Sergey Dorogovtsev
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199548927
- eISBN:
- 9780191720574
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548927.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This book provides a concise modern introduction to the science of complex networks. The book is based on lectures for university students and non-specialists. The aim is to introduce the world of ...
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This book provides a concise modern introduction to the science of complex networks. The book is based on lectures for university students and non-specialists. The aim is to introduce the world of networks to the subject without need for a serious background in mathematics or physics. The introductory chapters fill the existing gap between popular science books and comprehensive reference volumes on complex networks (including the Internet, World Wide Web, etc.). The book provides the shortest path to the world of networks and discusses the main directions of modern research in this active field as well as the history of network studies. The book describes the current state of the art in complex networks and includes recent results.Less
This book provides a concise modern introduction to the science of complex networks. The book is based on lectures for university students and non-specialists. The aim is to introduce the world of networks to the subject without need for a serious background in mathematics or physics. The introductory chapters fill the existing gap between popular science books and comprehensive reference volumes on complex networks (including the Internet, World Wide Web, etc.). The book provides the shortest path to the world of networks and discusses the main directions of modern research in this active field as well as the history of network studies. The book describes the current state of the art in complex networks and includes recent results.
Susan W Brenner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195385014
- eISBN:
- 9780199855414
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385014.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
As new technologies develop, terrorist groups are developing new methods of attack by using the Internet, and by using cyberspace as a battlefield, it has become increasingly difficult to discover ...
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As new technologies develop, terrorist groups are developing new methods of attack by using the Internet, and by using cyberspace as a battlefield, it has become increasingly difficult to discover the identity of attackers and bring them to justice. The seemingly limitless boundaries of cyberspace have allowed virtually anyone to launch an attack from a remote and anonymous location. But once these attacks occur, it raises several important questions. Who should respond, and how? How should nation-states effectively deal with a cyber-attack? Will the United States and other nation-states be able to survive in a world where virtual boundaries are limitless? This book gives a thorough explanation of how military and law enforcement personnel respond to these attacks and why bringing cyber-terrorist to justice can be difficult and sometimes impossible.Less
As new technologies develop, terrorist groups are developing new methods of attack by using the Internet, and by using cyberspace as a battlefield, it has become increasingly difficult to discover the identity of attackers and bring them to justice. The seemingly limitless boundaries of cyberspace have allowed virtually anyone to launch an attack from a remote and anonymous location. But once these attacks occur, it raises several important questions. Who should respond, and how? How should nation-states effectively deal with a cyber-attack? Will the United States and other nation-states be able to survive in a world where virtual boundaries are limitless? This book gives a thorough explanation of how military and law enforcement personnel respond to these attacks and why bringing cyber-terrorist to justice can be difficult and sometimes impossible.
Mark Newman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199206650
- eISBN:
- 9780191594175
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
The scientific study of networks, including computer networks, social networks, and biological networks, has received an enormous amount of interest in the last few years. The rise of the Internet ...
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The scientific study of networks, including computer networks, social networks, and biological networks, has received an enormous amount of interest in the last few years. The rise of the Internet and the wide availability of inexpensive computers have made it possible to gather and analyze network data on a large scale, and the development of a variety of new theoretical tools has allowed us to extract new knowledge from many different kinds of networks. The study of networks is broadly interdisciplinary and important developments have occurred in many fields, including mathematics, physics, computer and information sciences, biology, and the social sciences. This book brings together the most important breakthroughs in each of these fields and presents them in a coherent fashion, highlighting the strong interconnections between work in different areas. Subjects covered include the measurement and structure of networks in many branches of science, methods for analyzing network data, including methods developed in physics, statistics, and sociology, the fundamentals of graph theory, computer algorithms, and spectral methods, mathematical models of networks, including random graph models and generative models, and theories of dynamical processes taking place on networks.Less
The scientific study of networks, including computer networks, social networks, and biological networks, has received an enormous amount of interest in the last few years. The rise of the Internet and the wide availability of inexpensive computers have made it possible to gather and analyze network data on a large scale, and the development of a variety of new theoretical tools has allowed us to extract new knowledge from many different kinds of networks. The study of networks is broadly interdisciplinary and important developments have occurred in many fields, including mathematics, physics, computer and information sciences, biology, and the social sciences. This book brings together the most important breakthroughs in each of these fields and presents them in a coherent fashion, highlighting the strong interconnections between work in different areas. Subjects covered include the measurement and structure of networks in many branches of science, methods for analyzing network data, including methods developed in physics, statistics, and sociology, the fundamentals of graph theory, computer algorithms, and spectral methods, mathematical models of networks, including random graph models and generative models, and theories of dynamical processes taking place on networks.
Mia Lövheim
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195305418
- eISBN:
- 9780199785094
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305418.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Sweden is often categorized as one of the most secularized and postmodern countries in the world. The Internet has been described as the “epitome” of transformations of traditional religion in late ...
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Sweden is often categorized as one of the most secularized and postmodern countries in the world. The Internet has been described as the “epitome” of transformations of traditional religion in late modern society. This chapter analyzes how youth negotiate religious conventions in discussions of religion on the Internet. If there is a “test case” for the breakdown of religious conventions based on the traditionalized beliefs and practices of institutionalized religion and traditional modes of religious socialization, this would be it. It is argued that despite these anticipations, the construction of religious identities, even in the transient sites of late modern society, is not only a question of individual choice in a “spiritual marketplace”, but also structured by religious authorities and conventions.Less
Sweden is often categorized as one of the most secularized and postmodern countries in the world. The Internet has been described as the “epitome” of transformations of traditional religion in late modern society. This chapter analyzes how youth negotiate religious conventions in discussions of religion on the Internet. If there is a “test case” for the breakdown of religious conventions based on the traditionalized beliefs and practices of institutionalized religion and traditional modes of religious socialization, this would be it. It is argued that despite these anticipations, the construction of religious identities, even in the transient sites of late modern society, is not only a question of individual choice in a “spiritual marketplace”, but also structured by religious authorities and conventions.
Jeanette Hofmann
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199573547
- eISBN:
- 9780191722677
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573547.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Organization Studies
Cybercrime is one of the many unforeseen consequences enabled by the unprecedented extent of freedom the internet offers, shaped by the stress of both the internet developers and the ‘techno-utopian’ ...
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Cybercrime is one of the many unforeseen consequences enabled by the unprecedented extent of freedom the internet offers, shaped by the stress of both the internet developers and the ‘techno-utopian’ group of early users on autonomy and freedom. This chapter addresses the question of whether such mischief could not have been foreseen in the early stages of internet development by exploring the dominant orientations of two groups who significantly contributed to the understanding of the internet. The first section explores the technological history of the internet, focusing on the engineering community that developed the internet in the 1970s and 1980s and the ‘revolutionary’ design philosophy that inspired its architecture. The second section describes the ways in which the early users of the internet in the 1990s used the characteristics of the technological network to inspire a utopian vision of the internet, their belief in the internet as an ungovernable and anarchic space, and their response to pending government regulation. The subsequent growth of the internet and the diversification of users and usages were clearly beyond the imagination of both the developers and the early academic users. Both groups argued in a context of conflicting visions. They defended their concept of autonomy against more traditional understandings of organizing and regulating data communication. The third section of the chapter describes cybercrime as an unforeseen, yet increasingly dangerous way of making use of the internet.Less
Cybercrime is one of the many unforeseen consequences enabled by the unprecedented extent of freedom the internet offers, shaped by the stress of both the internet developers and the ‘techno-utopian’ group of early users on autonomy and freedom. This chapter addresses the question of whether such mischief could not have been foreseen in the early stages of internet development by exploring the dominant orientations of two groups who significantly contributed to the understanding of the internet. The first section explores the technological history of the internet, focusing on the engineering community that developed the internet in the 1970s and 1980s and the ‘revolutionary’ design philosophy that inspired its architecture. The second section describes the ways in which the early users of the internet in the 1990s used the characteristics of the technological network to inspire a utopian vision of the internet, their belief in the internet as an ungovernable and anarchic space, and their response to pending government regulation. The subsequent growth of the internet and the diversification of users and usages were clearly beyond the imagination of both the developers and the early academic users. Both groups argued in a context of conflicting visions. They defended their concept of autonomy against more traditional understandings of organizing and regulating data communication. The third section of the chapter describes cybercrime as an unforeseen, yet increasingly dangerous way of making use of the internet.
Sharan Jagpal and Shireen Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This book shows how to fuse marketing, finance, and other disciplines to improve performance for the corporation or organization. Specifically, it shows decision makers at different levels in the ...
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This book shows how to fuse marketing, finance, and other disciplines to improve performance for the corporation or organization. Specifically, it shows decision makers at different levels in the organization and in different functional areas (e.g., marketing, finance, new product development, and human resources management) how to overcome the problems resulting from function- and discipline-based “silos.” The book has several novel features. All concepts are presented in a simple and easily accessible question-and-answer format. The book provides an in-depth analysis of a broad spectrum of important managerial topics (e.g., how to allocate advertising funds between Internet and conventional advertising, how to evaluate brand equity for mergers and acquisitions, and how to coordinate product design, marketing strategy, and production). In addition, because of its fusion-based methodology, the book provides decision makers with new tools to address familiar managerial problems (e.g., resource allocation and the design of managerial contracts in multiproduct or multidivisional firms). Throughout the book, the focus is on providing managers with actionable theories and metrics that are rigorous yet practical, and that allow the firm or organization to fuse — not merely interface — different functional areas.Less
This book shows how to fuse marketing, finance, and other disciplines to improve performance for the corporation or organization. Specifically, it shows decision makers at different levels in the organization and in different functional areas (e.g., marketing, finance, new product development, and human resources management) how to overcome the problems resulting from function- and discipline-based “silos.” The book has several novel features. All concepts are presented in a simple and easily accessible question-and-answer format. The book provides an in-depth analysis of a broad spectrum of important managerial topics (e.g., how to allocate advertising funds between Internet and conventional advertising, how to evaluate brand equity for mergers and acquisitions, and how to coordinate product design, marketing strategy, and production). In addition, because of its fusion-based methodology, the book provides decision makers with new tools to address familiar managerial problems (e.g., resource allocation and the design of managerial contracts in multiproduct or multidivisional firms). Throughout the book, the focus is on providing managers with actionable theories and metrics that are rigorous yet practical, and that allow the firm or organization to fuse — not merely interface — different functional areas.
Lois K. Geller
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195158694
- eISBN:
- 9780199849420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158694.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
The chapter relates a story of how a single mother, raising a young son, with a full-time job in a New York publishing firm, obtained a successful business using a Direct Marketing strategy. Proving ...
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The chapter relates a story of how a single mother, raising a young son, with a full-time job in a New York publishing firm, obtained a successful business using a Direct Marketing strategy. Proving that the strategy is profitable, the book cites big companies spending close to two trillion dollars advertising their products or services by direct mail, TV, radio, newspapers, the Internet and other forms of media.Less
The chapter relates a story of how a single mother, raising a young son, with a full-time job in a New York publishing firm, obtained a successful business using a Direct Marketing strategy. Proving that the strategy is profitable, the book cites big companies spending close to two trillion dollars advertising their products or services by direct mail, TV, radio, newspapers, the Internet and other forms of media.
Lee A. Bygrave and Terje Michaelsen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199561131
- eISBN:
- 9780191721199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561131.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology, Political Economy
This chapter describes the main organizations that are concerned directly with Internet governance. It outlines the relevant responsibilities and agendas of the respective organizations, together ...
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This chapter describes the main organizations that are concerned directly with Internet governance. It outlines the relevant responsibilities and agendas of the respective organizations, together with their sources of funding and their relationships with each other. Attention is directed mainly at transnational bodies. These include the Internet Society, Internet Architecture Board, Internet Engineering Task Force, World Wide Web Consortium, and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. The remainder of the chapter describes the various roles played by national governments, alone and in concert, in Internet governance. Using the self-governance ideals of ‘digital libertarianism’ as foil, it delineates the growing influence of governments in the field.Less
This chapter describes the main organizations that are concerned directly with Internet governance. It outlines the relevant responsibilities and agendas of the respective organizations, together with their sources of funding and their relationships with each other. Attention is directed mainly at transnational bodies. These include the Internet Society, Internet Architecture Board, Internet Engineering Task Force, World Wide Web Consortium, and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. The remainder of the chapter describes the various roles played by national governments, alone and in concert, in Internet governance. Using the self-governance ideals of ‘digital libertarianism’ as foil, it delineates the growing influence of governments in the field.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the firm should choose marketing policies when its products are sold by distributors. It distinguishes between exclusive and nonexclusive distributors, show how the firm can ...
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This chapter shows how the firm should choose marketing policies when its products are sold by distributors. It distinguishes between exclusive and nonexclusive distributors, show how the firm can coordinate its bricks-and-mortar and Internet pricing strategies to maximize performance, show how the firm should coordinate its price and advertising strategies when it sells through distributors, and discuss when the firm should use vertical integration strategies. In particular, it shows how the multiproduct firm should coordinate its channel strategy when the distributor also sells multiple products.Less
This chapter shows how the firm should choose marketing policies when its products are sold by distributors. It distinguishes between exclusive and nonexclusive distributors, show how the firm can coordinate its bricks-and-mortar and Internet pricing strategies to maximize performance, show how the firm should coordinate its price and advertising strategies when it sells through distributors, and discuss when the firm should use vertical integration strategies. In particular, it shows how the multiproduct firm should coordinate its channel strategy when the distributor also sells multiple products.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter begins by evaluating methods for determining how productive the firm's aggregate advertising spending is in both the short and long runs. Following this, it analyzes methods for ...
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This chapter begins by evaluating methods for determining how productive the firm's aggregate advertising spending is in both the short and long runs. Following this, it analyzes methods for determining the productivities of different media when the firm uses multiple media (including digital advertising); in particular, it focuses on the effects of measurement error. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows privately and publicly held firms to allocate their advertising budgets between upfront and scatter advertising, based on their respective risk attitudes. Finally, it analyzes how recent changes in Internet marketing (e.g., the growth of electronic exchanges and the emergence of conquest advertising) are likely to affect the structure of the advertising industry.Less
This chapter begins by evaluating methods for determining how productive the firm's aggregate advertising spending is in both the short and long runs. Following this, it analyzes methods for determining the productivities of different media when the firm uses multiple media (including digital advertising); in particular, it focuses on the effects of measurement error. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows privately and publicly held firms to allocate their advertising budgets between upfront and scatter advertising, based on their respective risk attitudes. Finally, it analyzes how recent changes in Internet marketing (e.g., the growth of electronic exchanges and the emergence of conquest advertising) are likely to affect the structure of the advertising industry.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0016
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the firm should design sales force compensation plans to maximize its performance. It distinguishes whether or not the firm can observe the salesperson's effort. It shows how ...
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This chapter shows how the firm should design sales force compensation plans to maximize its performance. It distinguishes whether or not the firm can observe the salesperson's effort. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows the firm to design compensation plans based on such factors as the firm's cost structure, cost and demand uncertainty, consumer satisfaction, the firm's cost of capital, and whether or not the firm delegates price-setting or sales call policy to the salesperson. It shows how the sales force compensation plan should allow for multiperiod effects and the impact of Internet advertising. In particular, it distinguishes different scenarios (e.g., whether Internet advertising and conventional advertising are substitutes or complements).Less
This chapter shows how the firm should design sales force compensation plans to maximize its performance. It distinguishes whether or not the firm can observe the salesperson's effort. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows the firm to design compensation plans based on such factors as the firm's cost structure, cost and demand uncertainty, consumer satisfaction, the firm's cost of capital, and whether or not the firm delegates price-setting or sales call policy to the salesperson. It shows how the sales force compensation plan should allow for multiperiod effects and the impact of Internet advertising. In particular, it distinguishes different scenarios (e.g., whether Internet advertising and conventional advertising are substitutes or complements).
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0021
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B ...
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This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B to C markets) and advertising messages. In addition, it shows how the firm should coordinate its Internet advertising and sales force policies, including redesigning its sales force compensation plans. It discusss the effects of ownership structure (whether the advertising firm is privately or publicly held) on the firm's Internet advertising strategy. In addition, it analyzes a number of structural changes brought about by Internet advertising, including the purchase of advertising space via auctions, behavioral targeting, and conquest advertising.Less
This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B to C markets) and advertising messages. In addition, it shows how the firm should coordinate its Internet advertising and sales force policies, including redesigning its sales force compensation plans. It discusss the effects of ownership structure (whether the advertising firm is privately or publicly held) on the firm's Internet advertising strategy. In addition, it analyzes a number of structural changes brought about by Internet advertising, including the purchase of advertising space via auctions, behavioral targeting, and conquest advertising.
Brett M. Frischmann
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199895656
- eISBN:
- 9780199933280
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199895656.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
Infrastructure resources are the subject of many contentious public policy debates, including what to do about crumbling roads and bridges, whether and how to protect our natural environment, energy ...
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Infrastructure resources are the subject of many contentious public policy debates, including what to do about crumbling roads and bridges, whether and how to protect our natural environment, energy policy, even patent law reform, universal health care, network neutrality regulation, and the future of the Internet. Each of these involves a battle to control infrastructure resources, to establish the terms and conditions under which the public receives access, and to determine how the infrastructure and various dependent systems evolve over time. This book pays much needed attention to understanding how society benefits from infrastructure resources and how management decisions affect a wide variety of interests. The book links infrastructure, a particular set of resources defined in terms of the manner in which they create value, with commons, a resource management principle by which a resource is shared within a community. The infrastructure commons ideas have broad implications for scholarship and public policy across many fields ranging from traditional infrastructure like roads to environmental economics to intellectual property to Internet policy. Economics has become the methodology of choice for many scholars and policymakers in these areas. The book offers a rigorous economic challenge to the prevailing wisdom, which focuses primarily on problems associated with ensuring adequate supply. The book explores a set of questions: what drives the demand side of the equation, and how should demand-side drivers affect public policy? Demand for infrastructure resources involves a range of important considerations that bear on the optimal design of a regime for infrastructure management. The book identifies resource valuation and attendant management problems that recur across many different fields and many different resource types, and it develops a functional economic approach to understanding and analyzing these problems and potential solutions.Less
Infrastructure resources are the subject of many contentious public policy debates, including what to do about crumbling roads and bridges, whether and how to protect our natural environment, energy policy, even patent law reform, universal health care, network neutrality regulation, and the future of the Internet. Each of these involves a battle to control infrastructure resources, to establish the terms and conditions under which the public receives access, and to determine how the infrastructure and various dependent systems evolve over time. This book pays much needed attention to understanding how society benefits from infrastructure resources and how management decisions affect a wide variety of interests. The book links infrastructure, a particular set of resources defined in terms of the manner in which they create value, with commons, a resource management principle by which a resource is shared within a community. The infrastructure commons ideas have broad implications for scholarship and public policy across many fields ranging from traditional infrastructure like roads to environmental economics to intellectual property to Internet policy. Economics has become the methodology of choice for many scholars and policymakers in these areas. The book offers a rigorous economic challenge to the prevailing wisdom, which focuses primarily on problems associated with ensuring adequate supply. The book explores a set of questions: what drives the demand side of the equation, and how should demand-side drivers affect public policy? Demand for infrastructure resources involves a range of important considerations that bear on the optimal design of a regime for infrastructure management. The book identifies resource valuation and attendant management problems that recur across many different fields and many different resource types, and it develops a functional economic approach to understanding and analyzing these problems and potential solutions.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195165869
- eISBN:
- 9780199868025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165869.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter discusses the use and deployment of information technology by the federal government from 1950 to 2007. By looking at the government as a whole, several patterns of use, deployment, and ...
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This chapter discusses the use and deployment of information technology by the federal government from 1950 to 2007. By looking at the government as a whole, several patterns of use, deployment, and effects become evident. The federal government have demonstrated a continuous appetite for information technologies for over a half century. The motivations for relying on the digital hand came largely out of desires to lower operating costs and the amount of labor required to perform work. Agencies and departments, however, also proved quite reluctant to alter fundamental aspects of operating as a consequence of using IT, such as their missions, work processes, and measures of accountability for results. Over time, their increased use of IT ultimately did cause incremental changes in how work was done. These changes encouraged Congress to change missions and work, because of the availability of digital tools that made it possible either to do things more cheaply, faster, or better, or to do simply something new.Less
This chapter discusses the use and deployment of information technology by the federal government from 1950 to 2007. By looking at the government as a whole, several patterns of use, deployment, and effects become evident. The federal government have demonstrated a continuous appetite for information technologies for over a half century. The motivations for relying on the digital hand came largely out of desires to lower operating costs and the amount of labor required to perform work. Agencies and departments, however, also proved quite reluctant to alter fundamental aspects of operating as a consequence of using IT, such as their missions, work processes, and measures of accountability for results. Over time, their increased use of IT ultimately did cause incremental changes in how work was done. These changes encouraged Congress to change missions and work, because of the availability of digital tools that made it possible either to do things more cheaply, faster, or better, or to do simply something new.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195165869
- eISBN:
- 9780199868025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165869.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter discusses the deployment and use of computing in higher education. Topics covered include administrative uses, teaching and computers, role of computing in academic research, IT in the ...
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This chapter discusses the deployment and use of computing in higher education. Topics covered include administrative uses, teaching and computers, role of computing in academic research, IT in the library, personal use of computers, and special role of the Internet. It is shown that in addition to being a supplier of computer science and technology, the higher education industry trained (or educated) tens of millions of people, equipping many of them with the values, work practices, and skills that have defined the economy and society of modern America and, indeed, of many individuals and firms around the world. Its use of all manner of technology also reflects patterns of application evident in many parts of the nation's economy, including its use of the digital hand. Because it educates so many workers, and influences the values and activities of so many individuals, its use of computing is influential and important.Less
This chapter discusses the deployment and use of computing in higher education. Topics covered include administrative uses, teaching and computers, role of computing in academic research, IT in the library, personal use of computers, and special role of the Internet. It is shown that in addition to being a supplier of computer science and technology, the higher education industry trained (or educated) tens of millions of people, equipping many of them with the values, work practices, and skills that have defined the economy and society of modern America and, indeed, of many individuals and firms around the world. Its use of all manner of technology also reflects patterns of application evident in many parts of the nation's economy, including its use of the digital hand. Because it educates so many workers, and influences the values and activities of so many individuals, its use of computing is influential and important.
Douglas E. Cowan
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195177299
- eISBN:
- 9780199785537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177299.003.0014
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter considers NRMs and the Internet from two broad perspectives: (a) new religions on the Web, and (b) the Internet as both a pedagogical tool for teaching about NRMS and a sociological or ...
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This chapter considers NRMs and the Internet from two broad perspectives: (a) new religions on the Web, and (b) the Internet as both a pedagogical tool for teaching about NRMS and a sociological or anthropological research site for the study of NRMs. In terms of the Internet as a research site, the chapter offers some suggestions for the exploration online discussion forums as evidence (or not) of emergent electronic communities. It concludes with a discussion of the Internet as one component in a responsible research and teaching agenda, and suggestions for teaching students how to employ the World Wide Web usefully and responsibly.Less
This chapter considers NRMs and the Internet from two broad perspectives: (a) new religions on the Web, and (b) the Internet as both a pedagogical tool for teaching about NRMS and a sociological or anthropological research site for the study of NRMs. In terms of the Internet as a research site, the chapter offers some suggestions for the exploration online discussion forums as evidence (or not) of emergent electronic communities. It concludes with a discussion of the Internet as one component in a responsible research and teaching agenda, and suggestions for teaching students how to employ the World Wide Web usefully and responsibly.
S.N. Dorogovtsev and J.F.F. Mendes
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198515906
- eISBN:
- 9780191705670
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515906.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Soft Matter / Biological Physics
The aim of this book is to understand networks and the basic principles of their structural organization and evolution. The ideas are presented in a clear and a pedagogical way. Special attention is ...
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The aim of this book is to understand networks and the basic principles of their structural organization and evolution. The ideas are presented in a clear and a pedagogical way. Special attention is given to real networks, both natural and artificial, including the Internet and the World Wide Web. Collected empirical data and numerous real applications of existing theories are discussed in detail, as well as the topical problems of communication and other networks.Less
The aim of this book is to understand networks and the basic principles of their structural organization and evolution. The ideas are presented in a clear and a pedagogical way. Special attention is given to real networks, both natural and artificial, including the Internet and the World Wide Web. Collected empirical data and numerous real applications of existing theories are discussed in detail, as well as the topical problems of communication and other networks.
Jon L. Mills
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367355
- eISBN:
- 9780199867400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367355.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
Privacy may affect any aspect of an individual's life and even their death. This chapter analyzes real-life examples of invasions into personal privacy, including cases involving the public ...
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Privacy may affect any aspect of an individual's life and even their death. This chapter analyzes real-life examples of invasions into personal privacy, including cases involving the public disclosure of autopsy photos and the decision to terminate life support. These intrusions involve the government, the press, private corporations, and private individuals who have written salacious material about acquaintances on the internet. These cases are referenced throughout the rest of the book to provide the context for the following discussion of privacy.Less
Privacy may affect any aspect of an individual's life and even their death. This chapter analyzes real-life examples of invasions into personal privacy, including cases involving the public disclosure of autopsy photos and the decision to terminate life support. These intrusions involve the government, the press, private corporations, and private individuals who have written salacious material about acquaintances on the internet. These cases are referenced throughout the rest of the book to provide the context for the following discussion of privacy.
Brett M. Frischmann
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199895656
- eISBN:
- 9780199933280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199895656.003.0014
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter applies infrastructure theory to the particularly contentious “network neutrality” debate. At the heart of this debate is whether the Internet infrastructure will continue to be managed ...
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This chapter applies infrastructure theory to the particularly contentious “network neutrality” debate. At the heart of this debate is whether the Internet infrastructure will continue to be managed as a commons. Ultimately, the outcome of this debate may very well determine whether the Internet continues to operate as a mixed infrastructure that supports widespread user production of commercial, public, and social goods, or whether it evolves into a commercial infrastructure optimized for the production and delivery of commercial outputs. The chapter criticizes the current framing of the debate as well as the recent rule enacted by the Federal Communications Commission. It then proposes and defends a nondiscrimination rule that reflects the core commons management principle discussed throughout this book.Less
This chapter applies infrastructure theory to the particularly contentious “network neutrality” debate. At the heart of this debate is whether the Internet infrastructure will continue to be managed as a commons. Ultimately, the outcome of this debate may very well determine whether the Internet continues to operate as a mixed infrastructure that supports widespread user production of commercial, public, and social goods, or whether it evolves into a commercial infrastructure optimized for the production and delivery of commercial outputs. The chapter criticizes the current framing of the debate as well as the recent rule enacted by the Federal Communications Commission. It then proposes and defends a nondiscrimination rule that reflects the core commons management principle discussed throughout this book.
Yorick Wilks
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199573547
- eISBN:
- 9780191722677
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573547.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Organization Studies
This chapter discusses the unintended and unexpected benefits that have arisen from the development of computing technologies and most specifically the World Wide Web (WWW) and the Semantic Web (SW). ...
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This chapter discusses the unintended and unexpected benefits that have arisen from the development of computing technologies and most specifically the World Wide Web (WWW) and the Semantic Web (SW). It starts by setting out what different kinds of unintended consequences have been exemplified in modern computer technology generally; and more specifically, in the development of the internet, the WWW, and the SW. The second section looks at the story of the early days of the internet and the WWW, while the third looks at the SW and its relation to various developments in computer science. The fourth section examines the intentions of Tim Berners-Lee in developing the WWW and the SW, examining the hypothesis that we may have ‘piggy-backing’ levels of the unintended: first the internet itself, as it has become, may be regarded as unintended through the development of the WWW. If the WWW is itself unintended, there is now a myriad of popular and totally unforeseen consequences piggy-backed upon it, many of them of socially profound and transformative. The good news is that if the WWW as we have it now is, in any way, unintended, should be regarded as a ‘Good Thing’.Less
This chapter discusses the unintended and unexpected benefits that have arisen from the development of computing technologies and most specifically the World Wide Web (WWW) and the Semantic Web (SW). It starts by setting out what different kinds of unintended consequences have been exemplified in modern computer technology generally; and more specifically, in the development of the internet, the WWW, and the SW. The second section looks at the story of the early days of the internet and the WWW, while the third looks at the SW and its relation to various developments in computer science. The fourth section examines the intentions of Tim Berners-Lee in developing the WWW and the SW, examining the hypothesis that we may have ‘piggy-backing’ levels of the unintended: first the internet itself, as it has become, may be regarded as unintended through the development of the WWW. If the WWW is itself unintended, there is now a myriad of popular and totally unforeseen consequences piggy-backed upon it, many of them of socially profound and transformative. The good news is that if the WWW as we have it now is, in any way, unintended, should be regarded as a ‘Good Thing’.
