Stephen D. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179354
- eISBN:
- 9780199783779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179354.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Only the most rabid proponents deny the potential for MNCs and FDI to inflict costs and harm on large numbers of people and countries. This chapter is the equivalent of a law brief, this time ...
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Only the most rabid proponents deny the potential for MNCs and FDI to inflict costs and harm on large numbers of people and countries. This chapter is the equivalent of a law brief, this time one-sidedly expounding on the merits of the opposite side of the case and offering a totally different perspective on how to evaluate FDI and MNCs. Once again, no effort is made to replicate the emphasis in earlier chapters on the need for a balanced, objective approach to a subject dominated by heterogeneity, complexity, and subjectivity. The downsides of MNCs and FDI are discussed in terms of their demonstrable threat to a country's overall economic growth and prosperity as the result of the inherent conflict between their single-minded pursuit of profits and the interests of the host country's population. More specific costs such as intimidation of government officials anxious to promote and retain inward FDI, bribing regulators, tax avoidance, reduced competition in the marketplace including price collusion, diminished union and worker negotiating leverage, increased pollution, and increased capital outflows in the form of profit remittances, are also discussed.Less
Only the most rabid proponents deny the potential for MNCs and FDI to inflict costs and harm on large numbers of people and countries. This chapter is the equivalent of a law brief, this time one-sidedly expounding on the merits of the opposite side of the case and offering a totally different perspective on how to evaluate FDI and MNCs. Once again, no effort is made to replicate the emphasis in earlier chapters on the need for a balanced, objective approach to a subject dominated by heterogeneity, complexity, and subjectivity. The downsides of MNCs and FDI are discussed in terms of their demonstrable threat to a country's overall economic growth and prosperity as the result of the inherent conflict between their single-minded pursuit of profits and the interests of the host country's population. More specific costs such as intimidation of government officials anxious to promote and retain inward FDI, bribing regulators, tax avoidance, reduced competition in the marketplace including price collusion, diminished union and worker negotiating leverage, increased pollution, and increased capital outflows in the form of profit remittances, are also discussed.
Adam Seth Levine
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691162966
- eISBN:
- 9781400852130
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691162966.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book examines the political consequences of threats to Americans' financial well-being and in particular why they might not motivate ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book examines the political consequences of threats to Americans' financial well-being and in particular why they might not motivate people to become politically active even though we have good reason to expect that they would. Such threats are collectively referred to as American insecurity—or, in some cases, simply economic insecurity. The book focuses primarily on four threats: involuntary job loss, health care costs, retirement, and higher education costs. These four by no means capture the full range of financial threats that Americans face, but they turn out to be particularly illuminating cases. Relative to many other issues that are often grouped under the label of “economic insecurity,” explaining political inaction on these four issues turns out to require a new theoretical approach.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book examines the political consequences of threats to Americans' financial well-being and in particular why they might not motivate people to become politically active even though we have good reason to expect that they would. Such threats are collectively referred to as American insecurity—or, in some cases, simply economic insecurity. The book focuses primarily on four threats: involuntary job loss, health care costs, retirement, and higher education costs. These four by no means capture the full range of financial threats that Americans face, but they turn out to be particularly illuminating cases. Relative to many other issues that are often grouped under the label of “economic insecurity,” explaining political inaction on these four issues turns out to require a new theoretical approach.
Henry S. Farber
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785853
- eISBN:
- 9780804786430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785853.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter provides a discussion of the incidence of job loss in the
This chapter provides a discussion of the incidence of job loss in the
Henry S. Farber
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226001432
- eISBN:
- 9780226001463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226001463.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter discusses job loss and the decline in job security in the United States. It argues that a possible explanation for this scenario is an increase in the rate of job change by workers that ...
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This chapter discusses job loss and the decline in job security in the United States. It argues that a possible explanation for this scenario is an increase in the rate of job change by workers that is not captured by the Displaced Workers Survey (DWS). While job loss rates are lower in the public sector than in the private sector, and move with the business cycle in the private sector, there has been no secular increase in private-sector job loss rates that could account for the decline in private-sector job tenure. While overall rates of job loss did not increase, it is not the case that rates of job loss for high-tenure workers increased relative to those for lower-tenure workers. Some voluntary job change may reflect the kind of worker displacement that the DWS was meant to capture but is not reported as such by workers.Less
This chapter discusses job loss and the decline in job security in the United States. It argues that a possible explanation for this scenario is an increase in the rate of job change by workers that is not captured by the Displaced Workers Survey (DWS). While job loss rates are lower in the public sector than in the private sector, and move with the business cycle in the private sector, there has been no secular increase in private-sector job loss rates that could account for the decline in private-sector job tenure. While overall rates of job loss did not increase, it is not the case that rates of job loss for high-tenure workers increased relative to those for lower-tenure workers. Some voluntary job change may reflect the kind of worker displacement that the DWS was meant to capture but is not reported as such by workers.
Ann H. Stevens and Jeremy G. Moulton
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785853
- eISBN:
- 9780804786430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785853.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter considers the impact of job loss on economic well-being during retirement. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), it compares retirement wealth across individuals who ...
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This chapter considers the impact of job loss on economic well-being during retirement. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), it compares retirement wealth across individuals who experience a job loss and those who do not. Sizeable differences are reported, especially when the job loss occurs at young ages. Little evidence is found that displaced workers can make up these differences by shifting retirement to a later date. The inability to recover appears related to both the difficulty in becoming reemployed and, if a new job is found, working sufficiently long before retirement to offset the initial declines in assets.Less
This chapter considers the impact of job loss on economic well-being during retirement. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), it compares retirement wealth across individuals who experience a job loss and those who do not. Sizeable differences are reported, especially when the job loss occurs at young ages. Little evidence is found that displaced workers can make up these differences by shifting retirement to a later date. The inability to recover appears related to both the difficulty in becoming reemployed and, if a new job is found, working sufficiently long before retirement to offset the initial declines in assets.
Till von Wachter, Jae Song, and Joyce Manchester
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785853
- eISBN:
- 9780804786430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785853.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter considers whether short-term losses experienced by displaced workers persist over time by impacting the cumulative years that the typical individual works. Using administrative records ...
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This chapter considers whether short-term losses experienced by displaced workers persist over time by impacting the cumulative years that the typical individual works. Using administrative records from the Social Security Administration, the analysis finds that workers released in mass layoffs experience significant reductions in work activity in later life. Such reductions will naturally result in sizeable decreases in available resources both during working years and in preparedness for retirement. The authors conclude that job displacement is an extraordinary event in terms of its cumulative effect on availability of resources for individuals.Less
This chapter considers whether short-term losses experienced by displaced workers persist over time by impacting the cumulative years that the typical individual works. Using administrative records from the Social Security Administration, the analysis finds that workers released in mass layoffs experience significant reductions in work activity in later life. Such reductions will naturally result in sizeable decreases in available resources both during working years and in preparedness for retirement. The authors conclude that job displacement is an extraordinary event in terms of its cumulative effect on availability of resources for individuals.
Ellen Israel Rosen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233362
- eISBN:
- 9780520928572
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233362.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter addresses the winners and the losers of the globalization of the apparel industry. Executives and managers of the large retail and apparel transnationals have clearly been winners, while ...
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This chapter addresses the winners and the losers of the globalization of the apparel industry. Executives and managers of the large retail and apparel transnationals have clearly been winners, while those who have been displaced from their jobs, mostly the women who now work in the industry's sweatshops are some of the losers. Job losses, wage reductions, and sweatshops are a result of “race to the bottom.” The dilemmas of globalization and the “new international division of labor” are then explained. The pressure to open new markets in lower and lower wage regions of the world has led to a Darwinian struggle, which is producing a race to the bottom. In general, it is hoped that this book will be part of a larger effort to ensure that a significant part of the new and emerging global labor force, women apparel workers, will be able to earn a living wage.Less
This chapter addresses the winners and the losers of the globalization of the apparel industry. Executives and managers of the large retail and apparel transnationals have clearly been winners, while those who have been displaced from their jobs, mostly the women who now work in the industry's sweatshops are some of the losers. Job losses, wage reductions, and sweatshops are a result of “race to the bottom.” The dilemmas of globalization and the “new international division of labor” are then explained. The pressure to open new markets in lower and lower wage regions of the world has led to a Darwinian struggle, which is producing a race to the bottom. In general, it is hoped that this book will be part of a larger effort to ensure that a significant part of the new and emerging global labor force, women apparel workers, will be able to earn a living wage.
Kenneth A. Couch, Mary C. Daly, and Julie M. Zissimopoulos (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785853
- eISBN:
- 9780804786430
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785853.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Lifecycle Events and Their Consequences: Job Loss, Family Change, and Declines in Health brings together leading scholars to study the impact of unexpected life course events on economic welfare. The ...
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Lifecycle Events and Their Consequences: Job Loss, Family Change, and Declines in Health brings together leading scholars to study the impact of unexpected life course events on economic welfare. The contributions in this volume explore how job loss, the onset of health limitations, and changes in household structure can have a pronounced influence on individual and household well-being across the life course. Although these events are typically studied in isolation, they frequently co-occur or are otherwise interrelated. This book provides a systematic empirical overview of these sometimes uncertain events and their impacts. By placing them in a unified analytical framework and approaching each of them from a similar perspective, this book illustrates the importance of a coherent approach to thinking about the inter-relationships among these shifts. Finally, this volume aims to set the future research agenda in this important area.Less
Lifecycle Events and Their Consequences: Job Loss, Family Change, and Declines in Health brings together leading scholars to study the impact of unexpected life course events on economic welfare. The contributions in this volume explore how job loss, the onset of health limitations, and changes in household structure can have a pronounced influence on individual and household well-being across the life course. Although these events are typically studied in isolation, they frequently co-occur or are otherwise interrelated. This book provides a systematic empirical overview of these sometimes uncertain events and their impacts. By placing them in a unified analytical framework and approaching each of them from a similar perspective, this book illustrates the importance of a coherent approach to thinking about the inter-relationships among these shifts. Finally, this volume aims to set the future research agenda in this important area.
George R. Boyer
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691178738
- eISBN:
- 9780691183992
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691178738.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter examines the extent of cyclical, seasonal, and casual unemployment from 1870 to 1914, and shows that reported unemployment rates greatly understate the probability of job loss faced by ...
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This chapter examines the extent of cyclical, seasonal, and casual unemployment from 1870 to 1914, and shows that reported unemployment rates greatly understate the probability of job loss faced by manual workers. It also reveals the public and private battles over relief for the unemployed. In the 1870s, cities abruptly curtailed granting outdoor relief to able-bodied males, and beginning in 1886 the Local Government Board encouraged municipalities to establish work relief projects during downturns. However, neither municipal relief projects nor the work relief established as a result of the 1905 Unemployed Workmen Act succeeded in assisting the temporarily unemployed—most of those employed on relief works were chronically underemployed laborers.Less
This chapter examines the extent of cyclical, seasonal, and casual unemployment from 1870 to 1914, and shows that reported unemployment rates greatly understate the probability of job loss faced by manual workers. It also reveals the public and private battles over relief for the unemployed. In the 1870s, cities abruptly curtailed granting outdoor relief to able-bodied males, and beginning in 1886 the Local Government Board encouraged municipalities to establish work relief projects during downturns. However, neither municipal relief projects nor the work relief established as a result of the 1905 Unemployed Workmen Act succeeded in assisting the temporarily unemployed—most of those employed on relief works were chronically underemployed laborers.
Ariel Kalil and Thomas DeLeire
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785853
- eISBN:
- 9780804786430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785853.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter examines whether lasting reductions in earnings and wealth due to job loss have consequences on well-being beyond financial concerns. In particular, the analysis uses data from the ...
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This chapter examines whether lasting reductions in earnings and wealth due to job loss have consequences on well-being beyond financial concerns. In particular, the analysis uses data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine the impact of job loss on two different measures of self-reported psychological well-being, one meant to capture life satisfaction and another that gauges a person's sense of purpose in life. The research indicates that job loss, independent of a variety of background factors, reduces satisfaction by roughly 25 to 50 percent and that self-assessments by individuals of their purpose in life also typically declines by roughly 15 percent. This work suggests that job loss takes a toll on the nonfinancial as well as the financial well-being of individuals.Less
This chapter examines whether lasting reductions in earnings and wealth due to job loss have consequences on well-being beyond financial concerns. In particular, the analysis uses data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine the impact of job loss on two different measures of self-reported psychological well-being, one meant to capture life satisfaction and another that gauges a person's sense of purpose in life. The research indicates that job loss, independent of a variety of background factors, reduces satisfaction by roughly 25 to 50 percent and that self-assessments by individuals of their purpose in life also typically declines by roughly 15 percent. This work suggests that job loss takes a toll on the nonfinancial as well as the financial well-being of individuals.
Till von Wachter and Stefan Bender
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226042879
- eISBN:
- 9780226042893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226042893.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
An increasing number of studies suggest that the starting conditions in the first year of a worker's job or labor market entry can have long-term effects on earnings and career development. Using ...
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An increasing number of studies suggest that the starting conditions in the first year of a worker's job or labor market entry can have long-term effects on earnings and career development. Using data on the complete career histories of all workers in a large manufacturing sector in Germany, this chapter examines the prevalence and heterogeneity of firm-entry cohort effects for a large sample of firms over more than twenty years. To ensure that the cohort differences in wages are not due to selective entry of workers into firms, the chapter controls for observable firm and worker characteristics as well as worker fixed effects. In addition, it analyzes whether entry conditions fade within firms and whether firms' wages tend to converge to a common market wage over time. The chapter also looks at the effects of job displacement on wage changes for workers with high, medium, or low starting wages at the lost job. Finally, it discusses the impact of past wage premiums on the level of wages after job loss.Less
An increasing number of studies suggest that the starting conditions in the first year of a worker's job or labor market entry can have long-term effects on earnings and career development. Using data on the complete career histories of all workers in a large manufacturing sector in Germany, this chapter examines the prevalence and heterogeneity of firm-entry cohort effects for a large sample of firms over more than twenty years. To ensure that the cohort differences in wages are not due to selective entry of workers into firms, the chapter controls for observable firm and worker characteristics as well as worker fixed effects. In addition, it analyzes whether entry conditions fade within firms and whether firms' wages tend to converge to a common market wage over time. The chapter also looks at the effects of job displacement on wage changes for workers with high, medium, or low starting wages at the lost job. Finally, it discusses the impact of past wage premiums on the level of wages after job loss.
Richard L. Clayton and James R. Spletzer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226172569
- eISBN:
- 9780226172576
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226172576.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter presents an overview of the Business Employment Dynamics (BED) database at the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It also provides a detailed analysis of job creation and destruction in ...
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This chapter presents an overview of the Business Employment Dynamics (BED) database at the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It also provides a detailed analysis of job creation and destruction in the 2001 recession and the subsequent years. It is observed that the relatively few establishments with large gross job gains and large gross job losses were the drivers of the 2001 recession. The declining net employment growth during the first three quarters of 2001 can be attributed to both falling gross job gains and rising gross job losses. Moreover, 64 percent of the net job losses in the most severe recessionary quarter are attributable to the relatively few establishments gaining or losing 20 or more jobs. It can be concluded that the BLS was able to create the BED data with no new data collection efforts and with no new additional respondent burden.Less
This chapter presents an overview of the Business Employment Dynamics (BED) database at the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It also provides a detailed analysis of job creation and destruction in the 2001 recession and the subsequent years. It is observed that the relatively few establishments with large gross job gains and large gross job losses were the drivers of the 2001 recession. The declining net employment growth during the first three quarters of 2001 can be attributed to both falling gross job gains and rising gross job losses. Moreover, 64 percent of the net job losses in the most severe recessionary quarter are attributable to the relatively few establishments gaining or losing 20 or more jobs. It can be concluded that the BLS was able to create the BED data with no new data collection efforts and with no new additional respondent burden.
David J. Harding, Jeffrey D. Morenoff, and Jessica J. B. Wyse
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226607504
- eISBN:
- 9780226607788
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226607788.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
The formerly incarcerated exhibit very low rates of employment, even many years after their release from prison. Low levels of human capital, distance from jobs, lack of transportation, and the ...
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The formerly incarcerated exhibit very low rates of employment, even many years after their release from prison. Low levels of human capital, distance from jobs, lack of transportation, and the stigma of a felony record explain the challenges of finding work after prison. Those who do find work do so through different strategies; applying for many jobs, leveraging social networks, and deploying cultural capital to counter the felony stigma, but many formerly incarcerated individuals do not have such resources. Their employment is concentrated in a small number of industries associated with the secondary labor market. Informal self employment is a common response. Those who found jobs outside the secondary labor market did so with material and social support from family. Yet employment is low among the formerly incarcerated also because they have high rates of job loss. Job losses stem from individual challenges like health problems, addiction relapse, family caretaking responsibilities, and transportation problems but also due to the nature of a contemporary low-skill labor market where turnover is high due to low wages and benefits few, frequent schedule changes, and abusive bosses.Less
The formerly incarcerated exhibit very low rates of employment, even many years after their release from prison. Low levels of human capital, distance from jobs, lack of transportation, and the stigma of a felony record explain the challenges of finding work after prison. Those who do find work do so through different strategies; applying for many jobs, leveraging social networks, and deploying cultural capital to counter the felony stigma, but many formerly incarcerated individuals do not have such resources. Their employment is concentrated in a small number of industries associated with the secondary labor market. Informal self employment is a common response. Those who found jobs outside the secondary labor market did so with material and social support from family. Yet employment is low among the formerly incarcerated also because they have high rates of job loss. Job losses stem from individual challenges like health problems, addiction relapse, family caretaking responsibilities, and transportation problems but also due to the nature of a contemporary low-skill labor market where turnover is high due to low wages and benefits few, frequent schedule changes, and abusive bosses.
Seamus McGuinness (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447350347
- eISBN:
- 9781447350354
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447350347.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter addresses three key aspects of young people's lives: the nature of human capital development in third-level institutions; transitions from education to work; and the relative exposure to ...
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This chapter addresses three key aspects of young people's lives: the nature of human capital development in third-level institutions; transitions from education to work; and the relative exposure to employment mismatch and separation in employment. Young people are more likely to become unemployed but are also more likely to move from unemployment to employment. With respect to the individual characteristics that influenced labour market transitions, higher levels of schooling were a key factor affecting the likelihood of exiting unemployment to enter employment. The result suggests that young people's relative exposure to job loss is particularly high during recession. In terms of within-employment mismatch, the evidence indicates that while overeducation rates in Europe are converging upwards over time, the general pattern of overeducation is linked across many countries, suggesting that the phenomenon responds in a similar way to external shocks and, consequently, is likely to also react in similar ways to appropriate policy interventions.Less
This chapter addresses three key aspects of young people's lives: the nature of human capital development in third-level institutions; transitions from education to work; and the relative exposure to employment mismatch and separation in employment. Young people are more likely to become unemployed but are also more likely to move from unemployment to employment. With respect to the individual characteristics that influenced labour market transitions, higher levels of schooling were a key factor affecting the likelihood of exiting unemployment to enter employment. The result suggests that young people's relative exposure to job loss is particularly high during recession. In terms of within-employment mismatch, the evidence indicates that while overeducation rates in Europe are converging upwards over time, the general pattern of overeducation is linked across many countries, suggesting that the phenomenon responds in a similar way to external shocks and, consequently, is likely to also react in similar ways to appropriate policy interventions.
Michael D. Hurd
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785853
- eISBN:
- 9780804786430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785853.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter provides an overview of the section of the text that examines job loss. The main theme of the chapter is that since the Great Recession is more severe than the periods covered by some of ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the section of the text that examines job loss. The main theme of the chapter is that since the Great Recession is more severe than the periods covered by some of the data used in the individual analyses, they may understate the likely impacts of recent job losses. One particular area the discussion points towards as being different in the Great Recession is the depressed housing market. While prior recessions have resulted in both job loss and temporary declines in the equity markets, the extent of the negative impact of the Great Recession on housing equity is unusual. Housing is a major component of wealth for many families so a sharp decline implies fewer resources to react and adapt to job loss. Also, job loss itself often precedes home foreclosure.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the section of the text that examines job loss. The main theme of the chapter is that since the Great Recession is more severe than the periods covered by some of the data used in the individual analyses, they may understate the likely impacts of recent job losses. One particular area the discussion points towards as being different in the Great Recession is the depressed housing market. While prior recessions have resulted in both job loss and temporary declines in the equity markets, the extent of the negative impact of the Great Recession on housing equity is unusual. Housing is a major component of wealth for many families so a sharp decline implies fewer resources to react and adapt to job loss. Also, job loss itself often precedes home foreclosure.
Ruth Lupton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861345356
- eISBN:
- 9781447303039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861345356.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter explores the trajectories of poverty in more detail, highlighting the areas of primary deprivation. The decline had started in the 1960s due to the increase of crime and antisocial ...
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This chapter explores the trajectories of poverty in more detail, highlighting the areas of primary deprivation. The decline had started in the 1960s due to the increase of crime and antisocial behaviour, decline in the sense of community, and the loss of shops and services. Underlying these changes were three consistent themes: economic restructuring, resulting in every case in enormous job losses; widening inequality (driven in large part by economic changes); and changes in the size and composition of the population. It is shown that these changes led in an increase in the rate of poverty. Council-housing areas were developing the most entrenched poverty concentrations. By the beginning of the 1990s, poverty concentrations were acute and inequality was wide.Less
This chapter explores the trajectories of poverty in more detail, highlighting the areas of primary deprivation. The decline had started in the 1960s due to the increase of crime and antisocial behaviour, decline in the sense of community, and the loss of shops and services. Underlying these changes were three consistent themes: economic restructuring, resulting in every case in enormous job losses; widening inequality (driven in large part by economic changes); and changes in the size and composition of the population. It is shown that these changes led in an increase in the rate of poverty. Council-housing areas were developing the most entrenched poverty concentrations. By the beginning of the 1990s, poverty concentrations were acute and inequality was wide.
Giulia Faggio, Paul Gregg, and Jonathan Wadsworth
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199587377
- eISBN:
- 9780191808647
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199587377.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter focuses on job tenure and job turnover in the UK. It considers job tenure and job turnover as possible measures of job stability, and examines the issue of job stability among different ...
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This chapter focuses on job tenure and job turnover in the UK. It considers job tenure and job turnover as possible measures of job stability, and examines the issue of job stability among different groups. It demonstrates the difference in the rate of job tenure and the cost of job loss between men and women.Less
This chapter focuses on job tenure and job turnover in the UK. It considers job tenure and job turnover as possible measures of job stability, and examines the issue of job stability among different groups. It demonstrates the difference in the rate of job tenure and the cost of job loss between men and women.
Vladislav Flek, Martin Hála, and Martina Mysíková
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190864798
- eISBN:
- 9780190864828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190864798.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Communities and Organizations
This chapter analyzes youth labor market dynamics, their structure, and their policy implications, focusing on selected European Union countries during the various stages of the Great Recession and ...
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This chapter analyzes youth labor market dynamics, their structure, and their policy implications, focusing on selected European Union countries during the various stages of the Great Recession and comparing flows between labor market statuses for young people (aged 16–34 years) with those for prime-age individuals (aged 35–54 years). The flow approach views labor market transitions as a state-dependent process, simultaneously involving all movements of individuals between employment, unemployment, and inactivity. The main result is that young workers are more likely to move between employment and unemployment in both directions. This is instructive for assessing the gap in the labor market prospects of the two age groups and particularly for understanding differences in the evolution of youth and prime-age unemployment rates. The socioeconomic determinants of transitions between employment and unemployment in both directions are estimated, with the aim of illustrating the depth of age-based labor market segmentation and marginalization.Less
This chapter analyzes youth labor market dynamics, their structure, and their policy implications, focusing on selected European Union countries during the various stages of the Great Recession and comparing flows between labor market statuses for young people (aged 16–34 years) with those for prime-age individuals (aged 35–54 years). The flow approach views labor market transitions as a state-dependent process, simultaneously involving all movements of individuals between employment, unemployment, and inactivity. The main result is that young workers are more likely to move between employment and unemployment in both directions. This is instructive for assessing the gap in the labor market prospects of the two age groups and particularly for understanding differences in the evolution of youth and prime-age unemployment rates. The socioeconomic determinants of transitions between employment and unemployment in both directions are estimated, with the aim of illustrating the depth of age-based labor market segmentation and marginalization.
Diana Farrell
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231143653
- eISBN:
- 9780231527866
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231143653.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter considers the issue of offshoring. The United States leads the world in offshoring white-collar jobs to low-wage countries. Today they employ more than 900,000 service workers overseas. ...
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This chapter considers the issue of offshoring. The United States leads the world in offshoring white-collar jobs to low-wage countries. Today they employ more than 900,000 service workers overseas. But widespread concern about the effects on the U.S. job market has prompted policymakers to call for curbs on offshoring, and some states have already adopted such policies. It is argued that fears about job losses and wage cuts in the United States due to offshoring are vastly overstated. Protectionism may save a few jobs for a while, but it will stifle innovation and job creation in the longer term. Rather than trying to stop globalization, the goal must be to let it happen, while easing the transition for workers who lose out.Less
This chapter considers the issue of offshoring. The United States leads the world in offshoring white-collar jobs to low-wage countries. Today they employ more than 900,000 service workers overseas. But widespread concern about the effects on the U.S. job market has prompted policymakers to call for curbs on offshoring, and some states have already adopted such policies. It is argued that fears about job losses and wage cuts in the United States due to offshoring are vastly overstated. Protectionism may save a few jobs for a while, but it will stifle innovation and job creation in the longer term. Rather than trying to stop globalization, the goal must be to let it happen, while easing the transition for workers who lose out.
Kenneth A. Couch, Mary C. Daly, and Julie M. Zissimopoulos
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785853
- eISBN:
- 9780804786430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785853.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The introductory chapter presents an overview of this volume which provides a structured examination of three of the most important events that occur in the lives of most adults: changes in ...
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The introductory chapter presents an overview of this volume which provides a structured examination of three of the most important events that occur in the lives of most adults: changes in employment, family, and health. The book's sections are organized around these events. Each section contains a chapter that provides an initial overview of how common it is to experience changes in employment, family, and health. Then, additional chapters are provided that examine both short and long-term consequences of events of each type. Because each individual topical area, such as job loss, might relate to the others, e.g. changes in family structure, each section includes a chapter that examines at least one of these interrelationships. As a whole, the studies contained in the volume demonstrate that very common life transitions are strongly linked to short and long-term economic well-being but also cascade into other areas of life.Less
The introductory chapter presents an overview of this volume which provides a structured examination of three of the most important events that occur in the lives of most adults: changes in employment, family, and health. The book's sections are organized around these events. Each section contains a chapter that provides an initial overview of how common it is to experience changes in employment, family, and health. Then, additional chapters are provided that examine both short and long-term consequences of events of each type. Because each individual topical area, such as job loss, might relate to the others, e.g. changes in family structure, each section includes a chapter that examines at least one of these interrelationships. As a whole, the studies contained in the volume demonstrate that very common life transitions are strongly linked to short and long-term economic well-being but also cascade into other areas of life.
