Nanshan Zhong and Guangqiao Zeng
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568193
- eISBN:
- 9780191718175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568193.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
SARS originated from the Guangdong province of China where it emerged in the autumn of 2002. This chapter presents data that show that there may have been interspecies transmission between wild ...
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SARS originated from the Guangdong province of China where it emerged in the autumn of 2002. This chapter presents data that show that there may have been interspecies transmission between wild animals (e.g., Himalayan Palm Civets) and human beings. It describes the ensuing public health measures that were implemented, the treatment of cases, and the development of an inactivated SARS vaccine.Less
SARS originated from the Guangdong province of China where it emerged in the autumn of 2002. This chapter presents data that show that there may have been interspecies transmission between wild animals (e.g., Himalayan Palm Civets) and human beings. It describes the ensuing public health measures that were implemented, the treatment of cases, and the development of an inactivated SARS vaccine.
Ulrike Heuer and Gerald Lang (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599325
- eISBN:
- 9780191741500
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599325.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This book comprises eleven chapters which engage with, or take their point of departure from, the influential work in moral and political philosophy of Bernard Williams (1929–2003). Various themes of ...
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This book comprises eleven chapters which engage with, or take their point of departure from, the influential work in moral and political philosophy of Bernard Williams (1929–2003). Various themes of Williams's work are explored and taken in new directions. The chapters are all concerned with Williams's work on the viability or wisdom of systematic moral theory, and his criticism, in particular, of moral theory's preoccupation with impartiality. Some chapters address Williams's work on moral luck, and his insistence that moral appraisals bear a disquieting sensitivity to various kinds of luck. One chapter makes further connections between moral luck and the ‘non-identity problem’ in reproductive ethics. Other chapters investigate Williams's defence of ‘internalism’ about reasons for action, which makes our reasons for action a function of our desires, projects, and psychological dispositions. One chapter attempts to plug a gap in Williams's theory which is created by Williams's deference to imagination, while another chapter connects these issues to Williams's accommodation of ‘thick’ ethical concepts as a source of knowledge and action-guidingness. A further chapter examines Williams's less-known work on the other central normative concept, ‘ought’. Another chapter takes a look at Williams's work on moral epistemology and intuitionism, comparing and contrasting his work with that of John McDowell, and Gerald Lang explores Williams's work on equality, discrimination, and interspecies relations in order to reach the conclusion, similar to Williams's, theory that ‘speciesism’ is very unlike racism or sexism.Less
This book comprises eleven chapters which engage with, or take their point of departure from, the influential work in moral and political philosophy of Bernard Williams (1929–2003). Various themes of Williams's work are explored and taken in new directions. The chapters are all concerned with Williams's work on the viability or wisdom of systematic moral theory, and his criticism, in particular, of moral theory's preoccupation with impartiality. Some chapters address Williams's work on moral luck, and his insistence that moral appraisals bear a disquieting sensitivity to various kinds of luck. One chapter makes further connections between moral luck and the ‘non-identity problem’ in reproductive ethics. Other chapters investigate Williams's defence of ‘internalism’ about reasons for action, which makes our reasons for action a function of our desires, projects, and psychological dispositions. One chapter attempts to plug a gap in Williams's theory which is created by Williams's deference to imagination, while another chapter connects these issues to Williams's accommodation of ‘thick’ ethical concepts as a source of knowledge and action-guidingness. A further chapter examines Williams's less-known work on the other central normative concept, ‘ought’. Another chapter takes a look at Williams's work on moral epistemology and intuitionism, comparing and contrasting his work with that of John McDowell, and Gerald Lang explores Williams's work on equality, discrimination, and interspecies relations in order to reach the conclusion, similar to Williams's, theory that ‘speciesism’ is very unlike racism or sexism.
Arthur S. Reber
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195106589
- eISBN:
- 9780199871698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195106589.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter introduces the foundations of the evolutionary model and develops the formal theory. The model is based on the assumption of the primacy of the implicit and axioms derived from Wimsatt's ...
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This chapter introduces the foundations of the evolutionary model and develops the formal theory. The model is based on the assumption of the primacy of the implicit and axioms derived from Wimsatt's model of “generative retrenchment” to make several rather surprising predictions about differences in implicit and explicit systems. Specifically, implicit functions should be more robust than explicit; emerge earlier in development; retain their effectiveness well into old age while consciously modulated functions wane; show relatively little in the way of individual-to-individual variation; be uncorrelated with intelligence; and show a pattern of cross-species commonality in basic operations. The existing literature on these topics is discussed.Less
This chapter introduces the foundations of the evolutionary model and develops the formal theory. The model is based on the assumption of the primacy of the implicit and axioms derived from Wimsatt's model of “generative retrenchment” to make several rather surprising predictions about differences in implicit and explicit systems. Specifically, implicit functions should be more robust than explicit; emerge earlier in development; retain their effectiveness well into old age while consciously modulated functions wane; show relatively little in the way of individual-to-individual variation; be uncorrelated with intelligence; and show a pattern of cross-species commonality in basic operations. The existing literature on these topics is discussed.
John Harris
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195325195
- eISBN:
- 9780199776412
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325195.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, General
This chapter takes seriously the idea that in the future there will be no more human beings but that this is not one of the things that should concern us unless the creatures that replace us are ...
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This chapter takes seriously the idea that in the future there will be no more human beings but that this is not one of the things that should concern us unless the creatures that replace us are worse than humans. I emphasize the continuity in evolution which shows us that not only are present‐day humans interspecies creatures, but also that objections to human–animal combinations, “humanimals” as I call them, are misconceived on any grounds other than those of safety. If the creatures that replace us are no longer human, then so long as they are better the loss of humanity will be well worth paying. One consequence will be that we should take the “human” out of human rights and possibly also the “dignity” out of human dignity. If we do this we will be true to Jonathan Glover's insight that what matters is that in the future there will be people and not at all what sort of people they will be so long as they are an improvement on what has gone before.Less
This chapter takes seriously the idea that in the future there will be no more human beings but that this is not one of the things that should concern us unless the creatures that replace us are worse than humans. I emphasize the continuity in evolution which shows us that not only are present‐day humans interspecies creatures, but also that objections to human–animal combinations, “humanimals” as I call them, are misconceived on any grounds other than those of safety. If the creatures that replace us are no longer human, then so long as they are better the loss of humanity will be well worth paying. One consequence will be that we should take the “human” out of human rights and possibly also the “dignity” out of human dignity. If we do this we will be true to Jonathan Glover's insight that what matters is that in the future there will be people and not at all what sort of people they will be so long as they are an improvement on what has gone before.
Lisa Kemmerer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199790678
- eISBN:
- 9780199919178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199790678.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The second chapter explores animal-friendly teachings and practices in Vedic, Hindu, and Jain religious traditions through sacred texts and teachings and through the lives of religious exemplars, ...
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The second chapter explores animal-friendly teachings and practices in Vedic, Hindu, and Jain religious traditions through sacred texts and teachings and through the lives of religious exemplars, including key topics such as the sacred power of the natural environment, ahimsa, reincarnation and karma, oneness, interspecies kinship, Vishnu's incarnations, and the historic Hindu tendency toward a diet devoid of flesh and eggs. This chapter also probes rich affiliations between Vedic/Hindu deities and nonhuman animals, including vehicles associated with gods and goddesses, Krishna's connection with cows, and the importance and power of serpents/snakes/nagas, the elephant-headed Ganesha, and the much-revered monkey Hanuman. Chapter 2 closes by demonstrating animal activism in Hindu religious traditions through the life and teachings of Gandhi, as well as the lives and work of two contemporary Hindu animal liberationists, Dharmesh Solanki and PETA's Anuradha Sawhney.Less
The second chapter explores animal-friendly teachings and practices in Vedic, Hindu, and Jain religious traditions through sacred texts and teachings and through the lives of religious exemplars, including key topics such as the sacred power of the natural environment, ahimsa, reincarnation and karma, oneness, interspecies kinship, Vishnu's incarnations, and the historic Hindu tendency toward a diet devoid of flesh and eggs. This chapter also probes rich affiliations between Vedic/Hindu deities and nonhuman animals, including vehicles associated with gods and goddesses, Krishna's connection with cows, and the importance and power of serpents/snakes/nagas, the elephant-headed Ganesha, and the much-revered monkey Hanuman. Chapter 2 closes by demonstrating animal activism in Hindu religious traditions through the life and teachings of Gandhi, as well as the lives and work of two contemporary Hindu animal liberationists, Dharmesh Solanki and PETA's Anuradha Sawhney.
Lesley A. Sharp
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520299245
- eISBN:
- 9780520971059
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520299245.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
What are the moral challenges and consequences of animal research in academic laboratory settings? Animal Ethos considers how the inescapable needs of lab research necessitate interspecies encounters ...
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What are the moral challenges and consequences of animal research in academic laboratory settings? Animal Ethos considers how the inescapable needs of lab research necessitate interspecies encounters that, in turn, engender unexpected moral responses among a range of associated personnel. Whereas much has been written about the codified, bioethical rules and regulations that inform proper lab behavior and decorum, Animal Ethos, as an in-depth, ethnographic project, probes the equally rich—yet poorly understood—realm of ordinary or everyday morality, where serendipitous, creative, and unorthodox thought and action evidence concerted efforts to transform animal laboratories into moral, scientific worlds. The work is grounded in efforts to integrate theory within medical anthropology (and, more particularly, on suffering and moral worth), animal studies, and science and technology studies (STS). Contrary to established scholarship that focuses exclusively on single professions (such as the researcher or technician), Animal Ethos tracks across the spectrum of the lab labor hierarchy by considering the experiences of researchers, animal technicians, and lab veterinarians. In turn, it offers comparative insights on animal activists. When taken together, this range of parties illuminates the moral complexities of experimental lab research. The affective qualities of interspecies intimacy, animal death, and species preference are of special analytical concern, as reflected in the themes of intimacy, sacrifice, and exceptionalism that anchor this work.Less
What are the moral challenges and consequences of animal research in academic laboratory settings? Animal Ethos considers how the inescapable needs of lab research necessitate interspecies encounters that, in turn, engender unexpected moral responses among a range of associated personnel. Whereas much has been written about the codified, bioethical rules and regulations that inform proper lab behavior and decorum, Animal Ethos, as an in-depth, ethnographic project, probes the equally rich—yet poorly understood—realm of ordinary or everyday morality, where serendipitous, creative, and unorthodox thought and action evidence concerted efforts to transform animal laboratories into moral, scientific worlds. The work is grounded in efforts to integrate theory within medical anthropology (and, more particularly, on suffering and moral worth), animal studies, and science and technology studies (STS). Contrary to established scholarship that focuses exclusively on single professions (such as the researcher or technician), Animal Ethos tracks across the spectrum of the lab labor hierarchy by considering the experiences of researchers, animal technicians, and lab veterinarians. In turn, it offers comparative insights on animal activists. When taken together, this range of parties illuminates the moral complexities of experimental lab research. The affective qualities of interspecies intimacy, animal death, and species preference are of special analytical concern, as reflected in the themes of intimacy, sacrifice, and exceptionalism that anchor this work.
Alan Mikhail
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199315277
- eISBN:
- 9780199369232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199315277.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
Intense and intimate social and economic interactions between humans and canines were deemed a problem in early nineteenth-century Egypt. As this chapter makes clear, changing notions about the ...
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Intense and intimate social and economic interactions between humans and canines were deemed a problem in early nineteenth-century Egypt. As this chapter makes clear, changing notions about the nature of disease and increased human population pressure in Egypt’s cities led to the distancing of dogs from human communities. Several large scale dog eradication campaigns and the removal of garbage—the primary source of canine sustenance—outside city walls greatly reduced urban dog populations and hence human interactions with dogs. The dogs that remained were subject to two contrasting phenomena. Most became targets of ever-increasing violence over the course of the nineteenth century. Far fewer began to develop affective bonds with humans. This massive sea change in the historic social and economic roles of dogs, and also in their physical surroundings, led to an evolutionary divergence among canine populations in Egypt.Less
Intense and intimate social and economic interactions between humans and canines were deemed a problem in early nineteenth-century Egypt. As this chapter makes clear, changing notions about the nature of disease and increased human population pressure in Egypt’s cities led to the distancing of dogs from human communities. Several large scale dog eradication campaigns and the removal of garbage—the primary source of canine sustenance—outside city walls greatly reduced urban dog populations and hence human interactions with dogs. The dogs that remained were subject to two contrasting phenomena. Most became targets of ever-increasing violence over the course of the nineteenth century. Far fewer began to develop affective bonds with humans. This massive sea change in the historic social and economic roles of dogs, and also in their physical surroundings, led to an evolutionary divergence among canine populations in Egypt.
Piers Locke and Jane Buckingham (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199467228
- eISBN:
- 9780199087570
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199467228.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History, Environmental History
The interconnected lives of humans and elephants have shaped landscapes, determined the destinies of empires, and stimulated new kinds of knowledge, skill, and practice. Their encounters have also ...
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The interconnected lives of humans and elephants have shaped landscapes, determined the destinies of empires, and stimulated new kinds of knowledge, skill, and practice. Their encounters have also produced intimate forms of companionship, as well as conflict over space and resources. In South Asia, where many people live in close proximity to elephants, this interspecies relationship resonates with cultural significance. Such diverse, multifaceted, and frequently problematic relations between two kinds of intelligent social mammals have drawn the attention of multiple types of researchers and research. Interpreting this interspecies encounter, however, remains problematic, often producing disparate understandings that resist coherent integration. This volume seeks to remedy the problem of disciplinary commensurability by facilitating conversation across the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Bringing together anthropologists, biologists, ecologists, geographers, historians, political scientists, and Sanskrit language specialists, this volume explores the social, historical, and ecological dimensions of human–elephant conflict and coexistence. It engages with both species as world-making subjects acting in ways that profoundly affect each other. This book not only helps us appreciate that we cannot understand elephant habitat and behaviour in isolation from the humans that help configure it, but also makes us realize that we cannot understand human political, economic, and social life without the elephants that shape and share the world with them. Refusing to study animal ecologies and human histories as exclusive phenomena, this book argues for an integrated approach to understanding and responding to the challenges of human–elephant relations.Less
The interconnected lives of humans and elephants have shaped landscapes, determined the destinies of empires, and stimulated new kinds of knowledge, skill, and practice. Their encounters have also produced intimate forms of companionship, as well as conflict over space and resources. In South Asia, where many people live in close proximity to elephants, this interspecies relationship resonates with cultural significance. Such diverse, multifaceted, and frequently problematic relations between two kinds of intelligent social mammals have drawn the attention of multiple types of researchers and research. Interpreting this interspecies encounter, however, remains problematic, often producing disparate understandings that resist coherent integration. This volume seeks to remedy the problem of disciplinary commensurability by facilitating conversation across the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Bringing together anthropologists, biologists, ecologists, geographers, historians, political scientists, and Sanskrit language specialists, this volume explores the social, historical, and ecological dimensions of human–elephant conflict and coexistence. It engages with both species as world-making subjects acting in ways that profoundly affect each other. This book not only helps us appreciate that we cannot understand elephant habitat and behaviour in isolation from the humans that help configure it, but also makes us realize that we cannot understand human political, economic, and social life without the elephants that shape and share the world with them. Refusing to study animal ecologies and human histories as exclusive phenomena, this book argues for an integrated approach to understanding and responding to the challenges of human–elephant relations.
Lisa Jean Moore
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781479876303
- eISBN:
- 9781479848096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479876303.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter introduces the book by providing some background about the horseshoe crabs and presenting the foundation of theory (and paradigm). I stress that I am approaching the book from a ...
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This chapter introduces the book by providing some background about the horseshoe crabs and presenting the foundation of theory (and paradigm). I stress that I am approaching the book from a posthumanist standpoint that emphasizes interspecies interactions as essential to creating all species (“becoming” as an evolving process). This chapter gives some information about the methods I use and my subjects of study, and it lays out the rest of the book.Less
This chapter introduces the book by providing some background about the horseshoe crabs and presenting the foundation of theory (and paradigm). I stress that I am approaching the book from a posthumanist standpoint that emphasizes interspecies interactions as essential to creating all species (“becoming” as an evolving process). This chapter gives some information about the methods I use and my subjects of study, and it lays out the rest of the book.
Robert Laumbach and Michael Gochfeld
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- November 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190662677
- eISBN:
- 9780190662707
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter describes the basic principles of toxicology and their application to occupational and environmental health. Topics covered include pathways that toxic substances may take from sources ...
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This chapter describes the basic principles of toxicology and their application to occupational and environmental health. Topics covered include pathways that toxic substances may take from sources in the environment to molecular targets in the cells of the body where toxic effects occur. These pathways include routes of exposure, absorption into the body, distribution to organs and tissues, metabolism, storage, and excretion. The various types of toxicological endpoints are discussed, along with the concepts of dose-response relationships, threshold doses, and the basis of interindividual differences and interspecies differences in response to exposure to toxic substances. The diversity of cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity, including enzyme induction and inhibition, oxidative stress, mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and teratogenesis, are discussed and the chapter concludes with examples of practical applications in clinical evaluation and in toxicity testing.Less
This chapter describes the basic principles of toxicology and their application to occupational and environmental health. Topics covered include pathways that toxic substances may take from sources in the environment to molecular targets in the cells of the body where toxic effects occur. These pathways include routes of exposure, absorption into the body, distribution to organs and tissues, metabolism, storage, and excretion. The various types of toxicological endpoints are discussed, along with the concepts of dose-response relationships, threshold doses, and the basis of interindividual differences and interspecies differences in response to exposure to toxic substances. The diversity of cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity, including enzyme induction and inhibition, oxidative stress, mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and teratogenesis, are discussed and the chapter concludes with examples of practical applications in clinical evaluation and in toxicity testing.
Michael Lundblad
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199917570
- eISBN:
- 9780199332830
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917570.003.0013
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 20th Century Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter focuses on the sexual history of “the beast” in relation to human and nonhuman animals in the work of Jack London. Bringing together the work of theorists and historians such as Eve ...
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This chapter focuses on the sexual history of “the beast” in relation to human and nonhuman animals in the work of Jack London. Bringing together the work of theorists and historians such as Eve Sedgwick, Michel Foucault, and George Chauncey, the chapter illustrates how attention to the discourse of the jungle unsettles influential readings of The Call of the Wild (1903) and The Sea-Wolf (1904). While London might generally be seen as epitomizing the Darwinist-Freudian discourse of the jungle, erotic fireworks between species and between men in his work represent formulations of queer desire that illustrate alternative ways of thinking about animality. Many theorists continue to reinforce a construction of the beast or animality in general as inherently heterosexual, despite recent work by Chauncey, for example, that has uncovered queer human males self-identified as "wolves" at the turn of the century. The chapter concludes by considering alternative possibilities for thinking about pleasure between species, inspired by the work of London.Less
This chapter focuses on the sexual history of “the beast” in relation to human and nonhuman animals in the work of Jack London. Bringing together the work of theorists and historians such as Eve Sedgwick, Michel Foucault, and George Chauncey, the chapter illustrates how attention to the discourse of the jungle unsettles influential readings of The Call of the Wild (1903) and The Sea-Wolf (1904). While London might generally be seen as epitomizing the Darwinist-Freudian discourse of the jungle, erotic fireworks between species and between men in his work represent formulations of queer desire that illustrate alternative ways of thinking about animality. Many theorists continue to reinforce a construction of the beast or animality in general as inherently heterosexual, despite recent work by Chauncey, for example, that has uncovered queer human males self-identified as "wolves" at the turn of the century. The chapter concludes by considering alternative possibilities for thinking about pleasure between species, inspired by the work of London.
Radhika Govindrajan
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226559841
- eISBN:
- 9780226560045
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226560045.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This introduction explains important subjects covered within the rest of the book. Primarily, this section of the book works to introduce and discuss the topic of relatedness. More specifically, the ...
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This introduction explains important subjects covered within the rest of the book. Primarily, this section of the book works to introduce and discuss the topic of relatedness. More specifically, the author is interested in exploring how knots of connection produce a sense of relatedness between human and nonhuman animals. The introduction also discusses the reasoning behind the term "relatedness" and the birth of the author's interest in the topic through fieldwork. Additionally, the introduction offers information on the author's fieldwork, such as history, location, methods.Less
This introduction explains important subjects covered within the rest of the book. Primarily, this section of the book works to introduce and discuss the topic of relatedness. More specifically, the author is interested in exploring how knots of connection produce a sense of relatedness between human and nonhuman animals. The introduction also discusses the reasoning behind the term "relatedness" and the birth of the author's interest in the topic through fieldwork. Additionally, the introduction offers information on the author's fieldwork, such as history, location, methods.
Radhika Govindrajan
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226559841
- eISBN:
- 9780226560045
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226560045.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter uses the entanglements between dogs, leopards, and humans in the mountains as a point of entry into broader discussions on the nature of relatedness, love, ethics, and anthropocentrism.
This chapter uses the entanglements between dogs, leopards, and humans in the mountains as a point of entry into broader discussions on the nature of relatedness, love, ethics, and anthropocentrism.
Sarah Kay
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226436739
- eISBN:
- 9780226436876
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226436876.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
Although bestiaries promote what can be learned from other creatures, increasingly their pages portray humans killing animals and animals killing them. This chapter analyzes the import of this ...
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Although bestiaries promote what can be learned from other creatures, increasingly their pages portray humans killing animals and animals killing them. This chapter analyzes the import of this violence relative to the concepts of sacrifice (Derrida), which tends to humanize animals, and bare life (Agamben’s homo sacer), which results from a sovereign decision demarcating human from nonhuman. The alternatives of sacrifice and sovereignty, humanization and dehumanization, affect the status of parchment which can seem more or less human; hesitation about the status of the human calls attention to the arbitrariness of the decision in either direction, the “state of exception” of sovereignty disclosing the “space of exception” that is the page (compare chapter 1). This chapter examines the development from a benign view of human-animal relations in Physiologus through to the interspecies violence depicted in Second-family manuscripts, and in French bestiaries that seem similarly designed to appeal to aristocratic appetites. It focuses mainly on pages depicting the Pelican (a benefactor beast), the Unicorn and Ape (examples respectively of a sacrificial quarry and a victim of sovereign decision), the Crocodile (a threat to man), and the Lion that can fulfil all three roles.Less
Although bestiaries promote what can be learned from other creatures, increasingly their pages portray humans killing animals and animals killing them. This chapter analyzes the import of this violence relative to the concepts of sacrifice (Derrida), which tends to humanize animals, and bare life (Agamben’s homo sacer), which results from a sovereign decision demarcating human from nonhuman. The alternatives of sacrifice and sovereignty, humanization and dehumanization, affect the status of parchment which can seem more or less human; hesitation about the status of the human calls attention to the arbitrariness of the decision in either direction, the “state of exception” of sovereignty disclosing the “space of exception” that is the page (compare chapter 1). This chapter examines the development from a benign view of human-animal relations in Physiologus through to the interspecies violence depicted in Second-family manuscripts, and in French bestiaries that seem similarly designed to appeal to aristocratic appetites. It focuses mainly on pages depicting the Pelican (a benefactor beast), the Unicorn and Ape (examples respectively of a sacrificial quarry and a victim of sovereign decision), the Crocodile (a threat to man), and the Lion that can fulfil all three roles.
Nurit Bird-David
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520293403
- eISBN:
- 9780520966680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520293403.003.0010
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
Theories of indigenous ontologies have depicted forager-cultivator worlds populated by human and nonhuman persons or even by societies of humans and nonhumans, ignoring the tiny-scale context of ...
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Theories of indigenous ontologies have depicted forager-cultivator worlds populated by human and nonhuman persons or even by societies of humans and nonhumans, ignoring the tiny-scale context of indigenous life. The idea of multiple unispecies societies is especially incongruent with tropical forest ecosystems (especially the Amazonian), where, rather than sameness, diversity of beings is striking at any particular locale. Through ethnography of spirit possession (during the “big animistic visit”) combined with glimpses into myths, interspecies kinship, and ad hoc approach to classification, this chapter depicts the foragers’ heterogeneous (human and nonhuman) community of being and the being-with instead of being like that is its ontological basis.Less
Theories of indigenous ontologies have depicted forager-cultivator worlds populated by human and nonhuman persons or even by societies of humans and nonhumans, ignoring the tiny-scale context of indigenous life. The idea of multiple unispecies societies is especially incongruent with tropical forest ecosystems (especially the Amazonian), where, rather than sameness, diversity of beings is striking at any particular locale. Through ethnography of spirit possession (during the “big animistic visit”) combined with glimpses into myths, interspecies kinship, and ad hoc approach to classification, this chapter depicts the foragers’ heterogeneous (human and nonhuman) community of being and the being-with instead of being like that is its ontological basis.
Greg Garrard
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474400022
- eISBN:
- 9781474434584
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400022.003.0011
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Garrard explores the idea and practice of zoophilia in recent legal and cultural discourses, with particular attention to relevant literary texts and films. He reads representations of animals in ...
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Garrard explores the idea and practice of zoophilia in recent legal and cultural discourses, with particular attention to relevant literary texts and films. He reads representations of animals in human sexual contexts not as allegories but as reflections upon interspecies sexuality, tracking examples that he believes dramatize provocative interspecies sexual encounters: David Garnett’s Lady into Fox, Robinson Devor’s Zoo, and Marian Engel’s Bear. Rather than reading the literary texts as allegories, Garrard insists upon reading the animals as animals, with particular attention to the narrative strategies that make it harder to see them as either defenseless creatures without agency and in need of protection, or as simply hypersexualized and masculinized bundles of instincts.Less
Garrard explores the idea and practice of zoophilia in recent legal and cultural discourses, with particular attention to relevant literary texts and films. He reads representations of animals in human sexual contexts not as allegories but as reflections upon interspecies sexuality, tracking examples that he believes dramatize provocative interspecies sexual encounters: David Garnett’s Lady into Fox, Robinson Devor’s Zoo, and Marian Engel’s Bear. Rather than reading the literary texts as allegories, Garrard insists upon reading the animals as animals, with particular attention to the narrative strategies that make it harder to see them as either defenseless creatures without agency and in need of protection, or as simply hypersexualized and masculinized bundles of instincts.
Lesley A. Sharp
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520299245
- eISBN:
- 9780520971059
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520299245.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
Chapter 1 is the first of two in part 1 of the book, “Intimacy.” A premise of this chapter is that intimate human-animal encounters are an inescapable, everyday aspect of lab work and that this ...
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Chapter 1 is the first of two in part 1 of the book, “Intimacy.” A premise of this chapter is that intimate human-animal encounters are an inescapable, everyday aspect of lab work and that this intimacy engenders affective responses. Whereas regulatory apparati and associated research practices necessitate that animals be quantified in a host of ways (most evident in numbering and logging systems), still other practices abound that evidence how lab personnel understand animals as more than mere data points or objects of research. The underlying “sentimental structures” (a phrase long used in anthropology to reference kindredness) offer rich evidence of an affective, moral registry at work in labs. Further, different species engender different sorts of responses among lab professionals, a reality I describe as species preference, where iconic species of science (e.g., lab rats and mice, macaques) evidence this. The more specifically charismatic qualities of chimpanzees and dogs are especially powerful in this way, where affective responses can vary not only from one individual lab worker to another, but also within or across a lab’s labor hierarchy, consisting of researchers, animal technicians (also known as “caretakers”), and veterinarians.Less
Chapter 1 is the first of two in part 1 of the book, “Intimacy.” A premise of this chapter is that intimate human-animal encounters are an inescapable, everyday aspect of lab work and that this intimacy engenders affective responses. Whereas regulatory apparati and associated research practices necessitate that animals be quantified in a host of ways (most evident in numbering and logging systems), still other practices abound that evidence how lab personnel understand animals as more than mere data points or objects of research. The underlying “sentimental structures” (a phrase long used in anthropology to reference kindredness) offer rich evidence of an affective, moral registry at work in labs. Further, different species engender different sorts of responses among lab professionals, a reality I describe as species preference, where iconic species of science (e.g., lab rats and mice, macaques) evidence this. The more specifically charismatic qualities of chimpanzees and dogs are especially powerful in this way, where affective responses can vary not only from one individual lab worker to another, but also within or across a lab’s labor hierarchy, consisting of researchers, animal technicians (also known as “caretakers”), and veterinarians.
Carrie Friese
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814729083
- eISBN:
- 9780814729090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814729083.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter examines the debates surrounding the cloning of endangered animals in zoos and situates them in the controversies over interspecies nuclear transfer. It begins with a brief review of ...
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This chapter examines the debates surrounding the cloning of endangered animals in zoos and situates them in the controversies over interspecies nuclear transfer. It begins with a brief review of chimeras as hybrids and bridges and what they mean in the specific subcultures of zoos and species preservation before discussing the use of these categories in the classification of cloned endangered animals. It then outlines three major positions regarding cloning in zoos: the first position holds that animals produced through interspecies nuclear transfer are endangered species, the second claims that they are not, and the third contends that some cloned animals—depending on sex—could strategically count as part of the endangered population. The chapter interprets these different classifications as arguments for different scientific practices in zoos that embody different “visions” of the zoo, roles of the life sciences in endangered species preservation, and conceptualizations of nature more generally.Less
This chapter examines the debates surrounding the cloning of endangered animals in zoos and situates them in the controversies over interspecies nuclear transfer. It begins with a brief review of chimeras as hybrids and bridges and what they mean in the specific subcultures of zoos and species preservation before discussing the use of these categories in the classification of cloned endangered animals. It then outlines three major positions regarding cloning in zoos: the first position holds that animals produced through interspecies nuclear transfer are endangered species, the second claims that they are not, and the third contends that some cloned animals—depending on sex—could strategically count as part of the endangered population. The chapter interprets these different classifications as arguments for different scientific practices in zoos that embody different “visions” of the zoo, roles of the life sciences in endangered species preservation, and conceptualizations of nature more generally.
Carrie Friese
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814729083
- eISBN:
- 9780814729090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814729083.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter examines how the practices and bodies of domestication have been introduced into the reproduction of endangered animals as a kind of infrastructure. It considers how the cloned gaur, ...
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This chapter examines how the practices and bodies of domestication have been introduced into the reproduction of endangered animals as a kind of infrastructure. It considers how the cloned gaur, African wildcats, and sand cat are bound up in what Sarah Franklin has called transbiology. The chapter uses the term “transposition” to refer to the meaning of technology development in zoos and its consequences for our conceptualizations of nature. It discusses the social project of transposing the bodies and techniques of domestic animals into zoo animal reproduction and relates it to the presumption that nature and biology are not fixed, but are instead malleable to social designs. It also explains how interspecies nuclear transfer can be conceptualized as a means for overcoming the lack of a biologically mediated infrastructure for working with endangered animals in bioscience. Finally, it explores the meaning of transbiology for our notion of wildlife and wild life and how genetic engineering and cloning can be articulated within the context of transbiology.Less
This chapter examines how the practices and bodies of domestication have been introduced into the reproduction of endangered animals as a kind of infrastructure. It considers how the cloned gaur, African wildcats, and sand cat are bound up in what Sarah Franklin has called transbiology. The chapter uses the term “transposition” to refer to the meaning of technology development in zoos and its consequences for our conceptualizations of nature. It discusses the social project of transposing the bodies and techniques of domestic animals into zoo animal reproduction and relates it to the presumption that nature and biology are not fixed, but are instead malleable to social designs. It also explains how interspecies nuclear transfer can be conceptualized as a means for overcoming the lack of a biologically mediated infrastructure for working with endangered animals in bioscience. Finally, it explores the meaning of transbiology for our notion of wildlife and wild life and how genetic engineering and cloning can be articulated within the context of transbiology.
Carrie Friese
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814729083
- eISBN:
- 9780814729090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814729083.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter introduces an alternative articulation of cloning, one that uses cloning as part of an effort to shepherd rather than master endangered animals. It examines the scientific practices that ...
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This chapter introduces an alternative articulation of cloning, one that uses cloning as part of an effort to shepherd rather than master endangered animals. It examines the scientific practices that are asserted when male animals produced through interspecies nuclear transfer are classified as part of the endangered species population, but female clones are not. This set of classificatory practices are embodied by the cloned banteng. The chapter first describes what cloning an endangered animal looks like within this set of classificatory practices by focusing on the microlevel practices at the Conservation and Research for Endangered Species's Frozen Zoo. It then turns to the banteng as an experiment in pluralist technology development. The classificatory practices embodied by the cloned banteng attempts to actively address and engage in the politics of cloning endangered animals, while carving out a different kind of wildlife.Less
This chapter introduces an alternative articulation of cloning, one that uses cloning as part of an effort to shepherd rather than master endangered animals. It examines the scientific practices that are asserted when male animals produced through interspecies nuclear transfer are classified as part of the endangered species population, but female clones are not. This set of classificatory practices are embodied by the cloned banteng. The chapter first describes what cloning an endangered animal looks like within this set of classificatory practices by focusing on the microlevel practices at the Conservation and Research for Endangered Species's Frozen Zoo. It then turns to the banteng as an experiment in pluralist technology development. The classificatory practices embodied by the cloned banteng attempts to actively address and engage in the politics of cloning endangered animals, while carving out a different kind of wildlife.
