Mariko Lin Chang
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195367690
- eISBN:
- 9780199944101
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367690.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
Women now receive more college degrees than men, and enter the workforce with better job opportunities than ever before. Indeed, the wage gap between men and women has never been smaller. So why does ...
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Women now receive more college degrees than men, and enter the workforce with better job opportunities than ever before. Indeed, the wage gap between men and women has never been smaller. So why does the typical woman have only 36 cents for every dollar of wealth owned by the typical man? How is it that never-married women working full-time have only 16% as much wealth as similarly situated men? And why do single mothers have only 8% of the wealth of single fathers? The first book to focus on the differences in wealth between women and men, this is an accessible examination of why women struggle to accumulate assets, who has what, and why it matters. The book draws on the most comprehensive national data on wealth and on in-depth interviews to show how differences in earnings, in saving and investing, and, most important, the demands of care-giving all contribute to the gender-wealth gap. It argues that the current focus on equal pay and family-friendly workplace policies, although important, will not ultimately change or eliminate wealth inequalities. What the book calls the “wealth escalator”—comprised of fringe benefits, the tax code, and government benefits—and the “debt anchor” must be the targets of policies aimed at strengthening women's financial resources. The book proposes a number of practical suggestions to address the unequal burdens and consequences of care-giving, so that women who work just as hard as men will not be left standing in financial quicksand.Less
Women now receive more college degrees than men, and enter the workforce with better job opportunities than ever before. Indeed, the wage gap between men and women has never been smaller. So why does the typical woman have only 36 cents for every dollar of wealth owned by the typical man? How is it that never-married women working full-time have only 16% as much wealth as similarly situated men? And why do single mothers have only 8% of the wealth of single fathers? The first book to focus on the differences in wealth between women and men, this is an accessible examination of why women struggle to accumulate assets, who has what, and why it matters. The book draws on the most comprehensive national data on wealth and on in-depth interviews to show how differences in earnings, in saving and investing, and, most important, the demands of care-giving all contribute to the gender-wealth gap. It argues that the current focus on equal pay and family-friendly workplace policies, although important, will not ultimately change or eliminate wealth inequalities. What the book calls the “wealth escalator”—comprised of fringe benefits, the tax code, and government benefits—and the “debt anchor” must be the targets of policies aimed at strengthening women's financial resources. The book proposes a number of practical suggestions to address the unequal burdens and consequences of care-giving, so that women who work just as hard as men will not be left standing in financial quicksand.
Yevgeny Kuznetsov and Charles Sabel
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199532605
- eISBN:
- 9780191714627
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532605.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The chapter views migration of skills from a perspective of new industrial policy. It introduces two types of search networks: open migration chains and diaspora networks. Migration chains are ...
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The chapter views migration of skills from a perspective of new industrial policy. It introduces two types of search networks: open migration chains and diaspora networks. Migration chains are sequences of educational or job opportunities which allows a migrant to move to progressively complex educational and job tasks necessary to work in the global environment. Diaspora networks are networks of members seeking to advance their collective goals, often (but not necessarily) for the benefits of home countries. Open migration chains are functional equivalent to value chains: they emphasize upgrading of individual human capital. ‘Diaspora networks’ are about concerted action and clubs. They can be viewed as tools to upgrade open migration chains exactly the same way as a supplier development programme is a concerted action to upgrade value chains.Less
The chapter views migration of skills from a perspective of new industrial policy. It introduces two types of search networks: open migration chains and diaspora networks. Migration chains are sequences of educational or job opportunities which allows a migrant to move to progressively complex educational and job tasks necessary to work in the global environment. Diaspora networks are networks of members seeking to advance their collective goals, often (but not necessarily) for the benefits of home countries. Open migration chains are functional equivalent to value chains: they emphasize upgrading of individual human capital. ‘Diaspora networks’ are about concerted action and clubs. They can be viewed as tools to upgrade open migration chains exactly the same way as a supplier development programme is a concerted action to upgrade value chains.
Jakob Roland Munch, Michael Rosholm, and Michael Svarer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199543946
- eISBN:
- 9780191701320
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543946.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter presents findings of research that infer that homeownership significantly lessens the ability to move from one location to another in order to seek for new jobs. In turn, the incidence ...
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This chapter presents findings of research that infer that homeownership significantly lessens the ability to move from one location to another in order to seek for new jobs. In turn, the incidence of finding employment by the local labour force is positively affected by the privately owned accommodation unit, although there are cases when such kind of ownership negatively influences mobility. These empirical evidences contradict the so-called Oswald hypothesis, which defied the indirect association between homeownership and duration of unemployment. When mobility increases, geographical discrepancies in labour supply and demand are more easily addressed, and thus, employment rates are also raised. These results are subject to further analysis with the inclusion of culture, religion, and ethnicity as factors that have implications on urbanisation and job mobility. Such arguments may only reflect spurious relationship instead of causal attribution.Less
This chapter presents findings of research that infer that homeownership significantly lessens the ability to move from one location to another in order to seek for new jobs. In turn, the incidence of finding employment by the local labour force is positively affected by the privately owned accommodation unit, although there are cases when such kind of ownership negatively influences mobility. These empirical evidences contradict the so-called Oswald hypothesis, which defied the indirect association between homeownership and duration of unemployment. When mobility increases, geographical discrepancies in labour supply and demand are more easily addressed, and thus, employment rates are also raised. These results are subject to further analysis with the inclusion of culture, religion, and ethnicity as factors that have implications on urbanisation and job mobility. Such arguments may only reflect spurious relationship instead of causal attribution.
David Sims
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774164040
- eISBN:
- 9781617970405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774164040.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter attempts to explain how the inhabitants of Cairo, Egypt work and survive in an environment that is, in many ways, stacked against them. It describes the city's informal economy and the ...
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This chapter attempts to explain how the inhabitants of Cairo, Egypt work and survive in an environment that is, in many ways, stacked against them. It describes the city's informal economy and the job opportunities it offers. It explores the various kinds and shades of the informal economy and provides a critical assessment of the ability of the working sector to fill the gap and to offer a future to Cairo's millions.Less
This chapter attempts to explain how the inhabitants of Cairo, Egypt work and survive in an environment that is, in many ways, stacked against them. It describes the city's informal economy and the job opportunities it offers. It explores the various kinds and shades of the informal economy and provides a critical assessment of the ability of the working sector to fill the gap and to offer a future to Cairo's millions.
Tiziana Nazio and András Gábos (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447350347
- eISBN:
- 9781447350354
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447350347.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter studies how family legacies affect young people's strategies and decisions around finding work and moving into independent living. Where one comes from has always affected young people's ...
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This chapter studies how family legacies affect young people's strategies and decisions around finding work and moving into independent living. Where one comes from has always affected young people's job opportunities and paths out of school. These effects are becoming increasingly polarised both within and across European societies along a variety of dimensions that cannot simply be read off in terms of ethnicity, class, gender, the original nationality of one's parents, or even the society that young people from different backgrounds find themselves in. Understanding the long-term implications of these social divisions is central to knowing which kinds of policy interventions might be most effective in addressing current levels of youth unemployment. The chapter then looks at what happens to young people who leave home and/or set up their own families, and whether the recent recession has increased the risk of them returning to their parental home.Less
This chapter studies how family legacies affect young people's strategies and decisions around finding work and moving into independent living. Where one comes from has always affected young people's job opportunities and paths out of school. These effects are becoming increasingly polarised both within and across European societies along a variety of dimensions that cannot simply be read off in terms of ethnicity, class, gender, the original nationality of one's parents, or even the society that young people from different backgrounds find themselves in. Understanding the long-term implications of these social divisions is central to knowing which kinds of policy interventions might be most effective in addressing current levels of youth unemployment. The chapter then looks at what happens to young people who leave home and/or set up their own families, and whether the recent recession has increased the risk of them returning to their parental home.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804760096
- eISBN:
- 9780804771047
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804760096.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter discusses married women's decisions to return to the workforce. It begins by analyzing the timing of women's reentry into the labor market. This analysis reveals how the differing levels ...
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This chapter discusses married women's decisions to return to the workforce. It begins by analyzing the timing of women's reentry into the labor market. This analysis reveals how the differing levels of conflict between job and family responsibilities for women shape the pace at which they return to the labor force in Japan and Taiwan. This chapter also shows that married women's timing of resuming employment also depends on how the labor market they face may penalize their work interruption. Based on whether their job opportunities decrease significantly with their time away from the labor force, women are likely to time their labor market returns differently. The second part of the chapter examines the types of jobs available for women returning to the labor force. It shows striking differences between Japan and Taiwan in women's destinations upon employment reentry.Less
This chapter discusses married women's decisions to return to the workforce. It begins by analyzing the timing of women's reentry into the labor market. This analysis reveals how the differing levels of conflict between job and family responsibilities for women shape the pace at which they return to the labor force in Japan and Taiwan. This chapter also shows that married women's timing of resuming employment also depends on how the labor market they face may penalize their work interruption. Based on whether their job opportunities decrease significantly with their time away from the labor force, women are likely to time their labor market returns differently. The second part of the chapter examines the types of jobs available for women returning to the labor force. It shows striking differences between Japan and Taiwan in women's destinations upon employment reentry.
Robert Wuthnow
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157207
- eISBN:
- 9781400846498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157207.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter examines how perceptions of moral decline intersect with the reality of living in towns experiencing population declines and diminishing job opportunities. The specific moral issues of ...
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This chapter examines how perceptions of moral decline intersect with the reality of living in towns experiencing population declines and diminishing job opportunities. The specific moral issues of concern that residents of small towns most frequently mention are abortion, homosexuality, and education issues, such as teaching the Ten Commandments and creationism alongside evolution. Whole communities were sometimes divided between factions that supported or opposed a revision to the school curriculum, or because a local pastor declared themselves to be in favor of gay marriage. There are other moral issues that townspeople said were important enough that they should receive more attention than they do—problems such as drug use and alcoholism, job training, school improvement and consolidation, the gap between rich and poor, and protection of the environment.Less
This chapter examines how perceptions of moral decline intersect with the reality of living in towns experiencing population declines and diminishing job opportunities. The specific moral issues of concern that residents of small towns most frequently mention are abortion, homosexuality, and education issues, such as teaching the Ten Commandments and creationism alongside evolution. Whole communities were sometimes divided between factions that supported or opposed a revision to the school curriculum, or because a local pastor declared themselves to be in favor of gay marriage. There are other moral issues that townspeople said were important enough that they should receive more attention than they do—problems such as drug use and alcoholism, job training, school improvement and consolidation, the gap between rich and poor, and protection of the environment.
Carole Brunet and Jean-Yves Lesueur
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199543946
- eISBN:
- 9780191701320
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543946.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter aims to provide an understanding of the impact of the residential tenure position (that is, owning vs renting) of individuals who have no job or potential of acquiring a new occupation ...
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This chapter aims to provide an understanding of the impact of the residential tenure position (that is, owning vs renting) of individuals who have no job or potential of acquiring a new occupation through the assumptions of search theory and its micro econometric applications as well spatial mismatch analysis. Involved in the examination of the housing markets are various features — heterogeneity, geographical fixity, and durability. This chapter starts by looking at problems encountered upon testing Andrew Oswald's hypothesis. These are discussed along with some procedural recommendations about duration paradigms. Subsequently the chapter tackles the non-parametric study of the distinctive influences of residential status on the decrease in unemployment rates and the approximation findings derived from covert heterogeneity and from parametric duration frameworks that control the endogenous choice of accommodation standing.Less
This chapter aims to provide an understanding of the impact of the residential tenure position (that is, owning vs renting) of individuals who have no job or potential of acquiring a new occupation through the assumptions of search theory and its micro econometric applications as well spatial mismatch analysis. Involved in the examination of the housing markets are various features — heterogeneity, geographical fixity, and durability. This chapter starts by looking at problems encountered upon testing Andrew Oswald's hypothesis. These are discussed along with some procedural recommendations about duration paradigms. Subsequently the chapter tackles the non-parametric study of the distinctive influences of residential status on the decrease in unemployment rates and the approximation findings derived from covert heterogeneity and from parametric duration frameworks that control the endogenous choice of accommodation standing.
Robert Pollin
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262028233
- eISBN:
- 9780262322867
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028233.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Greening the Global Economy develops a workable solution to stabilizing the global climate through investments in energy efficiency and clean renewable energy. The investment program advanced in the ...
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Greening the Global Economy develops a workable solution to stabilizing the global climate through investments in energy efficiency and clean renewable energy. The investment program advanced in the book will also generate millions of new job opportunities in all regions of the world. This is even after we allow for the dramatic and unavoidable contraction in the production and consumption of oil, coal, and natural gas. Burning these fossil fuels to generate energy is the single largest cause of climate change. The clean energy investment program does not require reductions in economic growth; to the contrary, it will advance most effectively within a framework of healthy global growth. The book shows if we commit to investing every year approximately 1.5 percent of global GDP on energy efficiency and clean renewable energy investments, we can hit the CO2 emission reduction targets set by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The book’s focus is the intermediate, 20-year target of a 40 percent emissions cut relative to today. The book discusses the need for “just transition policies” for workers and communities that are presently dependent on fossil fuel industries for their livelihoods. It also describes prospects that will open up for small-scale enterprises, community enterprises, and cooperatives as an outgrowth of the transition away from fossil fuels to green energy and high efficiency.Less
Greening the Global Economy develops a workable solution to stabilizing the global climate through investments in energy efficiency and clean renewable energy. The investment program advanced in the book will also generate millions of new job opportunities in all regions of the world. This is even after we allow for the dramatic and unavoidable contraction in the production and consumption of oil, coal, and natural gas. Burning these fossil fuels to generate energy is the single largest cause of climate change. The clean energy investment program does not require reductions in economic growth; to the contrary, it will advance most effectively within a framework of healthy global growth. The book shows if we commit to investing every year approximately 1.5 percent of global GDP on energy efficiency and clean renewable energy investments, we can hit the CO2 emission reduction targets set by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The book’s focus is the intermediate, 20-year target of a 40 percent emissions cut relative to today. The book discusses the need for “just transition policies” for workers and communities that are presently dependent on fossil fuel industries for their livelihoods. It also describes prospects that will open up for small-scale enterprises, community enterprises, and cooperatives as an outgrowth of the transition away from fossil fuels to green energy and high efficiency.
Lomarsh Roopnarine
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496814388
- eISBN:
- 9781496814425
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496814388.003.0050
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter analyzes the migration of Indians from their rural plantation base to urban areas and from these areas to other Caribbean countries. This movement has much to do with opportunities in ...
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This chapter analyzes the migration of Indians from their rural plantation base to urban areas and from these areas to other Caribbean countries. This movement has much to do with opportunities in urban areas and some destinations in the Caribbean, as well as the aspirations and motivations of Indians themselves to migrate. In these new places, Indians competed for scarce resources, and as a consequence, they faced bouts of stigmatization and discrimination. Nevertheless, Indian migration to these places continues into today because these places have proven to be a safety valve for Indians in terms of job opportunities and better medical and social services. However, Indian migratory behavior represents agents of a brain exchange rather than a brain drain as they continue to develop their host societies and their departed homeland through services, remittances, and other means.Less
This chapter analyzes the migration of Indians from their rural plantation base to urban areas and from these areas to other Caribbean countries. This movement has much to do with opportunities in urban areas and some destinations in the Caribbean, as well as the aspirations and motivations of Indians themselves to migrate. In these new places, Indians competed for scarce resources, and as a consequence, they faced bouts of stigmatization and discrimination. Nevertheless, Indian migration to these places continues into today because these places have proven to be a safety valve for Indians in terms of job opportunities and better medical and social services. However, Indian migratory behavior represents agents of a brain exchange rather than a brain drain as they continue to develop their host societies and their departed homeland through services, remittances, and other means.
Jonathan Gruber, Kevin Milligan, and David A. Wise
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226309484
- eISBN:
- 9780226309507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226309507.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The number of older persons in any demographic group has increased very rapidly relative to the number of younger persons and this trend will continue. Thus, the proportion of retirees has increased ...
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The number of older persons in any demographic group has increased very rapidly relative to the number of younger persons and this trend will continue. Thus, the proportion of retirees has increased relative to the number of employed persons who must pay for the benefits of those who are retired. It is now often claimed that these provisions were introduced to provide more jobs for the young, assuming that fewer older persons in the labor force would open up more job opportunities for the young. This chapter addresses the validity of such claims. It presents the results of analyses of the relationship between the labor force participation of older persons and the labor force participation of younger persons in twelve countries. The proposition that more work by older persons reduces the job opportunities for younger persons is put forth in many different forms. It is sometimes referred to by economists as the “lump of labor” theory. It states that if an additional older worker is employed, one younger worker must be displaced. The implication is that economies are boxed and that the box cannot be enlarged.Less
The number of older persons in any demographic group has increased very rapidly relative to the number of younger persons and this trend will continue. Thus, the proportion of retirees has increased relative to the number of employed persons who must pay for the benefits of those who are retired. It is now often claimed that these provisions were introduced to provide more jobs for the young, assuming that fewer older persons in the labor force would open up more job opportunities for the young. This chapter addresses the validity of such claims. It presents the results of analyses of the relationship between the labor force participation of older persons and the labor force participation of younger persons in twelve countries. The proposition that more work by older persons reduces the job opportunities for younger persons is put forth in many different forms. It is sometimes referred to by economists as the “lump of labor” theory. It states that if an additional older worker is employed, one younger worker must be displaced. The implication is that economies are boxed and that the box cannot be enlarged.
Rohini Hensman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231148009
- eISBN:
- 9780231519564
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231148009.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
While it's easy to blame globalization for shrinking job opportunities, dangerous declines in labor standards, and a host of related discontents, the “flattening” of the world has also created ...
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While it's easy to blame globalization for shrinking job opportunities, dangerous declines in labor standards, and a host of related discontents, the “flattening” of the world has also created unprecedented opportunities for worker organization. By expanding employment in developing countries, especially for women, globalization has formed a basis for stronger workers' rights, even in remote sites of production. Using India's labor movement as a model, the book charts the successes and failures, strengths and weaknesses, of the struggle for workers' rights and organization in a rich and varied nation. As Indian products gain wider acceptance in global markets, the disparities in employment conditions and union rights between such regions as the European Union and India's vast informal sector are exposed, raising the issue of globalization's implications for labor. The book examines the unique pattern of “employees' unionism,” which emerged in Bombay in the 1950s, before considering union responses to recent developments, especially the drive to form a national federation of independent unions. A key issue is how far unions can resist protectionist impulses and press for stronger global standards, along with the mechanisms to enforce them. After thoroughly unpacking this example, the book traces the parameters of a global labor agenda, calling for a revival of trade unionism, the elimination of informal labor, and reductions in military spending to favor funding for comprehensive welfare and social security systems.Less
While it's easy to blame globalization for shrinking job opportunities, dangerous declines in labor standards, and a host of related discontents, the “flattening” of the world has also created unprecedented opportunities for worker organization. By expanding employment in developing countries, especially for women, globalization has formed a basis for stronger workers' rights, even in remote sites of production. Using India's labor movement as a model, the book charts the successes and failures, strengths and weaknesses, of the struggle for workers' rights and organization in a rich and varied nation. As Indian products gain wider acceptance in global markets, the disparities in employment conditions and union rights between such regions as the European Union and India's vast informal sector are exposed, raising the issue of globalization's implications for labor. The book examines the unique pattern of “employees' unionism,” which emerged in Bombay in the 1950s, before considering union responses to recent developments, especially the drive to form a national federation of independent unions. A key issue is how far unions can resist protectionist impulses and press for stronger global standards, along with the mechanisms to enforce them. After thoroughly unpacking this example, the book traces the parameters of a global labor agenda, calling for a revival of trade unionism, the elimination of informal labor, and reductions in military spending to favor funding for comprehensive welfare and social security systems.
