Michael A. Carrier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195342581
- eISBN:
- 9780199867035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342581.003.0014
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
A standard is a common platform that allows products to work together. This chapter begins by describing the various types of standard-setting. It then offers a brief history of antitrust treatment ...
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A standard is a common platform that allows products to work together. This chapter begins by describing the various types of standard-setting. It then offers a brief history of antitrust treatment of standard-setting organizations (SSOs). It sets forth the anticompetitive concerns of standard-setting, including the harm posed by buyer power known as monopsony. It compares these concerns to the significant procompetitive benefits that SSOs and their IP rules offer. It concludes by calling for Rule-of-Reason analysis for SSOs.Less
A standard is a common platform that allows products to work together. This chapter begins by describing the various types of standard-setting. It then offers a brief history of antitrust treatment of standard-setting organizations (SSOs). It sets forth the anticompetitive concerns of standard-setting, including the harm posed by buyer power known as monopsony. It compares these concerns to the significant procompetitive benefits that SSOs and their IP rules offer. It concludes by calling for Rule-of-Reason analysis for SSOs.
Robert Arp, Barry Smith, and Andrew D. Spear
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262527811
- eISBN:
- 9780262329583
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262527811.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
The potential of information-driven disciplines such as biology and clinical science can be realized only if those involved in the production and analysis of data can successfully build upon each ...
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The potential of information-driven disciplines such as biology and clinical science can be realized only if those involved in the production and analysis of data can successfully build upon each other’s work. The quantity and heterogeneity of the data being produced raises challenges to this goal, and so also does the tendency of different communities to describe their data in different, sometimes ad hoc, ways. If computers are effectively to exploit the results of scientific research and enable interoperability among diverse data repositories, then a strategy is needed to counteract such tendencies to data-silo formation. The use of common, consensus-based, controlled vocabularies to tag or describe data is one such strategy. Applied ontology is the discipline which creates, evaluates, and applies such common vocabularies – called ‘ontologies’ – a discipline which involves contributions from philosophers, logicians, and computer scientists, working with researchers in specific scientific disciplines as well as with users and creators of data in extra-scientific fields. Ontologies provide not merely common terms, but also definitions of these terms expressed in a formal language to allow processing by computers. The book describes the concrete steps involved in building and using ontologies for purposes of tagging data. It documents principles of best practice and provides examples of different sorts of errors to be avoided. It also provides an introduction to a specific top-level ontology, the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), and to the computational resources used in building and applying ontologies, including the Ontology Web Language (OWL).Less
The potential of information-driven disciplines such as biology and clinical science can be realized only if those involved in the production and analysis of data can successfully build upon each other’s work. The quantity and heterogeneity of the data being produced raises challenges to this goal, and so also does the tendency of different communities to describe their data in different, sometimes ad hoc, ways. If computers are effectively to exploit the results of scientific research and enable interoperability among diverse data repositories, then a strategy is needed to counteract such tendencies to data-silo formation. The use of common, consensus-based, controlled vocabularies to tag or describe data is one such strategy. Applied ontology is the discipline which creates, evaluates, and applies such common vocabularies – called ‘ontologies’ – a discipline which involves contributions from philosophers, logicians, and computer scientists, working with researchers in specific scientific disciplines as well as with users and creators of data in extra-scientific fields. Ontologies provide not merely common terms, but also definitions of these terms expressed in a formal language to allow processing by computers. The book describes the concrete steps involved in building and using ontologies for purposes of tagging data. It documents principles of best practice and provides examples of different sorts of errors to be avoided. It also provides an introduction to a specific top-level ontology, the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), and to the computational resources used in building and applying ontologies, including the Ontology Web Language (OWL).
Robin Mansell and W. Edward Steinmueller
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198295570
- eISBN:
- 9780191685149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295570.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology, Innovation
The evolution of certain associated technologies, specifically the notion of ‘convergence’, has significant impacts on the nature of and the conditions for user access to communication and ...
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The evolution of certain associated technologies, specifically the notion of ‘convergence’, has significant impacts on the nature of and the conditions for user access to communication and information infrastructure. The concept of convergence can be understood in two ways: the first entails how all electronic communication signals may be potentially provided as interconnecting digital ‘bitstreams’; the second illustrates the market and industrial implications for the said technological potential. Compared to those expressed by other writers, our notion of convergence may be associated with the evolution of convergent markets, the imbalances in demand growth, and institutional problems of achieving interconnection and interoperability. In this chapter, attention is drawn to the formation of technological trajectories that manage the near-term evolution of communication and information infrastructure.Less
The evolution of certain associated technologies, specifically the notion of ‘convergence’, has significant impacts on the nature of and the conditions for user access to communication and information infrastructure. The concept of convergence can be understood in two ways: the first entails how all electronic communication signals may be potentially provided as interconnecting digital ‘bitstreams’; the second illustrates the market and industrial implications for the said technological potential. Compared to those expressed by other writers, our notion of convergence may be associated with the evolution of convergent markets, the imbalances in demand growth, and institutional problems of achieving interconnection and interoperability. In this chapter, attention is drawn to the formation of technological trajectories that manage the near-term evolution of communication and information infrastructure.
Robert Arp, Barry Smith, and Andrew D. Spear
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262527811
- eISBN:
- 9780262329583
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262527811.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Philosophical ontology (also ‘metaphysics’) explores general questions concerning the nature of being; applied ontology concerns more specific questions pertaining to entities in specific domains. ...
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Philosophical ontology (also ‘metaphysics’) explores general questions concerning the nature of being; applied ontology concerns more specific questions pertaining to entities in specific domains. Applied ontology takes over from philosophy the central role of taxonomies and each applied ontology is built around a hierarchy of types and subtypes (an is_a hierarchy). Applied ontologies are organized along the dimensions of 1. greater and lesser generality, and 2. intended use. Concerning 1. we distinguish between top-level and domain ontologies. Top-level ontologies are domain-neutral; including terms such as ‘object’ or ‘process’ having maximally general scope. Domain ontologies are domain specific (comprising terms such as ‘molecule’ or ‘catheter’). Concerning 2. we distinguish between reference and application ontologies. Reference ontologies are designed to be re-used in distinct application ontologies, themselves built to address specific needs. We address the role of these different ontologies in assisting with heterogeneous data-management and promoting interoperability among information systems.Less
Philosophical ontology (also ‘metaphysics’) explores general questions concerning the nature of being; applied ontology concerns more specific questions pertaining to entities in specific domains. Applied ontology takes over from philosophy the central role of taxonomies and each applied ontology is built around a hierarchy of types and subtypes (an is_a hierarchy). Applied ontologies are organized along the dimensions of 1. greater and lesser generality, and 2. intended use. Concerning 1. we distinguish between top-level and domain ontologies. Top-level ontologies are domain-neutral; including terms such as ‘object’ or ‘process’ having maximally general scope. Domain ontologies are domain specific (comprising terms such as ‘molecule’ or ‘catheter’). Concerning 2. we distinguish between reference and application ontologies. Reference ontologies are designed to be re-used in distinct application ontologies, themselves built to address specific needs. We address the role of these different ontologies in assisting with heterogeneous data-management and promoting interoperability among information systems.
Robert Arp, Barry Smith, and Andrew D. Spear
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262527811
- eISBN:
- 9780262329583
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262527811.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
We discuss the interplay between applied ontology and the use of web resources in scientific and other domains, and provide an account of how ontologies are implemented computationally. We provide an ...
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We discuss the interplay between applied ontology and the use of web resources in scientific and other domains, and provide an account of how ontologies are implemented computationally. We provide an introduction to the Protégé Ontology Editor, the Semantic Web, the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL). We illustrated how BFO is used to provide the common architecture for specific domain ontologies, including the Ontology for General Medical Science (OGMS), the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO), the Information Artifact Ontology (IAO), and the Emotion Ontology (MFO-EM). Before terms and relations provide the starting point for the creation of definition trees in such ontologies according to the Aristotelian strategy for authoring of definitions outlined in Chapter 4. We conclude with a discussion of the role of a top-level ontology such as BFO in facilitating semantic interoperability.Less
We discuss the interplay between applied ontology and the use of web resources in scientific and other domains, and provide an account of how ontologies are implemented computationally. We provide an introduction to the Protégé Ontology Editor, the Semantic Web, the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL). We illustrated how BFO is used to provide the common architecture for specific domain ontologies, including the Ontology for General Medical Science (OGMS), the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO), the Information Artifact Ontology (IAO), and the Emotion Ontology (MFO-EM). Before terms and relations provide the starting point for the creation of definition trees in such ontologies according to the Aristotelian strategy for authoring of definitions outlined in Chapter 4. We conclude with a discussion of the role of a top-level ontology such as BFO in facilitating semantic interoperability.
Michael Metcalf, John Reid, and Malcolm Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198811893
- eISBN:
- 9780191850028
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198811893.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
Fortran marches on, remaining one of the principal programming languages used in high-performance scientific, numerical, and engineering computing. A series of significant revisions to the standard ...
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Fortran marches on, remaining one of the principal programming languages used in high-performance scientific, numerical, and engineering computing. A series of significant revisions to the standard versions of the language have progressively enhanced its capabilities, and the latest standard—Fortran 2018—includes many additions and improvements. This second edition of Modern Fortran Explained expands on the first. Given the release of updated versions of Fortran compilers, the separate descriptions of Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 have been incorporated into the main text, which thereby becomes a unified description of the full Fortran 2008 version of the language. This is much cleaner, many deficiencies and irregularities in the earlier language versions having been resolved. It includes object orientation and parallel processing with coarrays. Four completely new chapters describe the additional features of Fortran 2018, with its enhancements to coarrays for parallel programming, interoperability with C, IEEE arithmetic, and various other improvements. Written by leading experts in the field, two of whom have actively contributed to Fortran 2018, this is a complete and authoritative description of Fortran in its latest form. It is intended for new and existing users of the language, and for all those involved in scientific and numerical computing. It is suitable as a textbook for teaching and, with its index, as a handy reference for practitioners.Less
Fortran marches on, remaining one of the principal programming languages used in high-performance scientific, numerical, and engineering computing. A series of significant revisions to the standard versions of the language have progressively enhanced its capabilities, and the latest standard—Fortran 2018—includes many additions and improvements. This second edition of Modern Fortran Explained expands on the first. Given the release of updated versions of Fortran compilers, the separate descriptions of Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 have been incorporated into the main text, which thereby becomes a unified description of the full Fortran 2008 version of the language. This is much cleaner, many deficiencies and irregularities in the earlier language versions having been resolved. It includes object orientation and parallel processing with coarrays. Four completely new chapters describe the additional features of Fortran 2018, with its enhancements to coarrays for parallel programming, interoperability with C, IEEE arithmetic, and various other improvements. Written by leading experts in the field, two of whom have actively contributed to Fortran 2018, this is a complete and authoritative description of Fortran in its latest form. It is intended for new and existing users of the language, and for all those involved in scientific and numerical computing. It is suitable as a textbook for teaching and, with its index, as a handy reference for practitioners.
Laura DeNardis
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780300233070
- eISBN:
- 9780300249330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300233070.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter assesses how technical standardization faces unique challenges. Embedded objects require high security but are also constrained architectures that demand lower energy consumption and ...
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This chapter assesses how technical standardization faces unique challenges. Embedded objects require high security but are also constrained architectures that demand lower energy consumption and restricted processing power. The current state of interoperability is fragmented, heterogeneous, complex, and involving multiple competing standards and an expanding base of standards-setting organizations. Unlike traditional communication systems that require universality, fragmentation by sector might actually have beneficial effects, such as serving as a de facto security boundary. The chapter then explains the evolution of fragmented standards in the Internet of things space but suggests that open standards and interoperability in the underlying common infrastructure are still vital for accountability, innovation, and stability.Less
This chapter assesses how technical standardization faces unique challenges. Embedded objects require high security but are also constrained architectures that demand lower energy consumption and restricted processing power. The current state of interoperability is fragmented, heterogeneous, complex, and involving multiple competing standards and an expanding base of standards-setting organizations. Unlike traditional communication systems that require universality, fragmentation by sector might actually have beneficial effects, such as serving as a de facto security boundary. The chapter then explains the evolution of fragmented standards in the Internet of things space but suggests that open standards and interoperability in the underlying common infrastructure are still vital for accountability, innovation, and stability.
José van Dijck
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199970773
- eISBN:
- 9780199307425
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199970773.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
The last chapter reassembles the histories of individual microsystems and identifies critical questions about the changing nature of the ecosystem and online sociality. Although each of the dissected ...
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The last chapter reassembles the histories of individual microsystems and identifies critical questions about the changing nature of the ecosystem and online sociality. Although each of the dissected five major platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, YouTube and Wikipedia) nurses its own mechanisms, they are staked in the same values or principles: popularity, hierarchical ranking, neutrality, quick growth, large traffic volumes, fast turnovers and personalized recommendations. The cultivation of online sociality is increasingly fenced off by three major chains of platforms (Facebook, Google and Apple); these chains share some operational principles even if they differ on some ideological premises (open versus closed systems). Questioning the role of algorithms in the steering of desires and the power of users to control their data—their ability to opt out—this chapter articulates larger political and social concerns, such as the changing meaning of “social,” “public,” “community,” and “nonprofit” in an ecosystem dominated by corporate forces.Less
The last chapter reassembles the histories of individual microsystems and identifies critical questions about the changing nature of the ecosystem and online sociality. Although each of the dissected five major platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, YouTube and Wikipedia) nurses its own mechanisms, they are staked in the same values or principles: popularity, hierarchical ranking, neutrality, quick growth, large traffic volumes, fast turnovers and personalized recommendations. The cultivation of online sociality is increasingly fenced off by three major chains of platforms (Facebook, Google and Apple); these chains share some operational principles even if they differ on some ideological premises (open versus closed systems). Questioning the role of algorithms in the steering of desires and the power of users to control their data—their ability to opt out—this chapter articulates larger political and social concerns, such as the changing meaning of “social,” “public,” “community,” and “nonprofit” in an ecosystem dominated by corporate forces.
Robert W. Poole Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226557571
- eISBN:
- 9780226557601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226557601.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The first major implementation of highway utilities is proposed to be toll-financed reconstruction and modernization of the Interstates. Long-distance routes would be converted first, urban ones ...
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The first major implementation of highway utilities is proposed to be toll-financed reconstruction and modernization of the Interstates. Long-distance routes would be converted first, urban ones later. This would also be the first step in converting from per-gallon taxes to per-mile charges.Less
The first major implementation of highway utilities is proposed to be toll-financed reconstruction and modernization of the Interstates. Long-distance routes would be converted first, urban ones later. This would also be the first step in converting from per-gallon taxes to per-mile charges.
Robert W. Poole Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226557571
- eISBN:
- 9780226557601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226557601.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Early plans envisioned a network of parkways, not the huge freeways that were built. This chapter suggests modifying existing freeways via elevated lanes, tunnels, deck and lids, to close gaps and ...
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Early plans envisioned a network of parkways, not the huge freeways that were built. This chapter suggests modifying existing freeways via elevated lanes, tunnels, deck and lids, to close gaps and add some capacity without destroying any more neighborhoods. Congestion would be addressed via networks of express toll lanes. Managed arterials would supplement the revamped freeways.Less
Early plans envisioned a network of parkways, not the huge freeways that were built. This chapter suggests modifying existing freeways via elevated lanes, tunnels, deck and lids, to close gaps and add some capacity without destroying any more neighborhoods. Congestion would be addressed via networks of express toll lanes. Managed arterials would supplement the revamped freeways.
Fabien Terpan
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199218622
- eISBN:
- 9780191696114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218622.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter explores the EU-NATO relations with regard to security and defence matters. In both NATO and the EU there is a legal basis for the development of a European role in security and defence. ...
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This chapter explores the EU-NATO relations with regard to security and defence matters. In both NATO and the EU there is a legal basis for the development of a European role in security and defence. When one looks at overall objectives and main principles, there is consistency between the EU and NATO. This does not guarantee that both organisations will evolve in the same direction: arrangements must be made in order to put this theory into practice. NATO-EU relations face three major challenges: subsidiarity, interoperability, and a more balanced partnership between European members and the United States.Less
This chapter explores the EU-NATO relations with regard to security and defence matters. In both NATO and the EU there is a legal basis for the development of a European role in security and defence. When one looks at overall objectives and main principles, there is consistency between the EU and NATO. This does not guarantee that both organisations will evolve in the same direction: arrangements must be made in order to put this theory into practice. NATO-EU relations face three major challenges: subsidiarity, interoperability, and a more balanced partnership between European members and the United States.
Ian Walden and Laíse Da Correggio Luciano
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199671670
- eISBN:
- 9780191767463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671670.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
Competition law issues are emerging in relation to cloud computing, notwithstanding the relative immaturity of the sector. This chapter analyses the potential application to the cloud sector of EU ...
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Competition law issues are emerging in relation to cloud computing, notwithstanding the relative immaturity of the sector. This chapter analyses the potential application to the cloud sector of EU competition rules governing anti-competitive agreements and abuses of a dominant position. Specific issues addressed include the development of standards, the potential importance of interoperability between cloud computing services, and the impact of restrictions on data portability. The suitability of existing competition rules as a regulatory mechanism for cloud computing is also considered.Less
Competition law issues are emerging in relation to cloud computing, notwithstanding the relative immaturity of the sector. This chapter analyses the potential application to the cloud sector of EU competition rules governing anti-competitive agreements and abuses of a dominant position. Specific issues addressed include the development of standards, the potential importance of interoperability between cloud computing services, and the impact of restrictions on data portability. The suitability of existing competition rules as a regulatory mechanism for cloud computing is also considered.
Nayan B. Ruparelia
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262529099
- eISBN:
- 9780262334129
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262529099.003.0010
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Programming Languages
Once you have decided that you want to use cloud computing, you need to assess how you will transition your current use of IT, the concommitant processes and services to the cloud. Additionally, you ...
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Once you have decided that you want to use cloud computing, you need to assess how you will transition your current use of IT, the concommitant processes and services to the cloud. Additionally, you will need to address issues related to interoperability between your current, or legacy, IT services and cloud services. This chapter helps you to assess suitable cloud services and their vendors.The contractual agreement formed between a user and a provider of cloud services is considered in terms of service level agreements (SLAs). This chapter examines SLAs and metrics that are relevant users and a checklist is provided as a template for selecting an appropriate cloud service. A cloud maturity model is derived from a user’s perspective and it is then used to assess your level of cloud adoption with best-practices and also to allow you to track your cloud adoption progress over time.Less
Once you have decided that you want to use cloud computing, you need to assess how you will transition your current use of IT, the concommitant processes and services to the cloud. Additionally, you will need to address issues related to interoperability between your current, or legacy, IT services and cloud services. This chapter helps you to assess suitable cloud services and their vendors.The contractual agreement formed between a user and a provider of cloud services is considered in terms of service level agreements (SLAs). This chapter examines SLAs and metrics that are relevant users and a checklist is provided as a template for selecting an appropriate cloud service. A cloud maturity model is derived from a user’s perspective and it is then used to assess your level of cloud adoption with best-practices and also to allow you to track your cloud adoption progress over time.
Jonathan Band and Masanobu Katoh
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015004
- eISBN:
- 9780262295543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015004.003.0001
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
This chapter examines the interoperability debate in the European Union and the U.S. before 1995. It considers the issues concerning the unprotectability of interface specifications and the ...
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This chapter examines the interoperability debate in the European Union and the U.S. before 1995. It considers the issues concerning the unprotectability of interface specifications and the permissibility of reverse engineering for computer software. It reviews several relevant cases including Whelan v. Jaslow, Computer Associates v. Altai, and Atari v. Nintendo and Sega v. Accolade. It argues that the triumph of interoperability will benefit both the information technology industry and computer users around the world.Less
This chapter examines the interoperability debate in the European Union and the U.S. before 1995. It considers the issues concerning the unprotectability of interface specifications and the permissibility of reverse engineering for computer software. It reviews several relevant cases including Whelan v. Jaslow, Computer Associates v. Altai, and Atari v. Nintendo and Sega v. Accolade. It argues that the triumph of interoperability will benefit both the information technology industry and computer users around the world.
Jonathan Band and Masanobu Katoh
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015004
- eISBN:
- 9780262295543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015004.003.0002
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
This chapter examines copyright cases in U.S. relevant to the interoperability debate. These cases include Lotus v. Borland, Bateman v. Mnemonics, and Softel v. Dragon Medical. This chapter analyzes ...
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This chapter examines copyright cases in U.S. relevant to the interoperability debate. These cases include Lotus v. Borland, Bateman v. Mnemonics, and Softel v. Dragon Medical. This chapter analyzes the case law concerning the protectability of program elements necessary for interoperability and the copyright concern of software developers about the potential liability for infringements committed in the process of uncovering these elements.Less
This chapter examines copyright cases in U.S. relevant to the interoperability debate. These cases include Lotus v. Borland, Bateman v. Mnemonics, and Softel v. Dragon Medical. This chapter analyzes the case law concerning the protectability of program elements necessary for interoperability and the copyright concern of software developers about the potential liability for infringements committed in the process of uncovering these elements.
Jonathan Band and Masanobu Katoh
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015004
- eISBN:
- 9780262295543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015004.003.0003
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
This chapter examines the legislative history of the interoperability exception in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) and the interoperability cases decided under the DMCA in the U.S. It ...
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This chapter examines the legislative history of the interoperability exception in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) and the interoperability cases decided under the DMCA in the U.S. It explains the provisions of Section 1201 of DMCA and the reverse engineering exception in Section 1201(f) that relates to interoperability. It suggests that the court decision on Chamberlain v. Skylink was a major development in DMCA jurisprudence because it prevented the DMCA from being employed to prevent legitimate competition in aftermarkets by requiring a nexus between the circumvention of access controls and infringement.Less
This chapter examines the legislative history of the interoperability exception in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) and the interoperability cases decided under the DMCA in the U.S. It explains the provisions of Section 1201 of DMCA and the reverse engineering exception in Section 1201(f) that relates to interoperability. It suggests that the court decision on Chamberlain v. Skylink was a major development in DMCA jurisprudence because it prevented the DMCA from being employed to prevent legitimate competition in aftermarkets by requiring a nexus between the circumvention of access controls and infringement.
Jonathan Band and Masanobu Katoh
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015004
- eISBN:
- 9780262295543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015004.003.0005
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
This chapter reviews the interoperability debate in the Pacific Rim, with stops in Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, and the Philippines. It discusses the Copyright Amendment Act of 1984 ...
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This chapter reviews the interoperability debate in the Pacific Rim, with stops in Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, and the Philippines. It discusses the Copyright Amendment Act of 1984 in Australia which puts computer programs under the protection of the Australian copyright law, the amendment of the copyright law in Singapore to permit software reverse engineering, and the Philippines’ crafting of a hybrid of the fair-use provision of the U.S. Copyright Act and article 6 of the European Union (EU) Software Directive. It also suggests that these countries had to deal with political pressure from dominant U.S. software companies and from the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) in confronting the issue of reverse engineering.Less
This chapter reviews the interoperability debate in the Pacific Rim, with stops in Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, and the Philippines. It discusses the Copyright Amendment Act of 1984 in Australia which puts computer programs under the protection of the Australian copyright law, the amendment of the copyright law in Singapore to permit software reverse engineering, and the Philippines’ crafting of a hybrid of the fair-use provision of the U.S. Copyright Act and article 6 of the European Union (EU) Software Directive. It also suggests that these countries had to deal with political pressure from dominant U.S. software companies and from the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) in confronting the issue of reverse engineering.
Jonathan Band and Masanobu Katoh
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015004
- eISBN:
- 9780262295543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015004.003.0006
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
This chapter considers various issues that may have more impact on interoperability in the future. These include open-source software, software patents and statutory requirements. This chapter ...
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This chapter considers various issues that may have more impact on interoperability in the future. These include open-source software, software patents and statutory requirements. This chapter explains that while copyright law has evolved in a manner that prevents its use to exercise control of interface specifications, Microsoft and other companies continue to pursue proprietary business strategies, with great success. It also argues that even if copyright does not protect a program’s interface specifications, a patent that applies to the program’s interface or basic functionality can frustrate interoperability with that program.Less
This chapter considers various issues that may have more impact on interoperability in the future. These include open-source software, software patents and statutory requirements. This chapter explains that while copyright law has evolved in a manner that prevents its use to exercise control of interface specifications, Microsoft and other companies continue to pursue proprietary business strategies, with great success. It also argues that even if copyright does not protect a program’s interface specifications, a patent that applies to the program’s interface or basic functionality can frustrate interoperability with that program.
Alon Peled
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027878
- eISBN:
- 9780262319867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027878.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The chapter explains the concept of a Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE). It then presents a detailed case study of a supply-chain PSIE model: the Australian CrimTrac program that was ...
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The chapter explains the concept of a Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE). It then presents a detailed case study of a supply-chain PSIE model: the Australian CrimTrac program that was established to streamline information sharing among Australian police organizations. The chapter then explores the potential for an exchange PSIE model to be implemented in a US public sector agency in the environmental domain. Economic, legal and technical challenges to an exchange-model PSIE are outlined in detail. A case study of the deNovis project shows how semantic interoperability challenges could be overcome.Less
The chapter explains the concept of a Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE). It then presents a detailed case study of a supply-chain PSIE model: the Australian CrimTrac program that was established to streamline information sharing among Australian police organizations. The chapter then explores the potential for an exchange PSIE model to be implemented in a US public sector agency in the environmental domain. Economic, legal and technical challenges to an exchange-model PSIE are outlined in detail. A case study of the deNovis project shows how semantic interoperability challenges could be overcome.
Matthias C. Kettemann
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198865995
- eISBN:
- 9780191898907
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198865995.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
Chapter 5 shows the potential of theoretical approaches to solving the normative crisis on the internet. In turn, key theories of order in the broader sense are presented and discussed. Though the ...
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Chapter 5 shows the potential of theoretical approaches to solving the normative crisis on the internet. In turn, key theories of order in the broader sense are presented and discussed. Though the majority of these theories were not posited with a view to the internet, the present study draws from their epistemic potential for the regulation of the internet. Theories (and key representatives of that theory) include systems theory (Luhmann/Teubner), constitutionalization/global constitutionalism (Pernice), transnationalism (Viellechner, Calliess), legal pluralism (Seinecke), multinormativity (Forst), network theory (Vesting), interoperability theory (Palfrey, Gasser, Weber), massive online micro justice (De Werra), conflict studies (Mueller), and infrastructuralization (DeNardis). Further, the study assesses the historically sedimented discourses on internet governance and their influence on ordering the internet as well as more recent attempts to “define online norms.”Less
Chapter 5 shows the potential of theoretical approaches to solving the normative crisis on the internet. In turn, key theories of order in the broader sense are presented and discussed. Though the majority of these theories were not posited with a view to the internet, the present study draws from their epistemic potential for the regulation of the internet. Theories (and key representatives of that theory) include systems theory (Luhmann/Teubner), constitutionalization/global constitutionalism (Pernice), transnationalism (Viellechner, Calliess), legal pluralism (Seinecke), multinormativity (Forst), network theory (Vesting), interoperability theory (Palfrey, Gasser, Weber), massive online micro justice (De Werra), conflict studies (Mueller), and infrastructuralization (DeNardis). Further, the study assesses the historically sedimented discourses on internet governance and their influence on ordering the internet as well as more recent attempts to “define online norms.”
