behaviors, including throwing, hitting, jumping, and perhaps even reach-to-grasp. Moreover, shoulder- and elbow-related neurons in the primary motor cortex (MI) have been shown to activate earlier than wrist- and finger-related neurons in monkeys performing a button-press task. It was recently discovered that β frequency oscillations in the local field potential (LFP) spontaneously propagate as travelling waves across the surface of the motor cortex along a rostral-to-caudal axis while monkeys perform a variety of visuomotor tasks. This chapter hypothesizes that these propagating LFP waves may promote proximal-to-distal recruitment of motor cortical neurons. This is consistent with a number of intracortical microstimulation experiments in the MI demonstrating a topographic gradient, such that proximal movements of the shoulder and elbow are evoked more rostrally on the precentral gyrus, while wrist and finger movements are elicited more caudally including within the bank of the central sulcus.Less
Proximal-to-distal sequencing of limb segments is characteristic of a number of motor behaviors, including throwing, hitting, jumping, and perhaps even reach-to-grasp. Moreover, shoulder- and elbow-related neurons in the primary motor cortex (MI) have been shown to activate earlier than wrist- and finger-related neurons in monkeys performing a button-press task. It was recently discovered that β frequency oscillations in the local field potential (LFP) spontaneously propagate as travelling waves across the surface of the motor cortex along a rostral-to-caudal axis while monkeys perform a variety of visuomotor tasks. This chapter hypothesizes that these propagating LFP waves may promote proximal-to-distal recruitment of motor cortical neurons. This is consistent with a number of intracortical microstimulation experiments in the MI demonstrating a topographic gradient, such that proximal movements of the shoulder and elbow are evoked more rostrally on the precentral gyrus, while wrist and finger movements are elicited more caudally including within the bank of the central sulcus.
Walter van de Leur
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195124484
- eISBN:
- 9780199868711
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195124484.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter starts out with the 1941 broadcasting ban, which made Ellington record Strayhorn originals such as Take the “A” Train, Chelsea Bridge, and Rain Check. Analysis of these works displays ...
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This chapter starts out with the 1941 broadcasting ban, which made Ellington record Strayhorn originals such as Take the “A” Train, Chelsea Bridge, and Rain Check. Analysis of these works displays their main characteristics: advanced harmonies, chromatic melodies, a tight structural design, and a clear compositional concept, partly based on classical techniques. The chapter then turns to the first major Ellington-Strayhorn collaboration: Jump for Joy. A study of unused, vanguard 1941-2 works follows, including Blue Star and Pentonsilic. The final section summarizes Strayhorn’s importance in those years: he wrote or co-wrote some of the Ellington band’s stalwarts, he revitalized or fleshed out other pieces, and he arranged most of the band’s pop material. Strayhorn added an entirely new stylistic wing to the Ellington building, of which Ellington was still believed to be the sole architect.Less
This chapter starts out with the 1941 broadcasting ban, which made Ellington record Strayhorn originals such as Take the “A” Train, Chelsea Bridge, and Rain Check. Analysis of these works displays their main characteristics: advanced harmonies, chromatic melodies, a tight structural design, and a clear compositional concept, partly based on classical techniques. The chapter then turns to the first major Ellington-Strayhorn collaboration: Jump for Joy. A study of unused, vanguard 1941-2 works follows, including Blue Star and Pentonsilic. The final section summarizes Strayhorn’s importance in those years: he wrote or co-wrote some of the Ellington band’s stalwarts, he revitalized or fleshed out other pieces, and he arranged most of the band’s pop material. Strayhorn added an entirely new stylistic wing to the Ellington building, of which Ellington was still believed to be the sole architect.
William Taussig Scott and Martin X. Moleski
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195174335
- eISBN:
- 9780199835706
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019517433X.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Fritz Haber hired Polanyi to work in the Fiber Chemistry Group of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin. Polanyi helped develop the rotating-crystal method of X-ray crystallography, made solid ...
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Fritz Haber hired Polanyi to work in the Fiber Chemistry Group of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin. Polanyi helped develop the rotating-crystal method of X-ray crystallography, made solid contributions to understanding the structure of cellulose, pressed forward with his work on adsorption catalysis and electrostatic dipoles, laid the foundation for transition rate theory in reaction kinetics, and investigated the bond strength of crystals; he was also forced to give up a cherished theory about quantum jumps in reaction kinetics, which taught him an important lesson about how scientists work together to distinguish real discoveries from mistaken surmises. Polanyi married Magda Kemeny on February 21, 1921, in a civil ceremony; their first child, George Michael Polanyi, was born on October 1, 1922.Less
Fritz Haber hired Polanyi to work in the Fiber Chemistry Group of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin. Polanyi helped develop the rotating-crystal method of X-ray crystallography, made solid contributions to understanding the structure of cellulose, pressed forward with his work on adsorption catalysis and electrostatic dipoles, laid the foundation for transition rate theory in reaction kinetics, and investigated the bond strength of crystals; he was also forced to give up a cherished theory about quantum jumps in reaction kinetics, which taught him an important lesson about how scientists work together to distinguish real discoveries from mistaken surmises. Polanyi married Magda Kemeny on February 21, 1921, in a civil ceremony; their first child, George Michael Polanyi, was born on October 1, 1922.
André Nies
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199230761
- eISBN:
- 9780191710988
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230761.003.0006
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
This chapter develops the language of building Turing functionals which is used to characterize promptly simple degrees by low cuppability, and to prove the pseudo-jump inversion theorem of Jockusch ...
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This chapter develops the language of building Turing functionals which is used to characterize promptly simple degrees by low cuppability, and to prove the pseudo-jump inversion theorem of Jockusch and Shore. It provides a new pseudo-jump inversion theorem for Martin–Löf randomness. These results are used to separate highness properties, for instance superhighness from being LR-hard.Less
This chapter develops the language of building Turing functionals which is used to characterize promptly simple degrees by low cuppability, and to prove the pseudo-jump inversion theorem of Jockusch and Shore. It provides a new pseudo-jump inversion theorem for Martin–Löf randomness. These results are used to separate highness properties, for instance superhighness from being LR-hard.
André Nies
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199230761
- eISBN:
- 9780191710988
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230761.003.0008
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
This chapter studies lowness properties of sets not necessarily below the halting problem. The main new notions are all related to traceability. It characterizes lowness for Schnorr, and computable ...
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This chapter studies lowness properties of sets not necessarily below the halting problem. The main new notions are all related to traceability. It characterizes lowness for Schnorr, and computable randomness. It also studies strong jump traceability and its relationship to the cost function method of Chapter 5. Many research problems are posed.Less
This chapter studies lowness properties of sets not necessarily below the halting problem. The main new notions are all related to traceability. It characterizes lowness for Schnorr, and computable randomness. It also studies strong jump traceability and its relationship to the cost function method of Chapter 5. Many research problems are posed.
Andrew Biewener and Sheila Patek
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198743156
- eISBN:
- 9780191803031
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198743156.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Ecology
This book provides a synthesis of the physical, physiological, evolutionary, and biomechanical principles that underlie animal locomotion. An understanding and full appreciation of animal locomotion ...
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This book provides a synthesis of the physical, physiological, evolutionary, and biomechanical principles that underlie animal locomotion. An understanding and full appreciation of animal locomotion requires the integration of these principles. Toward this end, we provide the necessary introductory foundation that will allow a more in-depth understanding of the physical biology and physiology of animal movement. In so doing, we hope that this book will illuminate the fundamentals and breadth of these systems, while inspiring our readers to look more deeply into the scientific literature and investigate new features of animal movement. Several themes run through this book. The first is that by comparing the modes and mechanisms by which animals have evolved the capacity for movement, we can understand the common principles that underlie each mode of locomotion. A second is that size matters. One of the most amazing aspects of biology is the enormous spatial and temporal scale over which organisms and biological processes operate. Within each mode of locomotion, animals have evolved designs and mechanisms that effectively contend with the physical properties and forces imposed on them by their environment. Understanding the constraints of scale that underlie locomotor mechanisms is essential to appreciating how these mechanisms have evolved and how they operate. A third theme is the importance of taking an integrative and comparative evolutionary approach in the study of biology. Organisms share much in common. Much of their molecular and cellular machinery is the same. They also must navigate similar physical properties of their environment. Consequently, an integrative approach to organismal function that spans multiple levels of biological organization provides a strong understanding of animal locomotion. By comparing across species, common principles of design emerge. Such comparisons also highlight how certain organisms may differ and point to strategies that have evolved for movement in diverse environments. Finally, because convergence upon common designs and the generation of new designs result from historical processes governed by natural selection, it is also important that we ask how and why these systems have evolved.Less
This book provides a synthesis of the physical, physiological, evolutionary, and biomechanical principles that underlie animal locomotion. An understanding and full appreciation of animal locomotion requires the integration of these principles. Toward this end, we provide the necessary introductory foundation that will allow a more in-depth understanding of the physical biology and physiology of animal movement. In so doing, we hope that this book will illuminate the fundamentals and breadth of these systems, while inspiring our readers to look more deeply into the scientific literature and investigate new features of animal movement. Several themes run through this book. The first is that by comparing the modes and mechanisms by which animals have evolved the capacity for movement, we can understand the common principles that underlie each mode of locomotion. A second is that size matters. One of the most amazing aspects of biology is the enormous spatial and temporal scale over which organisms and biological processes operate. Within each mode of locomotion, animals have evolved designs and mechanisms that effectively contend with the physical properties and forces imposed on them by their environment. Understanding the constraints of scale that underlie locomotor mechanisms is essential to appreciating how these mechanisms have evolved and how they operate. A third theme is the importance of taking an integrative and comparative evolutionary approach in the study of biology. Organisms share much in common. Much of their molecular and cellular machinery is the same. They also must navigate similar physical properties of their environment. Consequently, an integrative approach to organismal function that spans multiple levels of biological organization provides a strong understanding of animal locomotion. By comparing across species, common principles of design emerge. Such comparisons also highlight how certain organisms may differ and point to strategies that have evolved for movement in diverse environments. Finally, because convergence upon common designs and the generation of new designs result from historical processes governed by natural selection, it is also important that we ask how and why these systems have evolved.
Rolf Hempelmann
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198517436
- eISBN:
- 9780191706974
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198517436.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter starts with a brief history of the science of diffusion. Macroscopically diffusion is characterized by various diffusion coefficients: the self-diffusion coefficient, the tracer ...
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This chapter starts with a brief history of the science of diffusion. Macroscopically diffusion is characterized by various diffusion coefficients: the self-diffusion coefficient, the tracer diffusion coefficient, the chemical or Fickian diffusion coefficient, and the conductivity diffusion coefficient. Microscopically the gas, liquid-like, and solid state diffusion mechanisms are considered. Solid state diffusion is characterized by the parameters jump rate, jump vector, and coordination number. The stochastic aspects of solid state (jump) diffusion are introduced. Statistical methods (Markov and non-Markov processes) are applied to study the outcome of a sequence of jumps, i.e., the spatial/temporal development of the diffusive process. The nature of the mechanism of a single diffusive event is considered. Topics such as classical jump, phonon-assisted tunnelling, electron-restricted tunnelling, and incoherent tunnelling types, also called hopping, are introduced.Less
This chapter starts with a brief history of the science of diffusion. Macroscopically diffusion is characterized by various diffusion coefficients: the self-diffusion coefficient, the tracer diffusion coefficient, the chemical or Fickian diffusion coefficient, and the conductivity diffusion coefficient. Microscopically the gas, liquid-like, and solid state diffusion mechanisms are considered. Solid state diffusion is characterized by the parameters jump rate, jump vector, and coordination number. The stochastic aspects of solid state (jump) diffusion are introduced. Statistical methods (Markov and non-Markov processes) are applied to study the outcome of a sequence of jumps, i.e., the spatial/temporal development of the diffusive process. The nature of the mechanism of a single diffusive event is considered. Topics such as classical jump, phonon-assisted tunnelling, electron-restricted tunnelling, and incoherent tunnelling types, also called hopping, are introduced.
Gopinath Kallianpur and P Sundar
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199657063
- eISBN:
- 9780191781759
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199657063.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics, Applied Mathematics
Starting with the construction of stochastic processes, the book introduces Brownian motion and martingales. After proving the Doob-Meyer decomposition, quadratic variation processes and local ...
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Starting with the construction of stochastic processes, the book introduces Brownian motion and martingales. After proving the Doob-Meyer decomposition, quadratic variation processes and local martingales are discussed. The book proceeds to construct stochastic integrals, prove the Itô formula, derive several important applications of the formula such as the martingale representation theorem and the Burkhölder-Davis-Gundy inequality, and establish the Girsanov theorem on change of measures. Next, attention is focused on stochastic differential equations which arise in modeling physical phenomena, perturbed by random forces. Diffusion processes are solutions of stochastic differential equations and form the main theme of this book. After establishing the existence and uniqueness of strong solutions to stochastic differential equations, weak solutions and martingale problems posed by stochastic differential equations are studied in detail. The Stroock-Varadhan martingale problem is a powerful tool in solving stochastic differential equations and is discussed in a separate chapter. The connection between diffusion processes and partial differential equations is quite important and fruitful. Probabilistic representations of solutions of partial differential equations, and a derivation of the Kolmogorov forward and backward equations are provided. Gaussian solutions of stochastic differential equations, and Markov processes with jumps are presented in successive chapters. The final objective of the book consists in giving a careful treatment of the probabilistic behavior of diffusions such as existence and uniqueness of invariant measures, ergodic behavior, and large deviations principle in the presence of small noise.Less
Starting with the construction of stochastic processes, the book introduces Brownian motion and martingales. After proving the Doob-Meyer decomposition, quadratic variation processes and local martingales are discussed. The book proceeds to construct stochastic integrals, prove the Itô formula, derive several important applications of the formula such as the martingale representation theorem and the Burkhölder-Davis-Gundy inequality, and establish the Girsanov theorem on change of measures. Next, attention is focused on stochastic differential equations which arise in modeling physical phenomena, perturbed by random forces. Diffusion processes are solutions of stochastic differential equations and form the main theme of this book. After establishing the existence and uniqueness of strong solutions to stochastic differential equations, weak solutions and martingale problems posed by stochastic differential equations are studied in detail. The Stroock-Varadhan martingale problem is a powerful tool in solving stochastic differential equations and is discussed in a separate chapter. The connection between diffusion processes and partial differential equations is quite important and fruitful. Probabilistic representations of solutions of partial differential equations, and a derivation of the Kolmogorov forward and backward equations are provided. Gaussian solutions of stochastic differential equations, and Markov processes with jumps are presented in successive chapters. The final objective of the book consists in giving a careful treatment of the probabilistic behavior of diffusions such as existence and uniqueness of invariant measures, ergodic behavior, and large deviations principle in the presence of small noise.
Daniel Thomas Gillespie and Effrosyni Seitaridou
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199664504
- eISBN:
- 9780191748516
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199664504.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Soft Matter / Biological Physics
Brownian diffusion is the motion of one or more solute molecules in a sea of very many, much smaller solvent molecules. Its importance today owes mainly to cellular chemistry, since Brownian ...
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Brownian diffusion is the motion of one or more solute molecules in a sea of very many, much smaller solvent molecules. Its importance today owes mainly to cellular chemistry, since Brownian diffusion is one of the ways in which key reactant molecules move about inside a living cell. This book focuses on the four simplest models of Brownian diffusion: the classical Fickian model, the Einstein model, the discrete-stochastic (cell-jumping) model, and the Langevin model. The book carefully develops the theories underlying these models, assess their relative advantages, and clarify their conditions of applicability. Special attention is given to the stochastic simulation of diffusion, and to showing how simulation can complement theory and experiment. Two self-contained tutorial chapters, one on the mathematics of random variables and the other on the mathematics of continuous Markov processes (stochastic differential equations), make the book accessible to researchers from a broad spectrum of technical backgrounds.Less
Brownian diffusion is the motion of one or more solute molecules in a sea of very many, much smaller solvent molecules. Its importance today owes mainly to cellular chemistry, since Brownian diffusion is one of the ways in which key reactant molecules move about inside a living cell. This book focuses on the four simplest models of Brownian diffusion: the classical Fickian model, the Einstein model, the discrete-stochastic (cell-jumping) model, and the Langevin model. The book carefully develops the theories underlying these models, assess their relative advantages, and clarify their conditions of applicability. Special attention is given to the stochastic simulation of diffusion, and to showing how simulation can complement theory and experiment. Two self-contained tutorial chapters, one on the mathematics of random variables and the other on the mathematics of continuous Markov processes (stochastic differential equations), make the book accessible to researchers from a broad spectrum of technical backgrounds.
Duane P. Harland, Daiqin Li, and Robert R. Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195334654
- eISBN:
- 9780199933167
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334654.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter examines how the jumping spider's eight eyes are structured, how they function, and how they might have evolved. It also reviews the intricate vision-based predatory strategies for which ...
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This chapter examines how the jumping spider's eight eyes are structured, how they function, and how they might have evolved. It also reviews the intricate vision-based predatory strategies for which jumping spiders are justly renowned. The last part of the chapter combines what is known about variation in salticid eye design and behavior with what is known from traditional taxonomic and modern phylogenetic data in order to reconsider the hypothesis that araneophagy has been a driving force in the evolution of the salticid principal eye.Less
This chapter examines how the jumping spider's eight eyes are structured, how they function, and how they might have evolved. It also reviews the intricate vision-based predatory strategies for which jumping spiders are justly renowned. The last part of the chapter combines what is known about variation in salticid eye design and behavior with what is known from traditional taxonomic and modern phylogenetic data in order to reconsider the hypothesis that araneophagy has been a driving force in the evolution of the salticid principal eye.
Anatoly Larkin and Andrei Varlamov
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528159
- eISBN:
- 9780191713521
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528159.003.0015
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter examines the crucial role of phase fluctuations in two-dimensional (2D) systems. The exponential tail in Josephson current is found close to Tc. The physics of the ...
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This chapter examines the crucial role of phase fluctuations in two-dimensional (2D) systems. The exponential tail in Josephson current is found close to Tc. The physics of the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition is discussed. The effect of order parameters and vortex fluctuations of the critical temperature of 2D superconductors are compared. The manifestation of vortex fluctuations above BKT transition is discussed.Less
This chapter examines the crucial role of phase fluctuations in two-dimensional (2D) systems. The exponential tail in Josephson current is found close to Tc. The physics of the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition is discussed. The effect of order parameters and vortex fluctuations of the critical temperature of 2D superconductors are compared. The manifestation of vortex fluctuations above BKT transition is discussed.
S. Takahashi, H. Imamura, and S. Maekawa
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568216
- eISBN:
- 9780191718212
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568216.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter describes the basics of spin injection and spin transport in magnetic nanohybrid structures. Particular emphasis is placed on the nonlocal spin transport in a spin injection and ...
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This chapter describes the basics of spin injection and spin transport in magnetic nanohybrid structures. Particular emphasis is placed on the nonlocal spin transport in a spin injection and detection device of F1/N/F2 structure, where F1 is a spin injector, N is a nonmagnetic metal or semiconductor, and F2 is a spin detector. The spin-dependent transport equations for the electrochemical potentials of up and down spins are solved, and the efficient spin injection, spin accumulation, spin current, spin transfer, and spin detection are examined in the structure of arbitrary junction resistance, its source ranging from a metallic contact to a tunneling regime. It is demonstrated that discussion concerning the nonlocal spin-injection devices provide opportunities to relate novel phenomena, such as pure spin-current injection and manipulation, spin injection into superconductors or semiconductors, and spin Hall effect in nanohybrid stuctures.Less
This chapter describes the basics of spin injection and spin transport in magnetic nanohybrid structures. Particular emphasis is placed on the nonlocal spin transport in a spin injection and detection device of F1/N/F2 structure, where F1 is a spin injector, N is a nonmagnetic metal or semiconductor, and F2 is a spin detector. The spin-dependent transport equations for the electrochemical potentials of up and down spins are solved, and the efficient spin injection, spin accumulation, spin current, spin transfer, and spin detection are examined in the structure of arbitrary junction resistance, its source ranging from a metallic contact to a tunneling regime. It is demonstrated that discussion concerning the nonlocal spin-injection devices provide opportunities to relate novel phenomena, such as pure spin-current injection and manipulation, spin injection into superconductors or semiconductors, and spin Hall effect in nanohybrid stuctures.
M. S. SILK
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199253821
- eISBN:
- 9780191712227
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253821.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Plays and Playwrights: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter argues that the Aristophanic plot-line often provides an impression of realist continuity because there are innumerable moments, or miniature sequences, of consequential action. It ...
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This chapter argues that the Aristophanic plot-line often provides an impression of realist continuity because there are innumerable moments, or miniature sequences, of consequential action. It explains that the apparent ‘jumps’ associated with Aristophanes' characters and plots are not only related in kind: they may be the same thing. It notes that Aristophanic Old Comedy is best seen as a sequence of relational states between one interest party — often but not always, one focal individual — and the world at large. It adds that the pattern involves a series of five states or stages: dissatisfaction, quest, conflict, victory, celebration.Less
This chapter argues that the Aristophanic plot-line often provides an impression of realist continuity because there are innumerable moments, or miniature sequences, of consequential action. It explains that the apparent ‘jumps’ associated with Aristophanes' characters and plots are not only related in kind: they may be the same thing. It notes that Aristophanic Old Comedy is best seen as a sequence of relational states between one interest party — often but not always, one focal individual — and the world at large. It adds that the pattern involves a series of five states or stages: dissatisfaction, quest, conflict, victory, celebration.
Barbara Walczak and Una Kai
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813032528
- eISBN:
- 9780813046310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813032528.003.0024
- Subject:
- Music, Dance
This chapter presents techniques for jumps, covering the glissade, glissade précipité, glissade from fourth position for big traveling jumps, assemblé, assemblé porté, jeté, grand jeté, sissonne, ...
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This chapter presents techniques for jumps, covering the glissade, glissade précipité, glissade from fourth position for big traveling jumps, assemblé, assemblé porté, jeté, grand jeté, sissonne, posé, brisé, and entrechat six.Less
This chapter presents techniques for jumps, covering the glissade, glissade précipité, glissade from fourth position for big traveling jumps, assemblé, assemblé porté, jeté, grand jeté, sissonne, posé, brisé, and entrechat six.
Rolf Hempelmann
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198517436
- eISBN:
- 9780191706974
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198517436.003.0012
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter presents incoherent QENS studies performed on Li+, Na+, H-, and Cl- ions. Purely coherent QENS concerns F- and O2- conductors, whereas for Ag+ a mixture of coherent and incoherent QENS ...
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This chapter presents incoherent QENS studies performed on Li+, Na+, H-, and Cl- ions. Purely coherent QENS concerns F- and O2- conductors, whereas for Ag+ a mixture of coherent and incoherent QENS prohibits quantitative data evaluation. On the other hand, AgI is one of the best solid ionic conductors, and QENS studies are performed and combined with impedance spectroscopy at high frequencies. For this system, the well-known jump relaxation model is derived. Na+ motion in β-Al2O3 is investigated by QENS in detail. Much effort has been spent on Li+ diffusion motivated by applications of Li in batteries. For anionic conductors, the system best investigated by means of QENS is Cl- diffusion in SrCl2.Less
This chapter presents incoherent QENS studies performed on Li+, Na+, H-, and Cl- ions. Purely coherent QENS concerns F- and O2- conductors, whereas for Ag+ a mixture of coherent and incoherent QENS prohibits quantitative data evaluation. On the other hand, AgI is one of the best solid ionic conductors, and QENS studies are performed and combined with impedance spectroscopy at high frequencies. For this system, the well-known jump relaxation model is derived. Na+ motion in β-Al2O3 is investigated by QENS in detail. Much effort has been spent on Li+ diffusion motivated by applications of Li in batteries. For anionic conductors, the system best investigated by means of QENS is Cl- diffusion in SrCl2.
Rolf Hempelmann
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198517436
- eISBN:
- 9780191706974
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198517436.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
In the case of spatially limited jump diffusion, the incoherent scattering function consists of an elastic and a quasielastic part, and the fraction of elastic intensity is called the incoherent ...
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In the case of spatially limited jump diffusion, the incoherent scattering function consists of an elastic and a quasielastic part, and the fraction of elastic intensity is called the incoherent structure factor, EISF. This chapter evaluates different scenarios and the corresponding EISFs. Long range translational diffusion gives rise to quasielastic scattering consisting of a single Lorentzian with a linewidth proportional to Q2. The Chudley–Elliott model for lattice gases describes translational jump diffusion in Bravais lattices. QENS from translational jump diffusion on lattices with all sites equivalent consists of a set of Lorentzians. Even more complex is QENS from diffusion over energetically different sites. The system of rate equation is expressed in terms of a jump matrix, but this matrix is not hermitean. The resulting eigenvalues are the linewidths of the Lorentzians, whereas from the eigenvectors the intensity of the Lorentzians can be calculated. This full power of QENS can only be realized on the basis of direction-dependent measurements on single-crystalline samples. A completely different approach is the so-called two-state model which applies for disordered systems and which is also derived in full detail.Less
In the case of spatially limited jump diffusion, the incoherent scattering function consists of an elastic and a quasielastic part, and the fraction of elastic intensity is called the incoherent structure factor, EISF. This chapter evaluates different scenarios and the corresponding EISFs. Long range translational diffusion gives rise to quasielastic scattering consisting of a single Lorentzian with a linewidth proportional to Q2. The Chudley–Elliott model for lattice gases describes translational jump diffusion in Bravais lattices. QENS from translational jump diffusion on lattices with all sites equivalent consists of a set of Lorentzians. Even more complex is QENS from diffusion over energetically different sites. The system of rate equation is expressed in terms of a jump matrix, but this matrix is not hermitean. The resulting eigenvalues are the linewidths of the Lorentzians, whereas from the eigenvectors the intensity of the Lorentzians can be calculated. This full power of QENS can only be realized on the basis of direction-dependent measurements on single-crystalline samples. A completely different approach is the so-called two-state model which applies for disordered systems and which is also derived in full detail.
Boon-Hock Chia and Audrey Chia
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099425
- eISBN:
- 9789882207431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099425.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter presents the epidemiological profile of suicide in Singapore. The suicide rate in Singapore has remained steady between 1993–2003, ranging from 8–12 per 100,000. The male:female suicide ...
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This chapter presents the epidemiological profile of suicide in Singapore. The suicide rate in Singapore has remained steady between 1993–2003, ranging from 8–12 per 100,000. The male:female suicide ratio is approximately 1.7:1 with jumping from a height being the most common method of suicide. Marriage has been shown to be a protective factor (especially in males) with the widowed or divorced being at higher risk. In the young, relationships and social factors, such as study stresses, are major risk factors; in mid-age adults, job/financial problems and mental illness are important, and in the older age group, physical illness is most significant. Those with mental illness (especially with schizophrenia and depressive disorders) are also at particular risk, especially if they have been recently hospitalized.Less
This chapter presents the epidemiological profile of suicide in Singapore. The suicide rate in Singapore has remained steady between 1993–2003, ranging from 8–12 per 100,000. The male:female suicide ratio is approximately 1.7:1 with jumping from a height being the most common method of suicide. Marriage has been shown to be a protective factor (especially in males) with the widowed or divorced being at higher risk. In the young, relationships and social factors, such as study stresses, are major risk factors; in mid-age adults, job/financial problems and mental illness are important, and in the older age group, physical illness is most significant. Those with mental illness (especially with schizophrenia and depressive disorders) are also at particular risk, especially if they have been recently hospitalized.
Yacine Aïıt-Sahalia and Jean Jacod
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161433
- eISBN:
- 9781400850327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161433.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter considers some questions which only make sense in a multivariate setting. It deals with two problems: one is about a multidimensional underlying process X, and we want to decide whether ...
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This chapter considers some questions which only make sense in a multivariate setting. It deals with two problems: one is about a multidimensional underlying process X, and we want to decide whether two particular components of X jump at the same time: this can happen always, or never, or for some but not all jump times. The second problem is again about a one-dimensional underlying process X, but we study the pair (X, σ), with the second component being the volatility of the first component X. Again, we want to decide whether X and σ jump at the same times, always, or never, or sometimes. The process X is observed at the regularly spaced observation times iΔ₀, within a finite time interval [0, T].Less
This chapter considers some questions which only make sense in a multivariate setting. It deals with two problems: one is about a multidimensional underlying process X, and we want to decide whether two particular components of X jump at the same time: this can happen always, or never, or for some but not all jump times. The second problem is again about a one-dimensional underlying process X, but we study the pair (X, σ), with the second component being the volatility of the first component X. Again, we want to decide whether X and σ jump at the same times, always, or never, or sometimes. The process X is observed at the regularly spaced observation times iΔ₀, within a finite time interval [0, T].
Daniel T. Gillespie and Effrosyni Seitaridou
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199664504
- eISBN:
- 9780191748516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199664504.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Soft Matter / Biological Physics
This chapter introduces a model of diffusion in which the position of the solute molecule is described by a discrete stochastic variable, in contrast to the continuous stochastic variable of the ...
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This chapter introduces a model of diffusion in which the position of the solute molecule is described by a discrete stochastic variable, in contrast to the continuous stochastic variable of the Einstein model. The aim of this new model is to provide a description of diffusion which is for most practical purposes equivalent to the Einstein model, but which affords new ways of describing it mathematically. The system volume is imagined to be subdivided into equal-size cells, and the current state of the system is given by the current numbers of solute molecules in the cells. The diffusion process is modeled by supposing that the solute molecules independently jump to adjacent cells according to a specific probability rule. The chapter establishes consistency between that cell-jumping rule and both the Fickian and the Einstein models of diffusion, and the chapter deduces a generalization of the cell-jumping rule for unequal cell sizes. The chapter shows that there must be some lower bound on the cell size, and it derives a generalization of the standard cell-jumping rule that relaxes that lower bound. The chapter examines in detail the discrete-stochastic model's version of Fick's Law. Finally, the chapter illustrates the model in the context of a laboratory experiment in which the solute molecules are tiny polystyrene beads diffusing in water inside a specially fabricated microfluidic chip.Less
This chapter introduces a model of diffusion in which the position of the solute molecule is described by a discrete stochastic variable, in contrast to the continuous stochastic variable of the Einstein model. The aim of this new model is to provide a description of diffusion which is for most practical purposes equivalent to the Einstein model, but which affords new ways of describing it mathematically. The system volume is imagined to be subdivided into equal-size cells, and the current state of the system is given by the current numbers of solute molecules in the cells. The diffusion process is modeled by supposing that the solute molecules independently jump to adjacent cells according to a specific probability rule. The chapter establishes consistency between that cell-jumping rule and both the Fickian and the Einstein models of diffusion, and the chapter deduces a generalization of the cell-jumping rule for unequal cell sizes. The chapter shows that there must be some lower bound on the cell size, and it derives a generalization of the standard cell-jumping rule that relaxes that lower bound. The chapter examines in detail the discrete-stochastic model's version of Fick's Law. Finally, the chapter illustrates the model in the context of a laboratory experiment in which the solute molecules are tiny polystyrene beads diffusing in water inside a specially fabricated microfluidic chip.
