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Global Mobility of Talent from a Perspective of New Industrial Policy: Open Migration Chains and Diaspora Networks *

Yevgeny Kuznetsov and Charles Sabel

in The International Mobility of Talent: Types, Causes, and Development Impact

The chapter views migration of skills from a perspective of new industrial policy. It introduces two types of search networks: open migration chains and diaspora networks. Migration chains are ... More

The chapter views migration of skills from a perspective of new industrial policy. It introduces two types of search networks: open migration chains and diaspora networks. Migration chains are sequences of educational or job opportunities which allows a migrant to move to progressively complex educational and job tasks necessary to work in the global environment. Diaspora networks are networks of members seeking to advance their collective goals, often (but not necessarily) for the benefits of home countries. Open migration chains are functional equivalent to value chains: they emphasize upgrading of individual human capital. ‘Diaspora networks’ are about concerted action and clubs. They can be viewed as tools to upgrade open migration chains exactly the same way as a supplier development programme is a concerted action to upgrade value chains.Less

Are Homeowners Really More Unemployed? *

Jakob Roland Munch, Michael Rosholm, and Michael Svarer

in Homeownership and the Labour Market in Europe

This chapter presents findings of research that infer that homeownership significantly lessens the ability to move from one location to another in order to seek for new jobs. In turn, the incidence ... More

This chapter presents findings of research that infer that homeownership significantly lessens the ability to move from one location to another in order to seek for new jobs. In turn, the incidence of finding employment by the local labour force is positively affected by the privately owned accommodation unit, although there are cases when such kind of ownership negatively influences mobility. These empirical evidences contradict the so-called Oswald hypothesis, which defied the indirect association between homeownership and duration of unemployment. When mobility increases, geographical discrepancies in labour supply and demand are more easily addressed, and thus, employment rates are also raised. These results are subject to further analysis with the inclusion of culture, religion, and ethnicity as factors that have implications on urbanisation and job mobility. Such arguments may only reflect spurious relationship instead of causal attribution.Less

Working in the City

David Sims

in Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City Out of Control

This chapter attempts to explain how the inhabitants of Cairo, Egypt work and survive in an environment that is, in many ways, stacked against them. It describes the city's informal economy and the ... More

This chapter attempts to explain how the inhabitants of Cairo, Egypt work and survive in an environment that is, in many ways, stacked against them. It describes the city's informal economy and the job opportunities it offers. It explores the various kinds and shades of the informal economy and provides a critical assessment of the ability of the working sector to fill the gap and to offer a future to Cairo's millions.Less

Family matters

Tiziana Nazio and András Gábos (eds)

in Youth Employment: Style Handbook

This chapter studies how family legacies affect young people's strategies and decisions around finding work and moving into independent living. Where one comes from has always affected young people's ... More

This chapter studies how family legacies affect young people's strategies and decisions around finding work and moving into independent living. Where one comes from has always affected young people's job opportunities and paths out of school. These effects are becoming increasingly polarised both within and across European societies along a variety of dimensions that cannot simply be read off in terms of ethnicity, class, gender, the original nationality of one's parents, or even the society that young people from different backgrounds find themselves in. Understanding the long-term implications of these social divisions is central to knowing which kinds of policy interventions might be most effective in addressing current levels of youth unemployment. The chapter then looks at what happens to young people who leave home and/or set up their own families, and whether the recent recession has increased the risk of them returning to their parental home.Less

Contentious Issues: The Moral Sentiments of Community Life

Robert Wuthnow

in Small-Town America: Finding Community, Shaping the Future

This chapter examines how perceptions of moral decline intersect with the reality of living in towns experiencing population declines and diminishing job opportunities. The specific moral issues of ... More

This chapter examines how perceptions of moral decline intersect with the reality of living in towns experiencing population declines and diminishing job opportunities. The specific moral issues of concern that residents of small towns most frequently mention are abortion, homosexuality, and education issues, such as teaching the Ten Commandments and creationism alongside evolution. Whole communities were sometimes divided between factions that supported or opposed a revision to the school curriculum, or because a local pastor declared themselves to be in favor of gay marriage. There are other moral issues that townspeople said were important enough that they should receive more attention than they do—problems such as drug use and alcoholism, job training, school improvement and consolidation, the gap between rich and poor, and protection of the environment.Less

Returning to the Labor Force

in Gendered Trajectories: Women, Work, and Social Change in Japan and Taiwan

This chapter discusses married women's decisions to return to the workforce. It begins by analyzing the timing of women's reentry into the labor market. This analysis reveals how the differing levels ... More

This chapter discusses married women's decisions to return to the workforce. It begins by analyzing the timing of women's reentry into the labor market. This analysis reveals how the differing levels of conflict between job and family responsibilities for women shape the pace at which they return to the labor force in Japan and Taiwan. This chapter also shows that married women's timing of resuming employment also depends on how the labor market they face may penalize their work interruption. Based on whether their job opportunities decrease significantly with their time away from the labor force, women are likely to time their labor market returns differently. The second part of the chapter examines the types of jobs available for women returning to the labor force. It shows striking differences between Japan and Taiwan in women's destinations upon employment reentry.Less

Do Homeowners Stay Unemployed Longer? Evidence Based on French Data *

Carole Brunet and Jean-Yves Lesueur

in Homeownership and the Labour Market in Europe

This chapter aims to provide an understanding of the impact of the residential tenure position (that is, owning vs renting) of individuals who have no job or potential of acquiring a new occupation ... More

This chapter aims to provide an understanding of the impact of the residential tenure position (that is, owning vs renting) of individuals who have no job or potential of acquiring a new occupation through the assumptions of search theory and its micro econometric applications as well spatial mismatch analysis. Involved in the examination of the housing markets are various features — heterogeneity, geographical fixity, and durability. This chapter starts by looking at problems encountered upon testing Andrew Oswald's hypothesis. These are discussed along with some procedural recommendations about duration paradigms. Subsequently the chapter tackles the non-parametric study of the distinctive influences of residential status on the decrease in unemployment rates and the approximation findings derived from covert heterogeneity and from parametric duration frameworks that control the endogenous choice of accommodation standing.Less

Indian Migration within the Caribbean

Lomarsh Roopnarine

in The Indian Caribbean: Migration and Identity in the Diaspora

This chapter analyzes the migration of Indians from their rural plantation base to urban areas and from these areas to other Caribbean countries. This movement has much to do with opportunities in ... More

This chapter analyzes the migration of Indians from their rural plantation base to urban areas and from these areas to other Caribbean countries. This movement has much to do with opportunities in urban areas and some destinations in the Caribbean, as well as the aspirations and motivations of Indians themselves to migrate. In these new places, Indians competed for scarce resources, and as a consequence, they faced bouts of stigmatization and discrimination. Nevertheless, Indian migration to these places continues into today because these places have proven to be a safety valve for Indians in terms of job opportunities and better medical and social services. However, Indian migratory behavior represents agents of a brain exchange rather than a brain drain as they continue to develop their host societies and their departed homeland through services, remittances, and other means.Less

Afterword: Final Word and the Path Forward – Is the Myth of Austerity Giving Way to the Myth of the Robots Taking the Jobs?

Jill Rubery

in Working in the Context of Austerity: Challenges and Struggles

This chapter studies a new robots-are-taking-over mythology that is emerging to replace the austerity mythology that unrestrained, perfectly functioning markets are offering an alternative to state ... More

This chapter studies a new robots-are-taking-over mythology that is emerging to replace the austerity mythology that unrestrained, perfectly functioning markets are offering an alternative to state welfare systems. The austerity mythology argued that debt was the pivotal problem for governments to wrestle down, and that markets should take over responsibilities from the state, shifting responsibility to the average person to self-provide or meet all their needs through wage employment or unpaid labour. Providing a low-tax regime to businesses would incentivize them to expand employment and to entrepreneurially take new risks and offer job opportunities for all, as long as workers were not selective about wages, work, conditions, or hours. However, people are now told that robots will replace humans in most jobs and that they all will soon be unemployed. The chapter points out that the gutting of social supports and entitlements under austerity and neoliberalism means that those thrown out of work will quickly become destitute, and social unrest is likely to follow. To avoid this dire scenario, it calls for a major rethinking of social policies and employment, drawing on Nancy Fraser's gender-equity model, wherein breadwinning and care-giving responsibilities are shared across society, with the support of strong social programmes in which employment is protected and regulated in the interests of working people.Less

Introduction and Summary

Jonathan Gruber, Kevin Milligan, and David A. Wise

in Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: The Relationship to Youth Employment

The number of older persons in any demographic group has increased very rapidly relative to the number of younger persons and this trend will continue. Thus, the proportion of retirees has increased ... More

The number of older persons in any demographic group has increased very rapidly relative to the number of younger persons and this trend will continue. Thus, the proportion of retirees has increased relative to the number of employed persons who must pay for the benefits of those who are retired. It is now often claimed that these provisions were introduced to provide more jobs for the young, assuming that fewer older persons in the labor force would open up more job opportunities for the young. This chapter addresses the validity of such claims. It presents the results of analyses of the relationship between the labor force participation of older persons and the labor force participation of younger persons in twelve countries. The proposition that more work by older persons reduces the job opportunities for younger persons is put forth in many different forms. It is sometimes referred to by economists as the “lump of labor” theory. It states that if an additional older worker is employed, one younger worker must be displaced. The implication is that economies are boxed and that the box cannot be enlarged.Less

Obstacles and opportunities for women linguists in Scandinavia

Tove Bull, Carol Henriksen, and Toril Swan

in Women in the History of Linguistics

This chapter concerns the role played by women in the history of linguistics in the Nordic countries: Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Our main focus is on the period from the ... More

This chapter concerns the role played by women in the history of linguistics in the Nordic countries: Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Our main focus is on the period from the mid-sixteenth to the mid-twentieth century, a period that began with the gradual emergence of the nation states of the North and the need for the codification of common national languages. Gradually, education became more widespread, and although the first schools were for boys, private education was given in upper-class homes and was thus also accessible for girls. The first grammarians were all men, so early on it is mostly behind the scenes that we find women involved in the study of language. Once women were allowed to participate in higher education, some of them made significant contributions to linguistics. In order to understand the role played by women, it is clearly necessary to view their contributions in the context of the age and society in which they lived.Less

Guinea Pigs

Rob Kitchin

in Data Lives: How Data Are Made and Shape Our World

This chapter discusses the implications for citizens of data-driven management by charting the issues of living in a smart city testbed area, demonstrated through a walking tour for local residents, ... More

This chapter discusses the implications for citizens of data-driven management by charting the issues of living in a smart city testbed area, demonstrated through a walking tour for local residents, led by a public official. It was clear to the recently hired community liaison officer for the city's smart docklands team that the key expected outcome was to convince local residents that there was nothing to fear from the trialling of new technologies in their area and to get their buy-in. However, interaction with the local community had been a secondary concern to those establishing initiative. They had been much more focused on the technical and business aspects of building the testbed and securing investment than how it related to those that lived and worked there. Nevertheless, the community liaison officer tries to convince the citizens that they do not collect personal data and that the initiative provides job opportunities.Less