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This chapter examines prominent organizations drawn from various issue areas and time periods: the World Food Program (1930s to 1960s), the United Nations Development Program (1950s to 1960s), and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (1980s to 1990s). The comparative case studies support all three of the book’s predictions. International bureaucrats’ own insulation from states’ interference, as well as their alliances with personnel in fellow intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) or in non-governmental organizations, shape the extent to which they agenda-set in institutional design negotiations. This, in turn, affects the extent to which they can insulate new IGOs from state control. The book’s argument holds across diverse time periods, issue areas, and international bureaucracies. And international bureaucrats’ role and impact in the institutional design process is not only a widespread phenomenon—it is also a phenomenon that touches prominent institutions about which scholars and practitioners are most likely to care.

This chapter examines the transnational dimension of the AIDS response. It begins by considering the initial reactions of international organizations to HIV and the emergence of different perspectives on the nature of the AIDS, including AIDS as a communicable disease, as a human rights issue, as a challenge to development, and as a problem for human security. It then discusses the creation of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS; the international response to AIDS; the new millennium as a turning point in the global fight against AIDS; and the creation of the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. The chapter concludes by addressing the question of why AIDS for several years was the only disease that figured prominently on the public agenda when there were so many other pressing health concerns in the world.

The chapter outlines the relationship between the European Union (EU) and two other regional organisations active in the field of human rights in Europe: the Council of Europe and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Due to the specific nature of these organisations and the history of their interaction with the EU, specific modalities and dynamics have developed in both bilateral engagements, which the chapter attempts at characterising. When it comes to the EU’s engagement with the Council of Europe, the chapter outlines the special status of the European Convention of Human Rights in the EU legal system as well as the EU’s complicated history of and current attempts to accede to the Convention. The chapter also shows political interactions between the two organisations on different, mostly political, fora as well their common endeavours in the field of human rights, especially within the frames of the so-called Joint Programmes. Regarding the relationship between the EU and the OSCE, the chapter explores the modalities of the EU’s presence within the OSCE and the impact of the OSCE’s unique traits, such as its lack of legal personality and the requirement of unanimous agreement in all decision-making processes. Challenges and opportunities within both engagements are presented with a view towards highlighting the actions the EU could undertake in order to improve cooperation and strengthen its impact in the field, leading to better protection and promotion of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law in Europe.

This book charts the history of drug and alcohol use in Major League Baseball (MLB). It aims to recover the story of baseball and drugs from the tyranny of baseball mythology by analyzing the perceived problem of drug use, with particular emphasis on illegal recreational and performance-enhancing drugs, in MLB. It examines how the drug testing movement, for two decades the persona non grata of professional baseball, surged to the forefront of Major League thought following the congressional hearings of 2005, culminating in the 2006 establishment of the Joint Drug Prevention and Treatment Program between the league and the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA). The new testing protocols were buoyed by the findings of the Mitchell Report, which explicitly warned against retroactive punishment—the league could not slash and burn its way to integrity by torching past transgressions—and instead focused on the need for diligence in the future.

I return to teaching at the GSB and begin a job as director of the joint MA degree in degree in education and business. I change the title of my business school class from Women and Work to Work and Family and every year the percentage of men in the class increases; in 2012, 40 percent of the students are men. I publish two articles applying feminist economics to education and a book analyzing the merits and pitfalls of interdsiciplinarity. The book is titled Interdisciplinary Conversations: ChallengingHabits of Thought. Jay’s two sons marry and we have five more grandchildren. The Clayman Institute celebrates its 35^th anniversary and Jay and I celebrate our 20^th wedding anniversary. But I also mourn the deaths of close friends, my favorite aunt, and, most of all, my sister, Alice Amsden. MIT holds a memorial for Alice. The passing of so many transforms me with a renewed understanding of the preciousness of life. I decide to retire from full-time teaching, take stock of the changes I have helped to bring about, and explain how much more there is to be done before women and men participate as equals in the work world and in their families. I highlight the joy I have in becoming a grandmother, celebrating my 65^th birthday and just a few weeks later finally having the Bat Mitzvah I missed when I was 13. In my Bat Mitzvah sermon, I talk about the relationship between Judaism’s teachings and those of feminist economics.