Charles H. Feinstein, Peter Temin, and Gianni Toniolo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195307559
- eISBN:
- 9780199867929
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307559.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This book surveys the main events in the international economy from the outbreak of the First World War to the end of the Second World War: a period of time variously defined as the “globalization ...
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This book surveys the main events in the international economy from the outbreak of the First World War to the end of the Second World War: a period of time variously defined as the “globalization backlash”, the “Second Thirty Years War”, or simply “the World in Depression”. The book starts with the unfortunate peace settlement after the First World War and progresses to the ensuing hyperinflations and financial crises; from the attempts at rebuilding an international economic and monetary order in the face of rapid technical progress and productivity growth to the policy mistakes that brought about the Great Depression — the most devastating economic depression in human history; from wide-spread long-term unemployment to overall autarky and a second global conflagration. The opening chapter puts the interwar years in the long-term quantitative perspective of economic development over the whole of the 20th century while the final chapter highlights the long-run impact of the interwar years on the growth and policy features of the prosperous decades that followed the end of the Second World War.Less
This book surveys the main events in the international economy from the outbreak of the First World War to the end of the Second World War: a period of time variously defined as the “globalization backlash”, the “Second Thirty Years War”, or simply “the World in Depression”. The book starts with the unfortunate peace settlement after the First World War and progresses to the ensuing hyperinflations and financial crises; from the attempts at rebuilding an international economic and monetary order in the face of rapid technical progress and productivity growth to the policy mistakes that brought about the Great Depression — the most devastating economic depression in human history; from wide-spread long-term unemployment to overall autarky and a second global conflagration. The opening chapter puts the interwar years in the long-term quantitative perspective of economic development over the whole of the 20th century while the final chapter highlights the long-run impact of the interwar years on the growth and policy features of the prosperous decades that followed the end of the Second World War.
Charles H. Feinstein, Peter Temin, and Gianni Toniolo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195307559
- eISBN:
- 9780199867929
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307559.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This introduction to the book and the period covered provides a rapid summary of the most salient economic events between 1918 and 1939. This was a tumultuous period, as the unresolved tensions from ...
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This introduction to the book and the period covered provides a rapid summary of the most salient economic events between 1918 and 1939. This was a tumultuous period, as the unresolved tensions from the First World War led to economic catastrophe in the Great Depression and then to a resumption of world conflict in the Second World War. A brief summary of a very complex progression is presented.Less
This introduction to the book and the period covered provides a rapid summary of the most salient economic events between 1918 and 1939. This was a tumultuous period, as the unresolved tensions from the First World War led to economic catastrophe in the Great Depression and then to a resumption of world conflict in the Second World War. A brief summary of a very complex progression is presented.
Chris Millington
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719085505
- eISBN:
- 9781781702680
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719085505.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The most up-to-date and comprehensive English-language study of its kind, From victory to Vichy explores the political mobilisation of the two largest French veterans’ associations during the ...
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The most up-to-date and comprehensive English-language study of its kind, From victory to Vichy explores the political mobilisation of the two largest French veterans’ associations during the interwar years, the Union fédérale (UF) and the Union nationale des combattants (UNC). Drawing on extensive research into the associations’ organisation, policies and tactics, this study argues that French veterans were more of a threat to democracy than previous scholarship has allowed. As France descended into crisis, the UF and the UNC sought to extend their influence into the non-veteran milieu through public demonstrations, propaganda campaigns and the foundation of auxiliary groups. Despite shifting policies and independent initiatives, by the end of the 1930s the UF and the UNC had come together in a campaign for authoritarian political reform, leaving them perfectly placed to become the ‘eyes and ears’ of Marshal Pétain’s Vichy regime.Less
The most up-to-date and comprehensive English-language study of its kind, From victory to Vichy explores the political mobilisation of the two largest French veterans’ associations during the interwar years, the Union fédérale (UF) and the Union nationale des combattants (UNC). Drawing on extensive research into the associations’ organisation, policies and tactics, this study argues that French veterans were more of a threat to democracy than previous scholarship has allowed. As France descended into crisis, the UF and the UNC sought to extend their influence into the non-veteran milieu through public demonstrations, propaganda campaigns and the foundation of auxiliary groups. Despite shifting policies and independent initiatives, by the end of the 1930s the UF and the UNC had come together in a campaign for authoritarian political reform, leaving them perfectly placed to become the ‘eyes and ears’ of Marshal Pétain’s Vichy regime.
Todd H. Weir
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197266915
- eISBN:
- 9780191938177
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266915.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter proposes that apologetics, a term borrowed from Christian theology, can provide a new analytical tool for understanding and comparing the structures and dynamics not just of religious ...
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This chapter proposes that apologetics, a term borrowed from Christian theology, can provide a new analytical tool for understanding and comparing the structures and dynamics not just of religious but also of secularist movements in modern culture wars. It builds an ideal-typical model of apologetics using observations of the German Christian Churches of the Weimar Republic (1919-1933) and then tests it on the anticlerical associations of the socialist and communist movements. The chapter then examines apologetics as a zone of contention in which religious and secularist actors exchanged ideas and strategies in the course of their conflict. It seeks to demonstrate the value of this approach to the history of ideas through a conceptual historical exploration of Weltanschauung or worldview. It argues that competition with National Socialism and Communism led some German Protestant apologists to pursue definitions of ‘Christian worldview’ that brought them close to elements of their opponents’ worldviews.Less
This chapter proposes that apologetics, a term borrowed from Christian theology, can provide a new analytical tool for understanding and comparing the structures and dynamics not just of religious but also of secularist movements in modern culture wars. It builds an ideal-typical model of apologetics using observations of the German Christian Churches of the Weimar Republic (1919-1933) and then tests it on the anticlerical associations of the socialist and communist movements. The chapter then examines apologetics as a zone of contention in which religious and secularist actors exchanged ideas and strategies in the course of their conflict. It seeks to demonstrate the value of this approach to the history of ideas through a conceptual historical exploration of Weltanschauung or worldview. It argues that competition with National Socialism and Communism led some German Protestant apologists to pursue definitions of ‘Christian worldview’ that brought them close to elements of their opponents’ worldviews.
Umar Ryad
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197266915
- eISBN:
- 9780191938177
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266915.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
The chapter investigates the new religious life of a few well-known British converts to Islam in the interwar period; and how they practiced and defended their new faith in their colonial ...
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The chapter investigates the new religious life of a few well-known British converts to Islam in the interwar period; and how they practiced and defended their new faith in their colonial "secularized" state. In their eagerness to spread Islam in Europe, British converts swung between two social and religious groups at the height of European imperialism and modernism. How far can we categorize their writings as "apologetics" for Islam in the land of the colonizers? In what way did they attempt to combine their new Islamic beliefs with their background as Europeans? The chapter discusses some of the issues which they raised in response to the public debates on Islam in Britain, especially about questions related to the Caliphate, pan-Islam, colonialism, atheism and the position of women in Islam.Less
The chapter investigates the new religious life of a few well-known British converts to Islam in the interwar period; and how they practiced and defended their new faith in their colonial "secularized" state. In their eagerness to spread Islam in Europe, British converts swung between two social and religious groups at the height of European imperialism and modernism. How far can we categorize their writings as "apologetics" for Islam in the land of the colonizers? In what way did they attempt to combine their new Islamic beliefs with their background as Europeans? The chapter discusses some of the issues which they raised in response to the public debates on Islam in Britain, especially about questions related to the Caliphate, pan-Islam, colonialism, atheism and the position of women in Islam.
Leah F. Vosko
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574810
- eISBN:
- 9780191722080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574810.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, HRM / IR
This chapter traces the evolution of the SER as the baseline of international labour regulation in the interwar and post‐World War II periods. It reviews the SER's central pillars—the bilateral ...
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This chapter traces the evolution of the SER as the baseline of international labour regulation in the interwar and post‐World War II periods. It reviews the SER's central pillars—the bilateral employment relationship, standardized working time, and continuous employment—and analyses their construction in ILO regulations. This discussion highlights the significance of exclusions in the creation of this employment norm. It also shows how even as the SER materialized for many working‐class men, the gender contract with which it was intertwined began to deteriorate. Regulations adopted in response to this crumbling gender contract starting in the 1950s sought to strip the SER of its formal exclusions. With the notable exception of those based on nationality, formal equality was the objective of interventions, but, by neglecting processes of social reproduction, ILO regulations retained an employment norm geared to male citizens as a baseline.Less
This chapter traces the evolution of the SER as the baseline of international labour regulation in the interwar and post‐World War II periods. It reviews the SER's central pillars—the bilateral employment relationship, standardized working time, and continuous employment—and analyses their construction in ILO regulations. This discussion highlights the significance of exclusions in the creation of this employment norm. It also shows how even as the SER materialized for many working‐class men, the gender contract with which it was intertwined began to deteriorate. Regulations adopted in response to this crumbling gender contract starting in the 1950s sought to strip the SER of its formal exclusions. With the notable exception of those based on nationality, formal equality was the objective of interventions, but, by neglecting processes of social reproduction, ILO regulations retained an employment norm geared to male citizens as a baseline.
Daniel Stedman Jones
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161013
- eISBN:
- 9781400851836
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161013.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Based on archival research and interviews with leading participants in the movement, this book traces the ascendancy of neoliberalism from the academy of interwar Europe to supremacy under Reagan and ...
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Based on archival research and interviews with leading participants in the movement, this book traces the ascendancy of neoliberalism from the academy of interwar Europe to supremacy under Reagan and Thatcher and in the decades since. The book argues that there was nothing inevitable about the victory of free-market politics. Far from being the story of the simple triumph of right-wing ideas, the neoliberal breakthrough was contingent on the economic crises of the 1970s and the acceptance of the need for new policies by the political left. This edition includes a new foreword which addresses the relationship between intellectual history and the history of politics and policy. Fascinating, important, and timely, this is a book for anyone who wants to understand the history behind the Anglo-American love affair with the free market, as well as the origins of the current economic crisis.Less
Based on archival research and interviews with leading participants in the movement, this book traces the ascendancy of neoliberalism from the academy of interwar Europe to supremacy under Reagan and Thatcher and in the decades since. The book argues that there was nothing inevitable about the victory of free-market politics. Far from being the story of the simple triumph of right-wing ideas, the neoliberal breakthrough was contingent on the economic crises of the 1970s and the acceptance of the need for new policies by the political left. This edition includes a new foreword which addresses the relationship between intellectual history and the history of politics and policy. Fascinating, important, and timely, this is a book for anyone who wants to understand the history behind the Anglo-American love affair with the free market, as well as the origins of the current economic crisis.
Eileen Magnello
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198565932
- eISBN:
- 9780191714016
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565932.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter details the establishment of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). The NPL is one of the world's great national standards laboratories. In his presidential address to the British ...
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This chapter details the establishment of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). The NPL is one of the world's great national standards laboratories. In his presidential address to the British Association in 1895, Sir Douglas Galton called for the creation of a NPL supported by government funding. It was decided that a public institution should be established to determine and verify instruments, test materials, determine physical constants, and undertake investigations into the strength and durability of materials. The work of the NPL up to World War II is discussed.Less
This chapter details the establishment of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). The NPL is one of the world's great national standards laboratories. In his presidential address to the British Association in 1895, Sir Douglas Galton called for the creation of a NPL supported by government funding. It was decided that a public institution should be established to determine and verify instruments, test materials, determine physical constants, and undertake investigations into the strength and durability of materials. The work of the NPL up to World War II is discussed.
Monika Baár
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199581184
- eISBN:
- 9780191722806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581184.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The concluding chapter attempts to locate the historians' accomplishments in the wider context of the European historiographical heritage. It addresses this problem by extending the regional and ...
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The concluding chapter attempts to locate the historians' accomplishments in the wider context of the European historiographical heritage. It addresses this problem by extending the regional and temporal scope of the examination. It discusses the reception of the five scholars' work first by their immediate successors, the Positivist generation, and then by proceeding generations from the interwar period up to the present day. Subsequently, analogies are established between scholarly preoccupations in East‐Central Europe and other ‘peripheries’: Scandinavia, the Iberian peninsula, the Balkans, Ireland and Scotland. Lastly, the overall conclusion is advanced, according to which historiography in East‐Central Europe in the nineteenth century, although dependent on other cultures, was not devoid of innovation. In general, it represented continuity with, rather than deviation from the mainstream European tradition.Less
The concluding chapter attempts to locate the historians' accomplishments in the wider context of the European historiographical heritage. It addresses this problem by extending the regional and temporal scope of the examination. It discusses the reception of the five scholars' work first by their immediate successors, the Positivist generation, and then by proceeding generations from the interwar period up to the present day. Subsequently, analogies are established between scholarly preoccupations in East‐Central Europe and other ‘peripheries’: Scandinavia, the Iberian peninsula, the Balkans, Ireland and Scotland. Lastly, the overall conclusion is advanced, according to which historiography in East‐Central Europe in the nineteenth century, although dependent on other cultures, was not devoid of innovation. In general, it represented continuity with, rather than deviation from the mainstream European tradition.
Laila Haidarali
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781479875108
- eISBN:
- 9781479865499
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479875108.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
Between the Harlem Renaissance and the end of World War II, a discourse that privileged a representative ideal of brown beauty womanhood emerged as one expression of race, class, and women’s status ...
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Between the Harlem Renaissance and the end of World War II, a discourse that privileged a representative ideal of brown beauty womanhood emerged as one expression of race, class, and women’s status in the modern nation. This discourse on brown beauty accrued great cultural currency across the interwar years as it appeared in diverse and multiple forms. Studying artwork and photography; commercial and consumer-oriented advertising; and literature, poetry, and sociological works, this book analyzes African American print culture with a central interest in women’s social history. It explores the diffuse ways that brownness impinged on socially mobile New Negro women in the urban environment during the interwar years and shows how the discourse was constructed as a self-regulating guide directed at an aspiring middle class. By tracing brown’s changing meanings and showing how a visual language of brown grew into a dynamic racial shorthand used to denote modern African American womanhood, Brown Beauty works to unpack a set of intertwined values and judgments, compromises and contradictions, adjustments and resistances, that were fused into social valuations of women.Less
Between the Harlem Renaissance and the end of World War II, a discourse that privileged a representative ideal of brown beauty womanhood emerged as one expression of race, class, and women’s status in the modern nation. This discourse on brown beauty accrued great cultural currency across the interwar years as it appeared in diverse and multiple forms. Studying artwork and photography; commercial and consumer-oriented advertising; and literature, poetry, and sociological works, this book analyzes African American print culture with a central interest in women’s social history. It explores the diffuse ways that brownness impinged on socially mobile New Negro women in the urban environment during the interwar years and shows how the discourse was constructed as a self-regulating guide directed at an aspiring middle class. By tracing brown’s changing meanings and showing how a visual language of brown grew into a dynamic racial shorthand used to denote modern African American womanhood, Brown Beauty works to unpack a set of intertwined values and judgments, compromises and contradictions, adjustments and resistances, that were fused into social valuations of women.
Katy Hull
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691208107
- eISBN:
- 9780691208121
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691208107.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
In the interwar years, the United States grappled with economic volatility, and Americans expressed anxieties about a decline in moral values, the erosion of families and communities, and the decay ...
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In the interwar years, the United States grappled with economic volatility, and Americans expressed anxieties about a decline in moral values, the erosion of families and communities, and the decay of democracy. These issues prompted a profound ambivalence toward modernity, leading some individuals to turn to Italian fascism as a possible solution for the problems facing the country. This book delves into why Americans of all stripes sympathized with Italian fascism, and shows that fascism's appeal rested in the image of Mussolini's regime as “the machine which will run and has a soul” — a seemingly efficient and technologically advanced system that upheld tradition, religion, and family. This book focuses on four prominent American sympathizers: Richard Washburn Child, a conservative diplomat and Republican operative; Anne O'Hare McCormick, a distinguished New York Times journalist; Generoso Pope, an Italian-American publisher and Democratic political broker; and Herbert Wallace Schneider, a Columbia University professor of moral philosophy. In fascism's violent squads they saw youthful glamour and impeccable manners, in the megalomaniacal Mussolini they perceived someone both current and old-fashioned, and in the corporate state they witnessed a politics that could revive addled minds. They argued that with the right course of action, the United States could use fascism to take the best from modernity while withstanding its harmful effects. Investigating the motivations of American fascist sympathizers, the book offers provocative lessons about authoritarianism's appeal during times of intense cultural, social, and economic strain.Less
In the interwar years, the United States grappled with economic volatility, and Americans expressed anxieties about a decline in moral values, the erosion of families and communities, and the decay of democracy. These issues prompted a profound ambivalence toward modernity, leading some individuals to turn to Italian fascism as a possible solution for the problems facing the country. This book delves into why Americans of all stripes sympathized with Italian fascism, and shows that fascism's appeal rested in the image of Mussolini's regime as “the machine which will run and has a soul” — a seemingly efficient and technologically advanced system that upheld tradition, religion, and family. This book focuses on four prominent American sympathizers: Richard Washburn Child, a conservative diplomat and Republican operative; Anne O'Hare McCormick, a distinguished New York Times journalist; Generoso Pope, an Italian-American publisher and Democratic political broker; and Herbert Wallace Schneider, a Columbia University professor of moral philosophy. In fascism's violent squads they saw youthful glamour and impeccable manners, in the megalomaniacal Mussolini they perceived someone both current and old-fashioned, and in the corporate state they witnessed a politics that could revive addled minds. They argued that with the right course of action, the United States could use fascism to take the best from modernity while withstanding its harmful effects. Investigating the motivations of American fascist sympathizers, the book offers provocative lessons about authoritarianism's appeal during times of intense cultural, social, and economic strain.
Michael G. Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801452727
- eISBN:
- 9781501701801
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801452727.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This book recovers the history of an important yet largely forgotten intellectual movement in interwar America. It explores the way radical-left and ecumenical Protestant internationalists ...
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This book recovers the history of an important yet largely forgotten intellectual movement in interwar America. It explores the way radical-left and ecumenical Protestant internationalists articulated new understandings of the ethics of international relations between the 1920s and the 1940s. Missionary leaders such as Sherwood Eddy and journalists such as Kirby Page, as well as realist theologians including Reinhold Niebuhr, developed new kinds of religious enterprises devoted to producing knowledge on international relations for public consumption. The book centers on the excavation of two such efforts—the leading left-wing Protestant interwar periodical, The World Tomorrow, and the landmark Oxford 1937 ecumenical world conference. It charts the simultaneous peak and decline of the movement in John Foster Dulles's ambitious efforts to link Christian internationalism to the cause of international organization after World War II. Concerned with far more than foreign policy, Christian internationalists developed critiques of racism, imperialism, and nationalism in world affairs. They rejected exceptionalist frameworks and eschewed the dominant “Christian nation” imaginary as a lens through which to view U.S. foreign relations. In the intellectual history of religion and American foreign relations, Protestantism most commonly appears as an ideological ancillary to expansionism and nationalism. The book challenges this account by recovering a movement that held Christian universalism to be a check against nationalism rather than a boon to it.Less
This book recovers the history of an important yet largely forgotten intellectual movement in interwar America. It explores the way radical-left and ecumenical Protestant internationalists articulated new understandings of the ethics of international relations between the 1920s and the 1940s. Missionary leaders such as Sherwood Eddy and journalists such as Kirby Page, as well as realist theologians including Reinhold Niebuhr, developed new kinds of religious enterprises devoted to producing knowledge on international relations for public consumption. The book centers on the excavation of two such efforts—the leading left-wing Protestant interwar periodical, The World Tomorrow, and the landmark Oxford 1937 ecumenical world conference. It charts the simultaneous peak and decline of the movement in John Foster Dulles's ambitious efforts to link Christian internationalism to the cause of international organization after World War II. Concerned with far more than foreign policy, Christian internationalists developed critiques of racism, imperialism, and nationalism in world affairs. They rejected exceptionalist frameworks and eschewed the dominant “Christian nation” imaginary as a lens through which to view U.S. foreign relations. In the intellectual history of religion and American foreign relations, Protestantism most commonly appears as an ideological ancillary to expansionism and nationalism. The book challenges this account by recovering a movement that held Christian universalism to be a check against nationalism rather than a boon to it.
Chris Millington
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780197266274
- eISBN:
- 9780191869204
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266274.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Political History
Fighting for France is the first book to examine the violent confrontations between political groups in interwar France. A range of groups at the political extremes employed physical aggression ...
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Fighting for France is the first book to examine the violent confrontations between political groups in interwar France. A range of groups at the political extremes employed physical aggression against their enemies and threatened to bring about the violent demise of the democratic regime. The scale of confrontations ranged from encounters between individuals to large clashes involving hundreds of activists. Until now, historians have denied and downplayed the frequency and seriousness of French political violence in favour of an interpretation that emphasises France's weddedness to democracy. Fighting for France demonstrates that the democratic culture of the late Third Republic co-existed with a culture of violence in which the physical punishment of rivals and opponents was considered acceptable. Drawing on the narratives constructed around outbreaks of violence, the book reconstructs the lived experience of fighting and the sense that contemporaries made of conflict. It examines violence in a variety of settings, from the street to the factory floor. A range of actors come under investigation, including fascists, communists, and the police. Fighting for France forces us to reconsider the place of political violence in a democratic society. It transforms our understandings of the course of interwar France and Europe.Less
Fighting for France is the first book to examine the violent confrontations between political groups in interwar France. A range of groups at the political extremes employed physical aggression against their enemies and threatened to bring about the violent demise of the democratic regime. The scale of confrontations ranged from encounters between individuals to large clashes involving hundreds of activists. Until now, historians have denied and downplayed the frequency and seriousness of French political violence in favour of an interpretation that emphasises France's weddedness to democracy. Fighting for France demonstrates that the democratic culture of the late Third Republic co-existed with a culture of violence in which the physical punishment of rivals and opponents was considered acceptable. Drawing on the narratives constructed around outbreaks of violence, the book reconstructs the lived experience of fighting and the sense that contemporaries made of conflict. It examines violence in a variety of settings, from the street to the factory floor. A range of actors come under investigation, including fascists, communists, and the police. Fighting for France forces us to reconsider the place of political violence in a democratic society. It transforms our understandings of the course of interwar France and Europe.
Matthew Frank
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233649
- eISBN:
- 9780191716294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233649.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter demonstrates how British adherence to the principle of population transfer predated the Second World War. The origins of the concept as well as various proposals and attempts to put ...
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This chapter demonstrates how British adherence to the principle of population transfer predated the Second World War. The origins of the concept as well as various proposals and attempts to put population transfers into practice in the 1920s and 1930s are examined. It shows how largely owing to the perceived success of the Greco-Turkish population exchange, as well as the recurring political crises in 1930s Europe, invariably involving German minorities, compulsory population transfer went from being regarded as an ‘Asiatic abomination’ by British policy-makers and observers of the European scene to being a rational and progressive choice of last resort where intractable minority problems were concerned. The interwar period also shows, however, that with increasing acceptance of population transfer in principle came an awareness of the difficulties of putting this principle into practice.Less
This chapter demonstrates how British adherence to the principle of population transfer predated the Second World War. The origins of the concept as well as various proposals and attempts to put population transfers into practice in the 1920s and 1930s are examined. It shows how largely owing to the perceived success of the Greco-Turkish population exchange, as well as the recurring political crises in 1930s Europe, invariably involving German minorities, compulsory population transfer went from being regarded as an ‘Asiatic abomination’ by British policy-makers and observers of the European scene to being a rational and progressive choice of last resort where intractable minority problems were concerned. The interwar period also shows, however, that with increasing acceptance of population transfer in principle came an awareness of the difficulties of putting this principle into practice.
Lisa Silverman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794843
- eISBN:
- 9780199950072
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794843.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, History of Religion
The collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918 left all Austrians in a state of political, social, and economic turmoil, but Jews in particular found their lives shaken to the core. Although Jews’ former ...
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The collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918 left all Austrians in a state of political, social, and economic turmoil, but Jews in particular found their lives shaken to the core. Although Jews’ former comfort zone suddenly disappeared, the dissolution of the Dual Monarchy also created room for cultural innovation and change. Jews eagerly took up the challenge to fill this void, becoming heavily invested in culture as a way to shape their new, but also vexed, self-understandings. By examining formative events in both Vienna and the provinces, this book demonstrates that an intensified marking of people, places, and events as “Jewish” accompanied the crises occurring in the wake of Austria-Hungary’s collapse, leaving profound effects on Austria’s cultural legacy. By examining the role Jewish difference played in the lives, works, and deeds of a broad range of Austrians, this study reveals how the social codings of politics, gender, and nation received a powerful boost when articulated using the terms of Jewish difference.Less
The collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918 left all Austrians in a state of political, social, and economic turmoil, but Jews in particular found their lives shaken to the core. Although Jews’ former comfort zone suddenly disappeared, the dissolution of the Dual Monarchy also created room for cultural innovation and change. Jews eagerly took up the challenge to fill this void, becoming heavily invested in culture as a way to shape their new, but also vexed, self-understandings. By examining formative events in both Vienna and the provinces, this book demonstrates that an intensified marking of people, places, and events as “Jewish” accompanied the crises occurring in the wake of Austria-Hungary’s collapse, leaving profound effects on Austria’s cultural legacy. By examining the role Jewish difference played in the lives, works, and deeds of a broad range of Austrians, this study reveals how the social codings of politics, gender, and nation received a powerful boost when articulated using the terms of Jewish difference.
Jade Broughton Adams
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781474424684
- eISBN:
- 9781474459662
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424684.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 20th Century Literature
F. Scott Fitzgerald is remembered primarily as a novelist, but he wrote nearly two hundred short stories for popular magazines such as the widely-read Saturday Evening Post. These stories are vividly ...
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F. Scott Fitzgerald is remembered primarily as a novelist, but he wrote nearly two hundred short stories for popular magazines such as the widely-read Saturday Evening Post. These stories are vividly infused with the new popular culture of the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s, from jazz and blues music to motion pictures and performing arts. This book demonstrates how popular culture had a deep impact on Fitzgerald’s work, not just in terms of evoking period detail, but by confirming Fitzgerald as an experimental writer whose popular short stories reflect the serious modernist concerns occupying writers such as Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Sherwood Anderson, Dorothy Parker, and Langston Hughes.
This book explores how popular culture impacted on F. Scott Fitzgerald’s literary aesthetics on both thematic and formal levels, to a greater extent than previously recognised. Encompassing spheres of both American studies and cultural studies, this book offers a revisionist perspective on Fitzgerald’s short fiction of the interwar period, which is often overlooked in favour of the novels, especially The Great Gatsby.
By exploring Fitzgerald’s fascination with leisure, specifically the intertwined cultural spheres of dance, music, theatre, and film, this book argues that he innovatively imported practices borrowed from other popular cultural media into his short stories, deploying disruptive techniques of ambiguity and parody that sit in tension with reader expectations of his lyrical style and the commercial publication contexts of his stories.Less
F. Scott Fitzgerald is remembered primarily as a novelist, but he wrote nearly two hundred short stories for popular magazines such as the widely-read Saturday Evening Post. These stories are vividly infused with the new popular culture of the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s, from jazz and blues music to motion pictures and performing arts. This book demonstrates how popular culture had a deep impact on Fitzgerald’s work, not just in terms of evoking period detail, but by confirming Fitzgerald as an experimental writer whose popular short stories reflect the serious modernist concerns occupying writers such as Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Sherwood Anderson, Dorothy Parker, and Langston Hughes.
This book explores how popular culture impacted on F. Scott Fitzgerald’s literary aesthetics on both thematic and formal levels, to a greater extent than previously recognised. Encompassing spheres of both American studies and cultural studies, this book offers a revisionist perspective on Fitzgerald’s short fiction of the interwar period, which is often overlooked in favour of the novels, especially The Great Gatsby.
By exploring Fitzgerald’s fascination with leisure, specifically the intertwined cultural spheres of dance, music, theatre, and film, this book argues that he innovatively imported practices borrowed from other popular cultural media into his short stories, deploying disruptive techniques of ambiguity and parody that sit in tension with reader expectations of his lyrical style and the commercial publication contexts of his stories.
Norman Ingram
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198222958
- eISBN:
- 9780191678547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198222958.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
France during 1920s and 1930s contained a plethora of pacifists groups of various inspirations and orientations. However, there was no large encompassing pacifist organization in France. Indeed, the ...
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France during 1920s and 1930s contained a plethora of pacifists groups of various inspirations and orientations. However, there was no large encompassing pacifist organization in France. Indeed, the pacifist groups in France were lively but they are splintered and dispersed. French interwar pacifism was divided by the diversity of men and women and by the differing stand on the view of pacifism; some did not see pacifism as their rationale for their organizational existence. This book examines the history of pacifism in interwar France. In this book, the French peace movement, its organization, peace tactics and intellectual content are defined, explored and placed within the context of the French political culture during the interwar period. The three strands of dissent are discussed here along with the nature and the development of feminist pacifism in interwar France. While ethics and religion contoured the Anglo-American peace movements, the nature of French pacifism was grounded on political parameters wherein some of its elements were made to accept and advocate violence as a means to a desirable end.Less
France during 1920s and 1930s contained a plethora of pacifists groups of various inspirations and orientations. However, there was no large encompassing pacifist organization in France. Indeed, the pacifist groups in France were lively but they are splintered and dispersed. French interwar pacifism was divided by the diversity of men and women and by the differing stand on the view of pacifism; some did not see pacifism as their rationale for their organizational existence. This book examines the history of pacifism in interwar France. In this book, the French peace movement, its organization, peace tactics and intellectual content are defined, explored and placed within the context of the French political culture during the interwar period. The three strands of dissent are discussed here along with the nature and the development of feminist pacifism in interwar France. While ethics and religion contoured the Anglo-American peace movements, the nature of French pacifism was grounded on political parameters wherein some of its elements were made to accept and advocate violence as a means to a desirable end.
Geneva M. Gano
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781474439756
- eISBN:
- 9781474490955
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439756.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 20th Century Literature
U.S. Modernism at Continent’s End: Carmel, Provincetown, Taos historicizes and theorizes the significance of the early twentieth-century little arts colony as a uniquely modern social formation ...
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U.S. Modernism at Continent’s End: Carmel, Provincetown, Taos historicizes and theorizes the significance of the early twentieth-century little arts colony as a uniquely modern social formation within a global network of modernist activity and production. Emphasizing communities rather than single artists, and modernist activity instead of products, this study considers modernism as social, aesthetic, and political processes that developed differentially in response to local and global pressures. In addition to offering a historical overview of the emergence of three critical sites of modernist activity—the little art colonies of Carmel, Provincetown, and Taos—this study offers new critical readings of major authors associated with those places: Robinson Jeffers, Eugene O’Neill, and D. H. Lawrence. Continent’s End tracks the radical thought and aesthetic innovation that emerged from these villages and reveals a surprisingly dynamic circulation of persons, objects, and ideas between the country and the city and back again, producing modernisms that were cosmopolitan in character yet also site-specific.Less
U.S. Modernism at Continent’s End: Carmel, Provincetown, Taos historicizes and theorizes the significance of the early twentieth-century little arts colony as a uniquely modern social formation within a global network of modernist activity and production. Emphasizing communities rather than single artists, and modernist activity instead of products, this study considers modernism as social, aesthetic, and political processes that developed differentially in response to local and global pressures. In addition to offering a historical overview of the emergence of three critical sites of modernist activity—the little art colonies of Carmel, Provincetown, and Taos—this study offers new critical readings of major authors associated with those places: Robinson Jeffers, Eugene O’Neill, and D. H. Lawrence. Continent’s End tracks the radical thought and aesthetic innovation that emerged from these villages and reveals a surprisingly dynamic circulation of persons, objects, and ideas between the country and the city and back again, producing modernisms that were cosmopolitan in character yet also site-specific.
Mike Huggins
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719065286
- eISBN:
- 9781781701669
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719065286.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This book provides a detailed consideration of the history of racing in British culture and society, and explores the cultural world of racing during the interwar years. The book shows how racing ...
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This book provides a detailed consideration of the history of racing in British culture and society, and explores the cultural world of racing during the interwar years. The book shows how racing gave pleasure even to the supposedly respectable middle classes and gave some working-class groups hope and consolation during economically difficult times. Regular attendance and increased spending on betting were found across class and generation, and women too were keen participants. Enjoyed by the royal family and controlled by the Jockey Club and National Hunt Committee, racing's visible emphasis on rank and status helped defend hierarchy and gentlemanly amateurism, and provided support for more conservative British attitudes. The mass media provided a cumulative cultural validation of racing, helping define national and regional identity, and encouraging the affluent consumption of sporting experience and a frank enjoyment of betting. The broader cultural approach of the first half of the book is followed by an exploration if the internal culture of racing itself.Less
This book provides a detailed consideration of the history of racing in British culture and society, and explores the cultural world of racing during the interwar years. The book shows how racing gave pleasure even to the supposedly respectable middle classes and gave some working-class groups hope and consolation during economically difficult times. Regular attendance and increased spending on betting were found across class and generation, and women too were keen participants. Enjoyed by the royal family and controlled by the Jockey Club and National Hunt Committee, racing's visible emphasis on rank and status helped defend hierarchy and gentlemanly amateurism, and provided support for more conservative British attitudes. The mass media provided a cumulative cultural validation of racing, helping define national and regional identity, and encouraging the affluent consumption of sporting experience and a frank enjoyment of betting. The broader cultural approach of the first half of the book is followed by an exploration if the internal culture of racing itself.
Margery Palmer McCulloch
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748634743
- eISBN:
- 9780748651900
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748634743.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This book proposes the expansion of the existing idea of an interwar Scottish Renaissance movement to include its international significance as a Scottish literary modernism interacting with the ...
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This book proposes the expansion of the existing idea of an interwar Scottish Renaissance movement to include its international significance as a Scottish literary modernism interacting with the intellectual and artistic ideas of European modernism as well as responding to the challenges of the Scottish cultural and political context. Topics range from the revitalisation of the Scots vernacular as an avant-garde literary language in the 1920s and the interaction of literature and politics in the 1930s to the fictional re-imagining of the Highlands, the response of women writers to a changing modern world and the manifestations of a late modernism in the 1940s and 1950s. Writers featured include Hugh MacDiarmid, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Neil M. Gunn, Edwin and Willa Muir, Catherine Carswell, Naomi Mitchison, Sydney Goodsir Smith and Sorley MacLean.Less
This book proposes the expansion of the existing idea of an interwar Scottish Renaissance movement to include its international significance as a Scottish literary modernism interacting with the intellectual and artistic ideas of European modernism as well as responding to the challenges of the Scottish cultural and political context. Topics range from the revitalisation of the Scots vernacular as an avant-garde literary language in the 1920s and the interaction of literature and politics in the 1930s to the fictional re-imagining of the Highlands, the response of women writers to a changing modern world and the manifestations of a late modernism in the 1940s and 1950s. Writers featured include Hugh MacDiarmid, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Neil M. Gunn, Edwin and Willa Muir, Catherine Carswell, Naomi Mitchison, Sydney Goodsir Smith and Sorley MacLean.
