Margaret P. Battin, Leslie P. Francis, Jay A. Jacobson, and Charles B. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335842
- eISBN:
- 9780199868926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335842.003.0016
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
In the effort to control infectious disease, many different kinds of constraints have been employed: mandatory testing, required or observed treatment, and quarantine and isolation, among others. ...
More
In the effort to control infectious disease, many different kinds of constraints have been employed: mandatory testing, required or observed treatment, and quarantine and isolation, among others. Although sometimes justified, these constraints have often been misused, as people were left to die in cholera-infected ships anchored offshore or in plague-stricken villages. This chapter begins with an overview of the ethical issues raised by different types of constraints used to control infectious disease. It then uses the PVV view to argue that constraints can be justified if they meet a set of procedural and substantive guarantees. The procedural guarantees are: that there be an important interest, supported by evidence, that the least restrictive alternative be chosen, that constraints be fully disclosed and transparent, and that there be an opportunity for reconsideration. The basic substantive guarantees are personal security, meeting basic needs for survival and treatment, effective communication, the equitable allocation of burdens, and compensation for loss.Less
In the effort to control infectious disease, many different kinds of constraints have been employed: mandatory testing, required or observed treatment, and quarantine and isolation, among others. Although sometimes justified, these constraints have often been misused, as people were left to die in cholera-infected ships anchored offshore or in plague-stricken villages. This chapter begins with an overview of the ethical issues raised by different types of constraints used to control infectious disease. It then uses the PVV view to argue that constraints can be justified if they meet a set of procedural and substantive guarantees. The procedural guarantees are: that there be an important interest, supported by evidence, that the least restrictive alternative be chosen, that constraints be fully disclosed and transparent, and that there be an opportunity for reconsideration. The basic substantive guarantees are personal security, meeting basic needs for survival and treatment, effective communication, the equitable allocation of burdens, and compensation for loss.
Julie C. Inness
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195104608
- eISBN:
- 9780199868247
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195104609.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
From the Supreme Court to the bedroom, privacy is an intensely contested interest in our everyday lives and privacy law. Some people appeal to privacy to protect such critical areas as abortion, ...
More
From the Supreme Court to the bedroom, privacy is an intensely contested interest in our everyday lives and privacy law. Some people appeal to privacy to protect such critical areas as abortion, sexuality, and personal information. Yet, privacy skeptics argue that there is no such thing as a right to privacy. I argue that we cannot abandon the concept of privacy. If we wish to avoid extending this elusive concept to cover too much of our lives or shrinking it to cover too little, we must come to understand it. After exploring the privacy arguments of philosophers and constitutional and tort privacy law, I argue for a new definition of privacy and an explanation of its value that clarifies and resolves many of our conflicts. Privacy is critical because it allows us to protect a realm in which we can have intimate relations with others.Less
From the Supreme Court to the bedroom, privacy is an intensely contested interest in our everyday lives and privacy law. Some people appeal to privacy to protect such critical areas as abortion, sexuality, and personal information. Yet, privacy skeptics argue that there is no such thing as a right to privacy. I argue that we cannot abandon the concept of privacy. If we wish to avoid extending this elusive concept to cover too much of our lives or shrinking it to cover too little, we must come to understand it. After exploring the privacy arguments of philosophers and constitutional and tort privacy law, I argue for a new definition of privacy and an explanation of its value that clarifies and resolves many of our conflicts. Privacy is critical because it allows us to protect a realm in which we can have intimate relations with others.
Terryl C. Givens
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195167115
- eISBN:
- 9780199785599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167115.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Mormons believe they are an elect, covenant people. Persecution, rhetoric of chosenness, and physical isolation, all emphasize blessed distinctness. But Mormons also suffer a history and a psychology ...
More
Mormons believe they are an elect, covenant people. Persecution, rhetoric of chosenness, and physical isolation, all emphasize blessed distinctness. But Mormons also suffer a history and a psychology of alienation, exclusion, and exile. Derided as unchristian and un-American, they have labored for acceptance even as they emphasize difference.Less
Mormons believe they are an elect, covenant people. Persecution, rhetoric of chosenness, and physical isolation, all emphasize blessed distinctness. But Mormons also suffer a history and a psychology of alienation, exclusion, and exile. Derided as unchristian and un-American, they have labored for acceptance even as they emphasize difference.
Chris Beneke
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305555
- eISBN:
- 9780199784899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305558.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The conclusion delineates the 19th-century boundaries of American religious pluralism. Those limits emerged most clearly in the persistence of anti-Semitism, the violence inflicted upon Mormons in ...
More
The conclusion delineates the 19th-century boundaries of American religious pluralism. Those limits emerged most clearly in the persistence of anti-Semitism, the violence inflicted upon Mormons in western New York, Illinois, and Missouri, and the vitriolic common school debates of 1840 and 1841, which pitted New York’s Roman Catholic leaders against the Protestant-dominated Public School Society. In the case of the Mormons and the Catholics, especially, the 18th-century formula of equal rights for private worship and public inclusion failed. Anonymous living in the increasingly populous cities and the vast expanses of cheap land in the west allowed religious groups to avoid integration. Meanwhile, the continued dominance of Calvinist Protestantism made such isolation attractive. Yet, an important precedent had already been set. The success that early Americans had in maintaining civil peace and encouraging cooperative endeavors between different religious groups provided a reassuring template for future encounters with diversity.Less
The conclusion delineates the 19th-century boundaries of American religious pluralism. Those limits emerged most clearly in the persistence of anti-Semitism, the violence inflicted upon Mormons in western New York, Illinois, and Missouri, and the vitriolic common school debates of 1840 and 1841, which pitted New York’s Roman Catholic leaders against the Protestant-dominated Public School Society. In the case of the Mormons and the Catholics, especially, the 18th-century formula of equal rights for private worship and public inclusion failed. Anonymous living in the increasingly populous cities and the vast expanses of cheap land in the west allowed religious groups to avoid integration. Meanwhile, the continued dominance of Calvinist Protestantism made such isolation attractive. Yet, an important precedent had already been set. The success that early Americans had in maintaining civil peace and encouraging cooperative endeavors between different religious groups provided a reassuring template for future encounters with diversity.
Anne E. Magurran
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527855
- eISBN:
- 9780191713576
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527855.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
The previous chapters testify to rapid population differentiation as a result of selection. Certain populations have also been geographically isolated for extremely long periods of time. Guppy ...
More
The previous chapters testify to rapid population differentiation as a result of selection. Certain populations have also been geographically isolated for extremely long periods of time. Guppy populations are however only weakly reproductively isolated. This chapter asks why guppies have not speciated. In doing so, it reconsiders the ideas raised by Haskins and Liley (after Mayr) in the light of new data. It begins by estimating evolutionary rates using changes in male morphology, behaviour, and life histories. Next, it reviews the evolution of reproductive isolation and assesses the potential for this to arise at each point in the reproductive sequence: pre-mating isolation; post-mating, pre-zygotic isolation; and post-zygotic isolation. The emergence of isolating mechanisms is discussed against the backdrop of population differences in mating tactics, mating opportunities, and predation risk. New data reveal high levels of promiscuity in both males and females. The implications of this for reproductive isolation, and the significance of gene flow in impeding reproductive isolation are also assessed.Less
The previous chapters testify to rapid population differentiation as a result of selection. Certain populations have also been geographically isolated for extremely long periods of time. Guppy populations are however only weakly reproductively isolated. This chapter asks why guppies have not speciated. In doing so, it reconsiders the ideas raised by Haskins and Liley (after Mayr) in the light of new data. It begins by estimating evolutionary rates using changes in male morphology, behaviour, and life histories. Next, it reviews the evolution of reproductive isolation and assesses the potential for this to arise at each point in the reproductive sequence: pre-mating isolation; post-mating, pre-zygotic isolation; and post-zygotic isolation. The emergence of isolating mechanisms is discussed against the backdrop of population differences in mating tactics, mating opportunities, and predation risk. New data reveal high levels of promiscuity in both males and females. The implications of this for reproductive isolation, and the significance of gene flow in impeding reproductive isolation are also assessed.
Frances Sheldon and Pam Firth
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199216420
- eISBN:
- 9780191730306
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216420.003.0003
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter examines the psychosocial impact of advanced metastatic cancer on the patient and family. It discusses the results of several studies indicating that social isolation is a major issue ...
More
This chapter examines the psychosocial impact of advanced metastatic cancer on the patient and family. It discusses the results of several studies indicating that social isolation is a major issue for patients who have been suffering from cancer for a long time and that metastatic cancer patients and their spouses also experience a decrease in sexual drive, recreation, and style and content of communication. Other research also reveals that changes or improvement in cancer treatment have led many children to live much of their childhood with a sick parent and they can often become young carers.Less
This chapter examines the psychosocial impact of advanced metastatic cancer on the patient and family. It discusses the results of several studies indicating that social isolation is a major issue for patients who have been suffering from cancer for a long time and that metastatic cancer patients and their spouses also experience a decrease in sexual drive, recreation, and style and content of communication. Other research also reveals that changes or improvement in cancer treatment have led many children to live much of their childhood with a sick parent and they can often become young carers.
Jochen Lang
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199252268
- eISBN:
- 9780191601040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199252262.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The EU structural funds are characterized by an elaborate policy model, which member states are asked to follow exactly corresponding to its regulations and intentions. Chapter 8 argues that whether ...
More
The EU structural funds are characterized by an elaborate policy model, which member states are asked to follow exactly corresponding to its regulations and intentions. Chapter 8 argues that whether this policy model can be implemented effectively or not is, nevertheless, at the discretion of national actors and that their responses do not just depend on the current ‘goodness of fit’ but on compatibility with domestic policy paths. An empirical reconstruction of implementation processes in Germany, Ireland and Sweden shows that, if the structural funds’ policy model is incompatible with the established domestic policy instruments, the member state actors can successfully isolate the implementation of the European policy model. On a medium- or long-term basis, the effective implementation of the European structural funds will be made possible by an endogenous paradigmatic change of domestic policy. If, however, domestic policy remains stable, the isolation of the European policy model will be consolidated and become symbolic change.Less
The EU structural funds are characterized by an elaborate policy model, which member states are asked to follow exactly corresponding to its regulations and intentions. Chapter 8 argues that whether this policy model can be implemented effectively or not is, nevertheless, at the discretion of national actors and that their responses do not just depend on the current ‘goodness of fit’ but on compatibility with domestic policy paths. An empirical reconstruction of implementation processes in Germany, Ireland and Sweden shows that, if the structural funds’ policy model is incompatible with the established domestic policy instruments, the member state actors can successfully isolate the implementation of the European policy model. On a medium- or long-term basis, the effective implementation of the European structural funds will be made possible by an endogenous paradigmatic change of domestic policy. If, however, domestic policy remains stable, the isolation of the European policy model will be consolidated and become symbolic change.
Duncan Gallie
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199271849
- eISBN:
- 9780191602733
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271844.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter analyses the social exclusion theory, which associates unemployment with poverty and social isolation. Studies showed support for a vicious cycle linking unemployment and poverty. ...
More
This chapter analyses the social exclusion theory, which associates unemployment with poverty and social isolation. Studies showed support for a vicious cycle linking unemployment and poverty. Unemployment led to higher poverty risks; poverty was a significant obstacle to employment. However, no such links were observed for social isolation. Unemployment caused little change in people’s social lives; no evidence showed social isolation as a significant barrier to employment.Less
This chapter analyses the social exclusion theory, which associates unemployment with poverty and social isolation. Studies showed support for a vicious cycle linking unemployment and poverty. Unemployment led to higher poverty risks; poverty was a significant obstacle to employment. However, no such links were observed for social isolation. Unemployment caused little change in people’s social lives; no evidence showed social isolation as a significant barrier to employment.
William R. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195336214
- eISBN:
- 9780199868537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336214.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Who is running the show in a nation-wide health crisis? The federal government? Individual states? Preservation of the public health is a power granted to individual states, as an exercise of their ...
More
Who is running the show in a nation-wide health crisis? The federal government? Individual states? Preservation of the public health is a power granted to individual states, as an exercise of their constitutionally guaranteed policing powers. But recent legislation (and funding) have put a huge number of resources into the federal government's hands. Lines of fiscal and administrative authority must be worked out in advance of any real crisis. One of the most important powers needed in catastrophic health crises concerns coercive powers: mandatory medical examinations and treatment of at-risk individuals, for example, or compulsory isolation or quarantining of infected persons, or even confiscation of contaminated property or human remains. To deal with these and other critical issues, a Model State Emergency Health Powers Act was drafted in 2001. This chapter looks at this Act, and the numerous issues it has tried to address.Less
Who is running the show in a nation-wide health crisis? The federal government? Individual states? Preservation of the public health is a power granted to individual states, as an exercise of their constitutionally guaranteed policing powers. But recent legislation (and funding) have put a huge number of resources into the federal government's hands. Lines of fiscal and administrative authority must be worked out in advance of any real crisis. One of the most important powers needed in catastrophic health crises concerns coercive powers: mandatory medical examinations and treatment of at-risk individuals, for example, or compulsory isolation or quarantining of infected persons, or even confiscation of contaminated property or human remains. To deal with these and other critical issues, a Model State Emergency Health Powers Act was drafted in 2001. This chapter looks at this Act, and the numerous issues it has tried to address.
Graham Bell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198569725
- eISBN:
- 9780191717741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569725.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Diversification occurs readily in asexual populations, but is obstructed by recombination in outcrossed sexual organisms. Species may arise because sexual isolation permits diversification, or ...
More
Diversification occurs readily in asexual populations, but is obstructed by recombination in outcrossed sexual organisms. Species may arise because sexual isolation permits diversification, or because sexual isolation follows diversification; this chapter takes the former view. The first section in this final chapter is called Speciation and diversification and it details allopatric and sympatric divergence; asexual diversification; the poverty of the protists; and speciation in macrobes. The second section is called Experimental speciation and is about sexual divergence by drift; disruptive natural selection; the evolution of isolating mechanisms; divergent natural selection in complete isolation; reinforcement; artificial selection for sexual isolation; sexual divergence; and offers a new species of yeast. The final section entitled Emerging species is all about sticklebacks; whitefish; and sedges.Less
Diversification occurs readily in asexual populations, but is obstructed by recombination in outcrossed sexual organisms. Species may arise because sexual isolation permits diversification, or because sexual isolation follows diversification; this chapter takes the former view. The first section in this final chapter is called Speciation and diversification and it details allopatric and sympatric divergence; asexual diversification; the poverty of the protists; and speciation in macrobes. The second section is called Experimental speciation and is about sexual divergence by drift; disruptive natural selection; the evolution of isolating mechanisms; divergent natural selection in complete isolation; reinforcement; artificial selection for sexual isolation; sexual divergence; and offers a new species of yeast. The final section entitled Emerging species is all about sticklebacks; whitefish; and sedges.
Mario Luis Small
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195384352
- eISBN:
- 9780199869893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384352.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines those conditions under which mothers who were so weakly tied that no theorist would expect them to provide social support often provided such support anyway. It finds that ...
More
This chapter examines those conditions under which mothers who were so weakly tied that no theorist would expect them to provide social support often provided such support anyway. It finds that centers both intentionally and unintentionally facilitated trust among parents and instituted obligations that the latter felt compelled to follow. These conditions at times generated a supportive network of acquaintances that mothers could call upon. This network, however, was only useful or important among mothers who were highly isolated or otherwise resource‐deprived.Less
This chapter examines those conditions under which mothers who were so weakly tied that no theorist would expect them to provide social support often provided such support anyway. It finds that centers both intentionally and unintentionally facilitated trust among parents and instituted obligations that the latter felt compelled to follow. These conditions at times generated a supportive network of acquaintances that mothers could call upon. This network, however, was only useful or important among mothers who were highly isolated or otherwise resource‐deprived.
Jane Skelly, Maninder K. Sohi, and Thil Batuwangala
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198520979
- eISBN:
- 9780191706295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198520979.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
The ideal protein-expression strategy for X-ray structural analysis should provide correctly folded, soluble, and active protein in sufficient quantities for successful crystallization. Subsequent ...
More
The ideal protein-expression strategy for X-ray structural analysis should provide correctly folded, soluble, and active protein in sufficient quantities for successful crystallization. Subsequent isolation and purification must be designed to achieve a polished product as rapidly as possible, involving a minimum number of steps. The simplest and least expensive methods employ bacterial hosts such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus but if the target protein is from an eukaryotic source requiring post-translational processing for full functionality, an eukaryotic vector-host system would be appropriate. This chapter discusses the processes of cloning and expression, and protein extraction and isolation.Less
The ideal protein-expression strategy for X-ray structural analysis should provide correctly folded, soluble, and active protein in sufficient quantities for successful crystallization. Subsequent isolation and purification must be designed to achieve a polished product as rapidly as possible, involving a minimum number of steps. The simplest and least expensive methods employ bacterial hosts such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus but if the target protein is from an eukaryotic source requiring post-translational processing for full functionality, an eukaryotic vector-host system would be appropriate. This chapter discusses the processes of cloning and expression, and protein extraction and isolation.
Roy M. Anderson, Christophe Fraser, Azra C. Ghani, Christl A. Donnelly, Steven Riley, Neil M. Ferguson, Gabriel M. Leung, Tai H. Lam, and Anthony J. Hedley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568193
- eISBN:
- 9780191718175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568193.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter examines the key determinants of the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of directly infectious viruses in general, and of the SARS virus in particular, presenting analyses of the ...
More
This chapter examines the key determinants of the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of directly infectious viruses in general, and of the SARS virus in particular, presenting analyses of the impact of different control interventions. The World Health Organization (WHO) responded quickly and effectively to the 2003 SARS crisis. However, there are certain aspects of the biology of the SARS and the politics of Asia that contributed greatly to the effectiveness of isolation, quarantine, and travel restrictions as modes of control. Specifically, the agent was poorly transmissible, especially before patients were symptomatic. Equally important, draconian public health measures were very effective in the Asian regions where the epidemic originated. If SARS had spread into more litigious populations, such measures might have been impossible to impose.Less
This chapter examines the key determinants of the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of directly infectious viruses in general, and of the SARS virus in particular, presenting analyses of the impact of different control interventions. The World Health Organization (WHO) responded quickly and effectively to the 2003 SARS crisis. However, there are certain aspects of the biology of the SARS and the politics of Asia that contributed greatly to the effectiveness of isolation, quarantine, and travel restrictions as modes of control. Specifically, the agent was poorly transmissible, especially before patients were symptomatic. Equally important, draconian public health measures were very effective in the Asian regions where the epidemic originated. If SARS had spread into more litigious populations, such measures might have been impossible to impose.
Duncan Gallie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263143
- eISBN:
- 9780191734939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263143.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter explains the processes that lead people to become vulnerable to labour market marginalisation through unemployment. It first focuses on incentives to work and suggests that unemployment ...
More
This chapter explains the processes that lead people to become vulnerable to labour market marginalisation through unemployment. It first focuses on incentives to work and suggests that unemployment is the result of a motivational deficit, which is linked to a system of welfare benefits that reduces the value that people attach to work. It then discusses social exclusion, which suggests that once people become unemployed, they are caught in a vicious circle of poverty and social isolation that in turn sharply reduce their opportunities for employment. Finally, it looks at the argument that the critical factor is related to the changing patterns of skills in advanced societies and the nature of the training provision for the updating and modification of skills.Less
This chapter explains the processes that lead people to become vulnerable to labour market marginalisation through unemployment. It first focuses on incentives to work and suggests that unemployment is the result of a motivational deficit, which is linked to a system of welfare benefits that reduces the value that people attach to work. It then discusses social exclusion, which suggests that once people become unemployed, they are caught in a vicious circle of poverty and social isolation that in turn sharply reduce their opportunities for employment. Finally, it looks at the argument that the critical factor is related to the changing patterns of skills in advanced societies and the nature of the training provision for the updating and modification of skills.
Michael Doebeli
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128931
- eISBN:
- 9781400838936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128931.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter begins by considering the Maynard Smith model. Much of this work concentrated on the genetic mechanisms for assortative mating and reproductive isolation, based on the assumption that ...
More
This chapter begins by considering the Maynard Smith model. Much of this work concentrated on the genetic mechanisms for assortative mating and reproductive isolation, based on the assumption that the underlying niche ecology would generate disruptive selection. However, understanding the conditions under which disruptive selection arises in the first place is equally important, and indeed necessary for assessing whether diversification is a general outcome in the Maynard Smith model. The chapter then shows that disruptive selection and polymorphism are scenarios that occur generically, that is, for a wide range of parameters, in a classical and widely used speciation model. It also provides an introduction to some of the basic concepts of adaptive dynamics theory.Less
This chapter begins by considering the Maynard Smith model. Much of this work concentrated on the genetic mechanisms for assortative mating and reproductive isolation, based on the assumption that the underlying niche ecology would generate disruptive selection. However, understanding the conditions under which disruptive selection arises in the first place is equally important, and indeed necessary for assessing whether diversification is a general outcome in the Maynard Smith model. The chapter then shows that disruptive selection and polymorphism are scenarios that occur generically, that is, for a wide range of parameters, in a classical and widely used speciation model. It also provides an introduction to some of the basic concepts of adaptive dynamics theory.
Michael Doebeli
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128931
- eISBN:
- 9781400838936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128931.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter examines evolutionary branching in sexual populations. As sexual populations converge to what would be a branching point in clonal models, splitting obviously becomes a problem, because ...
More
This chapter examines evolutionary branching in sexual populations. As sexual populations converge to what would be a branching point in clonal models, splitting obviously becomes a problem, because mating between different marginal phenotypes generally creates intermediate phenotypes. Through segregation and recombination, sexual reproduction can prevent the establishment of diverging phenotypic clusters in randomly mating populations. To allow for a phenotypic split, mating needs to be assortative with respect to the ecological trait that is under disruptive selection. Thus, the question of evolutionary branching in sexual populations, that is, of adaptive speciation, is intimately tied to questions about the evolution of assortative mating. If evolutionary branching occurs in sexual populations due to the presence of assortative mating mechanisms, the diverging phenotypic clusters will show prezygotic reproductive isolation at least to some extent, and hence they can be viewed as representing incipient species.Less
This chapter examines evolutionary branching in sexual populations. As sexual populations converge to what would be a branching point in clonal models, splitting obviously becomes a problem, because mating between different marginal phenotypes generally creates intermediate phenotypes. Through segregation and recombination, sexual reproduction can prevent the establishment of diverging phenotypic clusters in randomly mating populations. To allow for a phenotypic split, mating needs to be assortative with respect to the ecological trait that is under disruptive selection. Thus, the question of evolutionary branching in sexual populations, that is, of adaptive speciation, is intimately tied to questions about the evolution of assortative mating. If evolutionary branching occurs in sexual populations due to the presence of assortative mating mechanisms, the diverging phenotypic clusters will show prezygotic reproductive isolation at least to some extent, and hence they can be viewed as representing incipient species.
Anne E. Magurran
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527855
- eISBN:
- 9780191713576
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527855.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This book explores the Trinidadian guppy's unique contributions to evolutionary ecology. Ever since Caryl Haskins — working in the 1940s and 1950s — described guppy populations as a natural ...
More
This book explores the Trinidadian guppy's unique contributions to evolutionary ecology. Ever since Caryl Haskins — working in the 1940s and 1950s — described guppy populations as a natural laboratory because of the way predation pressure varies over a small geographical area, generations of researchers have been drawn to Trinidad to investigate evolution in the wild. The species continues to provide classic examples of natural selection in action, and elegantly illustrates how ecology, evolution, and behaviour are interlinked. This account of the evolutionary ecology of the guppy integrates historical breakthroughs with new research in this fast-moving field. It reveals how guppies provided some of the first evidence of sperm competition and sexual selection, and how they continue to inform scientific thought on mating systems and cryptic choice. The consequences of variation in predation risk — as well as a host of other biotic and abiotic factors — are described and evaluated at all life stages from conception to death. The book discusses behavioural responses to ecological conditions and examines life history evolution. The potential for ecological speciation is considered alongside new insights into how reproductive isolation becomes established in promiscuous mating systems. Conservation issues are also highlighted, both in terms of protecting the irreplaceable Trinidadian guppy systems and in the context of invasion ecology.Less
This book explores the Trinidadian guppy's unique contributions to evolutionary ecology. Ever since Caryl Haskins — working in the 1940s and 1950s — described guppy populations as a natural laboratory because of the way predation pressure varies over a small geographical area, generations of researchers have been drawn to Trinidad to investigate evolution in the wild. The species continues to provide classic examples of natural selection in action, and elegantly illustrates how ecology, evolution, and behaviour are interlinked. This account of the evolutionary ecology of the guppy integrates historical breakthroughs with new research in this fast-moving field. It reveals how guppies provided some of the first evidence of sperm competition and sexual selection, and how they continue to inform scientific thought on mating systems and cryptic choice. The consequences of variation in predation risk — as well as a host of other biotic and abiotic factors — are described and evaluated at all life stages from conception to death. The book discusses behavioural responses to ecological conditions and examines life history evolution. The potential for ecological speciation is considered alongside new insights into how reproductive isolation becomes established in promiscuous mating systems. Conservation issues are also highlighted, both in terms of protecting the irreplaceable Trinidadian guppy systems and in the context of invasion ecology.
Pat Willmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128610
- eISBN:
- 9781400838943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter examines how flowers use olfactory signals to attract pollinators. Floral scents mostly result from the production of small amounts of simple volatile organic compounds. The molecular ...
More
This chapter examines how flowers use olfactory signals to attract pollinators. Floral scents mostly result from the production of small amounts of simple volatile organic compounds. The molecular size of these components largely determines their volatility, and hence the distance they will travel from the plant over a given time span. Plant volatiles emitted as scents are typically lipophilic compounds, all of which are able to cross biological membranes and evaporate into the atmosphere readily. The chapter frst describes different types of floral scents before discussing the techniques used in the collection and measurement scents. It then considers variation in floral scents, along with the discrimination and detection ranges of floral odors. It also explains the importance of odor learning to visitors’ ability to discriminate and to maintaining reproductive isolation for the plant. Finally, it provides an overview of interactions of scents with other floral signals used for advertisement.Less
This chapter examines how flowers use olfactory signals to attract pollinators. Floral scents mostly result from the production of small amounts of simple volatile organic compounds. The molecular size of these components largely determines their volatility, and hence the distance they will travel from the plant over a given time span. Plant volatiles emitted as scents are typically lipophilic compounds, all of which are able to cross biological membranes and evaporate into the atmosphere readily. The chapter frst describes different types of floral scents before discussing the techniques used in the collection and measurement scents. It then considers variation in floral scents, along with the discrimination and detection ranges of floral odors. It also explains the importance of odor learning to visitors’ ability to discriminate and to maintaining reproductive isolation for the plant. Finally, it provides an overview of interactions of scents with other floral signals used for advertisement.
Jonathan S. Friedlaender
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300307
- eISBN:
- 9780199790142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300307.003.0016
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This concluding chapter summarizes the major findings of the book and discusses the remaining contradictions, the problems of interpretation, and the road forward. The pervasive diversity of ...
More
This concluding chapter summarizes the major findings of the book and discusses the remaining contradictions, the problems of interpretation, and the road forward. The pervasive diversity of populations in this relatively small region has been caused by their semi-isolation over an extremely long time period, extending back tens of thousands of years. The diversity has an underlying pattern, with more distinctive populations in rugged large island interiors, primarily Papuan-speaking groups. This presents a striking contrast to the comparative homogeneity of most human groups, and offers an alternative model for prehistoric human population variation.Less
This concluding chapter summarizes the major findings of the book and discusses the remaining contradictions, the problems of interpretation, and the road forward. The pervasive diversity of populations in this relatively small region has been caused by their semi-isolation over an extremely long time period, extending back tens of thousands of years. The diversity has an underlying pattern, with more distinctive populations in rugged large island interiors, primarily Papuan-speaking groups. This presents a striking contrast to the comparative homogeneity of most human groups, and offers an alternative model for prehistoric human population variation.
T. G. Otte
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199211098
- eISBN:
- 9780191705731
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211098.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Asian History
Between 1894 and 1905 the question of the Chinese Empire's future development, its survival even, was the most pressing overseas problem facing the Great Powers. The China Question had the most ...
More
Between 1894 and 1905 the question of the Chinese Empire's future development, its survival even, was the most pressing overseas problem facing the Great Powers. The China Question had the most profound implications for the Powers. Since China's defeat by Japan in 1894–5, the country's complete disintegration was widely anticipated. Fuelling imperial rivalries, a wider Great Power conflict in the event of China's implosion, seemed to be on the cards. At times, that prospect seemed very real. Crucially, the prospect of China's break-up and of large–scale international conflict in its wake altered the configuration among the Great Powers. Instability in the Far East had ramifications beyond the confines of the region; and, as this study shows, with the events of 1894–5 began a wider transformation of international politics. No Power was more affected by these changes than Britain. The ‘China Question’ provides an ideal prism for the study of the problems of late 19th-century British world policy. This study seeks to break new ground by adopting a deliberately global approach, emphasizing the connections between European and overseas developments, and by encompassing diplomatic, commercial, financial, and strategic factors as well as the politics of foreign policy. The notion of a British policy of ‘splendid isolation’, usually associated with the person of Lord Salisbury, Britain's prime minister and foreign secretary at the time, is the chief focus of this study. Controversially, the book concludes that, while ‘isolation’ was reaffirmed at the end of the Russo–Japanese War, this apparent success helped to undermine its continued justification.Less
Between 1894 and 1905 the question of the Chinese Empire's future development, its survival even, was the most pressing overseas problem facing the Great Powers. The China Question had the most profound implications for the Powers. Since China's defeat by Japan in 1894–5, the country's complete disintegration was widely anticipated. Fuelling imperial rivalries, a wider Great Power conflict in the event of China's implosion, seemed to be on the cards. At times, that prospect seemed very real. Crucially, the prospect of China's break-up and of large–scale international conflict in its wake altered the configuration among the Great Powers. Instability in the Far East had ramifications beyond the confines of the region; and, as this study shows, with the events of 1894–5 began a wider transformation of international politics. No Power was more affected by these changes than Britain. The ‘China Question’ provides an ideal prism for the study of the problems of late 19th-century British world policy. This study seeks to break new ground by adopting a deliberately global approach, emphasizing the connections between European and overseas developments, and by encompassing diplomatic, commercial, financial, and strategic factors as well as the politics of foreign policy. The notion of a British policy of ‘splendid isolation’, usually associated with the person of Lord Salisbury, Britain's prime minister and foreign secretary at the time, is the chief focus of this study. Controversially, the book concludes that, while ‘isolation’ was reaffirmed at the end of the Russo–Japanese War, this apparent success helped to undermine its continued justification.
