Michael A. Carrier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195342581
- eISBN:
- 9780199867035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342581.003.0014
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
A standard is a common platform that allows products to work together. This chapter begins by describing the various types of standard-setting. It then offers a brief history of antitrust treatment ...
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A standard is a common platform that allows products to work together. This chapter begins by describing the various types of standard-setting. It then offers a brief history of antitrust treatment of standard-setting organizations (SSOs). It sets forth the anticompetitive concerns of standard-setting, including the harm posed by buyer power known as monopsony. It compares these concerns to the significant procompetitive benefits that SSOs and their IP rules offer. It concludes by calling for Rule-of-Reason analysis for SSOs.Less
A standard is a common platform that allows products to work together. This chapter begins by describing the various types of standard-setting. It then offers a brief history of antitrust treatment of standard-setting organizations (SSOs). It sets forth the anticompetitive concerns of standard-setting, including the harm posed by buyer power known as monopsony. It compares these concerns to the significant procompetitive benefits that SSOs and their IP rules offer. It concludes by calling for Rule-of-Reason analysis for SSOs.
Robert Arp, Barry Smith, and Andrew D. Spear
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262527811
- eISBN:
- 9780262329583
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262527811.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
The potential of information-driven disciplines such as biology and clinical science can be realized only if those involved in the production and analysis of data can successfully build upon each ...
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The potential of information-driven disciplines such as biology and clinical science can be realized only if those involved in the production and analysis of data can successfully build upon each other’s work. The quantity and heterogeneity of the data being produced raises challenges to this goal, and so also does the tendency of different communities to describe their data in different, sometimes ad hoc, ways. If computers are effectively to exploit the results of scientific research and enable interoperability among diverse data repositories, then a strategy is needed to counteract such tendencies to data-silo formation. The use of common, consensus-based, controlled vocabularies to tag or describe data is one such strategy. Applied ontology is the discipline which creates, evaluates, and applies such common vocabularies – called ‘ontologies’ – a discipline which involves contributions from philosophers, logicians, and computer scientists, working with researchers in specific scientific disciplines as well as with users and creators of data in extra-scientific fields. Ontologies provide not merely common terms, but also definitions of these terms expressed in a formal language to allow processing by computers. The book describes the concrete steps involved in building and using ontologies for purposes of tagging data. It documents principles of best practice and provides examples of different sorts of errors to be avoided. It also provides an introduction to a specific top-level ontology, the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), and to the computational resources used in building and applying ontologies, including the Ontology Web Language (OWL).Less
The potential of information-driven disciplines such as biology and clinical science can be realized only if those involved in the production and analysis of data can successfully build upon each other’s work. The quantity and heterogeneity of the data being produced raises challenges to this goal, and so also does the tendency of different communities to describe their data in different, sometimes ad hoc, ways. If computers are effectively to exploit the results of scientific research and enable interoperability among diverse data repositories, then a strategy is needed to counteract such tendencies to data-silo formation. The use of common, consensus-based, controlled vocabularies to tag or describe data is one such strategy. Applied ontology is the discipline which creates, evaluates, and applies such common vocabularies – called ‘ontologies’ – a discipline which involves contributions from philosophers, logicians, and computer scientists, working with researchers in specific scientific disciplines as well as with users and creators of data in extra-scientific fields. Ontologies provide not merely common terms, but also definitions of these terms expressed in a formal language to allow processing by computers. The book describes the concrete steps involved in building and using ontologies for purposes of tagging data. It documents principles of best practice and provides examples of different sorts of errors to be avoided. It also provides an introduction to a specific top-level ontology, the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), and to the computational resources used in building and applying ontologies, including the Ontology Web Language (OWL).
Robin Mansell and W. Edward Steinmueller
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198295570
- eISBN:
- 9780191685149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295570.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology, Innovation
The evolution of certain associated technologies, specifically the notion of ‘convergence’, has significant impacts on the nature of and the conditions for user access to communication and ...
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The evolution of certain associated technologies, specifically the notion of ‘convergence’, has significant impacts on the nature of and the conditions for user access to communication and information infrastructure. The concept of convergence can be understood in two ways: the first entails how all electronic communication signals may be potentially provided as interconnecting digital ‘bitstreams’; the second illustrates the market and industrial implications for the said technological potential. Compared to those expressed by other writers, our notion of convergence may be associated with the evolution of convergent markets, the imbalances in demand growth, and institutional problems of achieving interconnection and interoperability. In this chapter, attention is drawn to the formation of technological trajectories that manage the near-term evolution of communication and information infrastructure.Less
The evolution of certain associated technologies, specifically the notion of ‘convergence’, has significant impacts on the nature of and the conditions for user access to communication and information infrastructure. The concept of convergence can be understood in two ways: the first entails how all electronic communication signals may be potentially provided as interconnecting digital ‘bitstreams’; the second illustrates the market and industrial implications for the said technological potential. Compared to those expressed by other writers, our notion of convergence may be associated with the evolution of convergent markets, the imbalances in demand growth, and institutional problems of achieving interconnection and interoperability. In this chapter, attention is drawn to the formation of technological trajectories that manage the near-term evolution of communication and information infrastructure.
Robert Arp, Barry Smith, and Andrew D. Spear
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262527811
- eISBN:
- 9780262329583
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262527811.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Philosophical ontology (also ‘metaphysics’) explores general questions concerning the nature of being; applied ontology concerns more specific questions pertaining to entities in specific domains. ...
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Philosophical ontology (also ‘metaphysics’) explores general questions concerning the nature of being; applied ontology concerns more specific questions pertaining to entities in specific domains. Applied ontology takes over from philosophy the central role of taxonomies and each applied ontology is built around a hierarchy of types and subtypes (an is_a hierarchy). Applied ontologies are organized along the dimensions of 1. greater and lesser generality, and 2. intended use. Concerning 1. we distinguish between top-level and domain ontologies. Top-level ontologies are domain-neutral; including terms such as ‘object’ or ‘process’ having maximally general scope. Domain ontologies are domain specific (comprising terms such as ‘molecule’ or ‘catheter’). Concerning 2. we distinguish between reference and application ontologies. Reference ontologies are designed to be re-used in distinct application ontologies, themselves built to address specific needs. We address the role of these different ontologies in assisting with heterogeneous data-management and promoting interoperability among information systems.Less
Philosophical ontology (also ‘metaphysics’) explores general questions concerning the nature of being; applied ontology concerns more specific questions pertaining to entities in specific domains. Applied ontology takes over from philosophy the central role of taxonomies and each applied ontology is built around a hierarchy of types and subtypes (an is_a hierarchy). Applied ontologies are organized along the dimensions of 1. greater and lesser generality, and 2. intended use. Concerning 1. we distinguish between top-level and domain ontologies. Top-level ontologies are domain-neutral; including terms such as ‘object’ or ‘process’ having maximally general scope. Domain ontologies are domain specific (comprising terms such as ‘molecule’ or ‘catheter’). Concerning 2. we distinguish between reference and application ontologies. Reference ontologies are designed to be re-used in distinct application ontologies, themselves built to address specific needs. We address the role of these different ontologies in assisting with heterogeneous data-management and promoting interoperability among information systems.
Robert Arp, Barry Smith, and Andrew D. Spear
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262527811
- eISBN:
- 9780262329583
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262527811.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
We discuss the interplay between applied ontology and the use of web resources in scientific and other domains, and provide an account of how ontologies are implemented computationally. We provide an ...
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We discuss the interplay between applied ontology and the use of web resources in scientific and other domains, and provide an account of how ontologies are implemented computationally. We provide an introduction to the Protégé Ontology Editor, the Semantic Web, the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL). We illustrated how BFO is used to provide the common architecture for specific domain ontologies, including the Ontology for General Medical Science (OGMS), the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO), the Information Artifact Ontology (IAO), and the Emotion Ontology (MFO-EM). Before terms and relations provide the starting point for the creation of definition trees in such ontologies according to the Aristotelian strategy for authoring of definitions outlined in Chapter 4. We conclude with a discussion of the role of a top-level ontology such as BFO in facilitating semantic interoperability.Less
We discuss the interplay between applied ontology and the use of web resources in scientific and other domains, and provide an account of how ontologies are implemented computationally. We provide an introduction to the Protégé Ontology Editor, the Semantic Web, the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL). We illustrated how BFO is used to provide the common architecture for specific domain ontologies, including the Ontology for General Medical Science (OGMS), the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO), the Information Artifact Ontology (IAO), and the Emotion Ontology (MFO-EM). Before terms and relations provide the starting point for the creation of definition trees in such ontologies according to the Aristotelian strategy for authoring of definitions outlined in Chapter 4. We conclude with a discussion of the role of a top-level ontology such as BFO in facilitating semantic interoperability.
Michael Metcalf, John Reid, and Malcolm Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198811893
- eISBN:
- 9780191850028
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198811893.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
Fortran marches on, remaining one of the principal programming languages used in high-performance scientific, numerical, and engineering computing. A series of significant revisions to the standard ...
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Fortran marches on, remaining one of the principal programming languages used in high-performance scientific, numerical, and engineering computing. A series of significant revisions to the standard versions of the language have progressively enhanced its capabilities, and the latest standard—Fortran 2018—includes many additions and improvements. This second edition of Modern Fortran Explained expands on the first. Given the release of updated versions of Fortran compilers, the separate descriptions of Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 have been incorporated into the main text, which thereby becomes a unified description of the full Fortran 2008 version of the language. This is much cleaner, many deficiencies and irregularities in the earlier language versions having been resolved. It includes object orientation and parallel processing with coarrays. Four completely new chapters describe the additional features of Fortran 2018, with its enhancements to coarrays for parallel programming, interoperability with C, IEEE arithmetic, and various other improvements. Written by leading experts in the field, two of whom have actively contributed to Fortran 2018, this is a complete and authoritative description of Fortran in its latest form. It is intended for new and existing users of the language, and for all those involved in scientific and numerical computing. It is suitable as a textbook for teaching and, with its index, as a handy reference for practitioners.Less
Fortran marches on, remaining one of the principal programming languages used in high-performance scientific, numerical, and engineering computing. A series of significant revisions to the standard versions of the language have progressively enhanced its capabilities, and the latest standard—Fortran 2018—includes many additions and improvements. This second edition of Modern Fortran Explained expands on the first. Given the release of updated versions of Fortran compilers, the separate descriptions of Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 have been incorporated into the main text, which thereby becomes a unified description of the full Fortran 2008 version of the language. This is much cleaner, many deficiencies and irregularities in the earlier language versions having been resolved. It includes object orientation and parallel processing with coarrays. Four completely new chapters describe the additional features of Fortran 2018, with its enhancements to coarrays for parallel programming, interoperability with C, IEEE arithmetic, and various other improvements. Written by leading experts in the field, two of whom have actively contributed to Fortran 2018, this is a complete and authoritative description of Fortran in its latest form. It is intended for new and existing users of the language, and for all those involved in scientific and numerical computing. It is suitable as a textbook for teaching and, with its index, as a handy reference for practitioners.
José van Dijck
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199970773
- eISBN:
- 9780199307425
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199970773.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
The last chapter reassembles the histories of individual microsystems and identifies critical questions about the changing nature of the ecosystem and online sociality. Although each of the dissected ...
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The last chapter reassembles the histories of individual microsystems and identifies critical questions about the changing nature of the ecosystem and online sociality. Although each of the dissected five major platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, YouTube and Wikipedia) nurses its own mechanisms, they are staked in the same values or principles: popularity, hierarchical ranking, neutrality, quick growth, large traffic volumes, fast turnovers and personalized recommendations. The cultivation of online sociality is increasingly fenced off by three major chains of platforms (Facebook, Google and Apple); these chains share some operational principles even if they differ on some ideological premises (open versus closed systems). Questioning the role of algorithms in the steering of desires and the power of users to control their data—their ability to opt out—this chapter articulates larger political and social concerns, such as the changing meaning of “social,” “public,” “community,” and “nonprofit” in an ecosystem dominated by corporate forces.Less
The last chapter reassembles the histories of individual microsystems and identifies critical questions about the changing nature of the ecosystem and online sociality. Although each of the dissected five major platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, YouTube and Wikipedia) nurses its own mechanisms, they are staked in the same values or principles: popularity, hierarchical ranking, neutrality, quick growth, large traffic volumes, fast turnovers and personalized recommendations. The cultivation of online sociality is increasingly fenced off by three major chains of platforms (Facebook, Google and Apple); these chains share some operational principles even if they differ on some ideological premises (open versus closed systems). Questioning the role of algorithms in the steering of desires and the power of users to control their data—their ability to opt out—this chapter articulates larger political and social concerns, such as the changing meaning of “social,” “public,” “community,” and “nonprofit” in an ecosystem dominated by corporate forces.
Paolo Tasca and Riccardo Piselli
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198842187
- eISBN:
- 9780191878206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198842187.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law, Company and Commercial Law
Abstract This contribution deals with the problem of interoperability of blockchain technologies. Building on the framework offered by Lawrence Lessig, it will be argued that interoperability cannot ...
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Abstract This contribution deals with the problem of interoperability of blockchain technologies. Building on the framework offered by Lawrence Lessig, it will be argued that interoperability cannot be viewed as a simple matter of technological design. Blockchain technologies, in fact, give rise to complex ecosystems, which are shaped by both the architecture and social and market forces. The literature has mainly focused on the effects that the blockchain code has determined on the law of contracts. However, the action of the other modalities, in particular those of market and social forces and their interaction with the code has not been deeply investigated. By isolating the reciprocal effects of the different modalities of regulation—in particular, blockchain code and the law, blockchain code and the market, and blockchain code and social norms—this paper intends to fill this gap and sheds some more light on the internal dynamics of public blockchain. Finally, building on the insight so gained, we will explore the problem of interoperability between ledgers by analysing the pros and cons of the solution proposed so far.Less
Abstract This contribution deals with the problem of interoperability of blockchain technologies. Building on the framework offered by Lawrence Lessig, it will be argued that interoperability cannot be viewed as a simple matter of technological design. Blockchain technologies, in fact, give rise to complex ecosystems, which are shaped by both the architecture and social and market forces. The literature has mainly focused on the effects that the blockchain code has determined on the law of contracts. However, the action of the other modalities, in particular those of market and social forces and their interaction with the code has not been deeply investigated. By isolating the reciprocal effects of the different modalities of regulation—in particular, blockchain code and the law, blockchain code and the market, and blockchain code and social norms—this paper intends to fill this gap and sheds some more light on the internal dynamics of public blockchain. Finally, building on the insight so gained, we will explore the problem of interoperability between ledgers by analysing the pros and cons of the solution proposed so far.
Janet J. Hamilton and Richard S. Hopkins
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190933692
- eISBN:
- 9780190624279
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190933692.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology
Quality data collected and summarized at the right time lead to informed decisions, which lead to improved interventions and better health outcomes. Acute disease, condition, or injury field ...
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Quality data collected and summarized at the right time lead to informed decisions, which lead to improved interventions and better health outcomes. Acute disease, condition, or injury field investigators must consider not only what data need to be collected (see also Chapter 4), but how data should be collected, managed, and shared, which is the focus of this chapter. Today’s technologies—computers, software applications, ubiquitous mobile devices, social media, personal health monitoring devices, environmental monitors and sensors, electronic health records, and public health surveillance systems—play an integral role in effective field responses. Initial identification of optimal technologic tools results in more efficient and effective field responses. Like the overall response, technology’s role must be tailored to the affected population, setting, health jurisdiction, and the duration, size, and type of the response event. The role technology plays in support of how data are collected, managed, and shared is a dynamic and evolving aspect of the field response. Outbreak responses are shifting from a traditional concept of stand-alone deployment teams, with data collected and managed on-site, to a new normal in which field response data collection is integrated and incorporates existing infrastructure, jurisdictional surveillance, and informatics staff; it uses or builds on existing surveillance systems, tools, and other technologies. Selected technologies should facilitate more time for epidemiologists to focus on epidemiologic functions and for laboratorians to perform testing. This chapter presents principal considerations for selecting and using technologies to support field investigations and examples of how they have been applied.Less
Quality data collected and summarized at the right time lead to informed decisions, which lead to improved interventions and better health outcomes. Acute disease, condition, or injury field investigators must consider not only what data need to be collected (see also Chapter 4), but how data should be collected, managed, and shared, which is the focus of this chapter. Today’s technologies—computers, software applications, ubiquitous mobile devices, social media, personal health monitoring devices, environmental monitors and sensors, electronic health records, and public health surveillance systems—play an integral role in effective field responses. Initial identification of optimal technologic tools results in more efficient and effective field responses. Like the overall response, technology’s role must be tailored to the affected population, setting, health jurisdiction, and the duration, size, and type of the response event. The role technology plays in support of how data are collected, managed, and shared is a dynamic and evolving aspect of the field response. Outbreak responses are shifting from a traditional concept of stand-alone deployment teams, with data collected and managed on-site, to a new normal in which field response data collection is integrated and incorporates existing infrastructure, jurisdictional surveillance, and informatics staff; it uses or builds on existing surveillance systems, tools, and other technologies. Selected technologies should facilitate more time for epidemiologists to focus on epidemiologic functions and for laboratorians to perform testing. This chapter presents principal considerations for selecting and using technologies to support field investigations and examples of how they have been applied.
Robert W. Poole Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226557571
- eISBN:
- 9780226557601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226557601.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The first major implementation of highway utilities is proposed to be toll-financed reconstruction and modernization of the Interstates. Long-distance routes would be converted first, urban ones ...
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The first major implementation of highway utilities is proposed to be toll-financed reconstruction and modernization of the Interstates. Long-distance routes would be converted first, urban ones later. This would also be the first step in converting from per-gallon taxes to per-mile charges.Less
The first major implementation of highway utilities is proposed to be toll-financed reconstruction and modernization of the Interstates. Long-distance routes would be converted first, urban ones later. This would also be the first step in converting from per-gallon taxes to per-mile charges.
Robert W. Poole Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226557571
- eISBN:
- 9780226557601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226557601.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Early plans envisioned a network of parkways, not the huge freeways that were built. This chapter suggests modifying existing freeways via elevated lanes, tunnels, deck and lids, to close gaps and ...
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Early plans envisioned a network of parkways, not the huge freeways that were built. This chapter suggests modifying existing freeways via elevated lanes, tunnels, deck and lids, to close gaps and add some capacity without destroying any more neighborhoods. Congestion would be addressed via networks of express toll lanes. Managed arterials would supplement the revamped freeways.Less
Early plans envisioned a network of parkways, not the huge freeways that were built. This chapter suggests modifying existing freeways via elevated lanes, tunnels, deck and lids, to close gaps and add some capacity without destroying any more neighborhoods. Congestion would be addressed via networks of express toll lanes. Managed arterials would supplement the revamped freeways.
Fabien Terpan
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199218622
- eISBN:
- 9780191696114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218622.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter explores the EU-NATO relations with regard to security and defence matters. In both NATO and the EU there is a legal basis for the development of a European role in security and defence. ...
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This chapter explores the EU-NATO relations with regard to security and defence matters. In both NATO and the EU there is a legal basis for the development of a European role in security and defence. When one looks at overall objectives and main principles, there is consistency between the EU and NATO. This does not guarantee that both organisations will evolve in the same direction: arrangements must be made in order to put this theory into practice. NATO-EU relations face three major challenges: subsidiarity, interoperability, and a more balanced partnership between European members and the United States.Less
This chapter explores the EU-NATO relations with regard to security and defence matters. In both NATO and the EU there is a legal basis for the development of a European role in security and defence. When one looks at overall objectives and main principles, there is consistency between the EU and NATO. This does not guarantee that both organisations will evolve in the same direction: arrangements must be made in order to put this theory into practice. NATO-EU relations face three major challenges: subsidiarity, interoperability, and a more balanced partnership between European members and the United States.
Ian Walden and Laíse Da Correggio Luciano
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199671670
- eISBN:
- 9780191767463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671670.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
Competition law issues are emerging in relation to cloud computing, notwithstanding the relative immaturity of the sector. This chapter analyses the potential application to the cloud sector of EU ...
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Competition law issues are emerging in relation to cloud computing, notwithstanding the relative immaturity of the sector. This chapter analyses the potential application to the cloud sector of EU competition rules governing anti-competitive agreements and abuses of a dominant position. Specific issues addressed include the development of standards, the potential importance of interoperability between cloud computing services, and the impact of restrictions on data portability. The suitability of existing competition rules as a regulatory mechanism for cloud computing is also considered.Less
Competition law issues are emerging in relation to cloud computing, notwithstanding the relative immaturity of the sector. This chapter analyses the potential application to the cloud sector of EU competition rules governing anti-competitive agreements and abuses of a dominant position. Specific issues addressed include the development of standards, the potential importance of interoperability between cloud computing services, and the impact of restrictions on data portability. The suitability of existing competition rules as a regulatory mechanism for cloud computing is also considered.
Alon Peled
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027878
- eISBN:
- 9780262319867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027878.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The chapter explains the concept of a Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE). It then presents a detailed case study of a supply-chain PSIE model: the Australian CrimTrac program that was ...
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The chapter explains the concept of a Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE). It then presents a detailed case study of a supply-chain PSIE model: the Australian CrimTrac program that was established to streamline information sharing among Australian police organizations. The chapter then explores the potential for an exchange PSIE model to be implemented in a US public sector agency in the environmental domain. Economic, legal and technical challenges to an exchange-model PSIE are outlined in detail. A case study of the deNovis project shows how semantic interoperability challenges could be overcome.Less
The chapter explains the concept of a Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE). It then presents a detailed case study of a supply-chain PSIE model: the Australian CrimTrac program that was established to streamline information sharing among Australian police organizations. The chapter then explores the potential for an exchange PSIE model to be implemented in a US public sector agency in the environmental domain. Economic, legal and technical challenges to an exchange-model PSIE are outlined in detail. A case study of the deNovis project shows how semantic interoperability challenges could be overcome.
Dan Jerker B. Svantesson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- November 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198795674
- eISBN:
- 9780191853272
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198795674.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter draws conclusions from the previous chapter on the history of Internet jurisdiction and suggests that the most appropriate path forward at this stage is to focus our attention on the ...
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This chapter draws conclusions from the previous chapter on the history of Internet jurisdiction and suggests that the most appropriate path forward at this stage is to focus our attention on the concept of ‘jurisdictional interoperability’ as a part of ‘legal interoperability’. In other words, rather than vainly hoping for law reform in the shape of an all-encompassing international agreement overcoming the problems of Internet jurisdiction, we must accept that the road ahead will instead be travelled by many thousands of small steps. Just as the Internet is a successful network of networks, the mid-term solution to the jurisdictional issues online will be found in what one can see as a legal system of legal systems—a system in which domestic legal systems operate smoothly together with a minimum of inconsistencies and clashes.Less
This chapter draws conclusions from the previous chapter on the history of Internet jurisdiction and suggests that the most appropriate path forward at this stage is to focus our attention on the concept of ‘jurisdictional interoperability’ as a part of ‘legal interoperability’. In other words, rather than vainly hoping for law reform in the shape of an all-encompassing international agreement overcoming the problems of Internet jurisdiction, we must accept that the road ahead will instead be travelled by many thousands of small steps. Just as the Internet is a successful network of networks, the mid-term solution to the jurisdictional issues online will be found in what one can see as a legal system of legal systems—a system in which domestic legal systems operate smoothly together with a minimum of inconsistencies and clashes.
Deborah Estrin, Anna de Paula Hanika, and Dawn Nafus
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034173
- eISBN:
- 9780262334549
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034173.003.0009
- Subject:
- Information Science, Communications
The words we use to describe data, both popularly and in the social sciences, often imply that data remains comprehensible as it moves around: “data flows,” “data exhaust,” “seamless,” and the like. ...
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The words we use to describe data, both popularly and in the social sciences, often imply that data remains comprehensible as it moves around: “data flows,” “data exhaust,” “seamless,” and the like. However, there are more steps than we ordinarily assume between “raw” sensor data and data that is helpful for making judgments about a medical condition. Making data legible as it moves from one system to the next is a nontrivial technical challenge, even before we get to the social challenges. In this chapter, Dawn Nafus interviews Deborah Estrin about the realities of building systems for supporting meaning-making across technical systems. Estrin is a computer scientist at Cornell University and cofounder of Open mHealth, a nonprofit startup that aims to bring clinical meaning to digital health data through an open platform designed for improved interoperability among disparate, heterogeneous data sources.Less
The words we use to describe data, both popularly and in the social sciences, often imply that data remains comprehensible as it moves around: “data flows,” “data exhaust,” “seamless,” and the like. However, there are more steps than we ordinarily assume between “raw” sensor data and data that is helpful for making judgments about a medical condition. Making data legible as it moves from one system to the next is a nontrivial technical challenge, even before we get to the social challenges. In this chapter, Dawn Nafus interviews Deborah Estrin about the realities of building systems for supporting meaning-making across technical systems. Estrin is a computer scientist at Cornell University and cofounder of Open mHealth, a nonprofit startup that aims to bring clinical meaning to digital health data through an open platform designed for improved interoperability among disparate, heterogeneous data sources.
Nayan B. Ruparelia
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262529099
- eISBN:
- 9780262334129
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262529099.003.0010
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Programming
Once you have decided that you want to use cloud computing, you need to assess how you will transition your current use of IT, the concommitant processes and services to the cloud. Additionally, you ...
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Once you have decided that you want to use cloud computing, you need to assess how you will transition your current use of IT, the concommitant processes and services to the cloud. Additionally, you will need to address issues related to interoperability between your current, or legacy, IT services and cloud services. This chapter helps you to assess suitable cloud services and their vendors.The contractual agreement formed between a user and a provider of cloud services is considered in terms of service level agreements (SLAs). This chapter examines SLAs and metrics that are relevant users and a checklist is provided as a template for selecting an appropriate cloud service. A cloud maturity model is derived from a user’s perspective and it is then used to assess your level of cloud adoption with best-practices and also to allow you to track your cloud adoption progress over time.Less
Once you have decided that you want to use cloud computing, you need to assess how you will transition your current use of IT, the concommitant processes and services to the cloud. Additionally, you will need to address issues related to interoperability between your current, or legacy, IT services and cloud services. This chapter helps you to assess suitable cloud services and their vendors.The contractual agreement formed between a user and a provider of cloud services is considered in terms of service level agreements (SLAs). This chapter examines SLAs and metrics that are relevant users and a checklist is provided as a template for selecting an appropriate cloud service. A cloud maturity model is derived from a user’s perspective and it is then used to assess your level of cloud adoption with best-practices and also to allow you to track your cloud adoption progress over time.
Laura Denardis
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780300181357
- eISBN:
- 9780300182118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300181357.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter analyzes some unresolved issues and problematic trends in Internet governance. These include the increasing international pressure to change interconnection norms and possibly introduce ...
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This chapter analyzes some unresolved issues and problematic trends in Internet governance. These include the increasing international pressure to change interconnection norms and possibly introduce government regulation at Internet interconnection points; privacy issues that are emerging in online advertising; the trend away from Internet interoperability in areas such as social media platforms and online voice services; and the implications of further shifting the Domain Name System (DNS) from its traditional technical function of address resolution to becoming the Internet’s primary content enforcer, whether for censoring political content or blocking web sites that violate intellectual property rights.Less
This chapter analyzes some unresolved issues and problematic trends in Internet governance. These include the increasing international pressure to change interconnection norms and possibly introduce government regulation at Internet interconnection points; privacy issues that are emerging in online advertising; the trend away from Internet interoperability in areas such as social media platforms and online voice services; and the implications of further shifting the Domain Name System (DNS) from its traditional technical function of address resolution to becoming the Internet’s primary content enforcer, whether for censoring political content or blocking web sites that violate intellectual property rights.
Jonathan Band and Masanobu Katoh
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015004
- eISBN:
- 9780262295543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015004.003.0001
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
This chapter examines the interoperability debate in the European Union and the U.S. before 1995. It considers the issues concerning the unprotectability of interface specifications and the ...
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This chapter examines the interoperability debate in the European Union and the U.S. before 1995. It considers the issues concerning the unprotectability of interface specifications and the permissibility of reverse engineering for computer software. It reviews several relevant cases including Whelan v. Jaslow, Computer Associates v. Altai, and Atari v. Nintendo and Sega v. Accolade. It argues that the triumph of interoperability will benefit both the information technology industry and computer users around the world.Less
This chapter examines the interoperability debate in the European Union and the U.S. before 1995. It considers the issues concerning the unprotectability of interface specifications and the permissibility of reverse engineering for computer software. It reviews several relevant cases including Whelan v. Jaslow, Computer Associates v. Altai, and Atari v. Nintendo and Sega v. Accolade. It argues that the triumph of interoperability will benefit both the information technology industry and computer users around the world.
Jonathan Band and Masanobu Katoh
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015004
- eISBN:
- 9780262295543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015004.003.0002
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
This chapter examines copyright cases in U.S. relevant to the interoperability debate. These cases include Lotus v. Borland, Bateman v. Mnemonics, and Softel v. Dragon Medical. This chapter analyzes ...
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This chapter examines copyright cases in U.S. relevant to the interoperability debate. These cases include Lotus v. Borland, Bateman v. Mnemonics, and Softel v. Dragon Medical. This chapter analyzes the case law concerning the protectability of program elements necessary for interoperability and the copyright concern of software developers about the potential liability for infringements committed in the process of uncovering these elements.Less
This chapter examines copyright cases in U.S. relevant to the interoperability debate. These cases include Lotus v. Borland, Bateman v. Mnemonics, and Softel v. Dragon Medical. This chapter analyzes the case law concerning the protectability of program elements necessary for interoperability and the copyright concern of software developers about the potential liability for infringements committed in the process of uncovering these elements.
