Gautam Sen
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199261437
- eISBN:
- 9780191599309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199261431.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
An examination is made of the relationship between the US and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and its successor, the World Trade Organization, addressing the crucial question of ...
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An examination is made of the relationship between the US and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and its successor, the World Trade Organization, addressing the crucial question of the likelihood that the US will exit, or through its behaviour undermine, the multilateral trade organization in favour of regional or bilateral alternatives. It is concluded that the probability of a US‐inspired weakening of the WTO is low, although the incentives for protectionism in the US are strong and growing as a result of globalization and the changing international division of labour. The US domestic political system gives voice to such protectionist interests in international trade policy through a set of administrative and legal remedies that are reinforced by principles such as reciprocity and ‘fair trade’. Countervailing factors to this situation include the growing power of US export interests, the effectiveness of the Executive in deflecting the protectionist tendencies in the US Congress, and the exceptional power and influence of the US over the multilateral regime, in which it is a rule maker rather than a rule taker, enjoying the power to bend the rules selectively to serve its interests. As such, the WTO tends to reflect and reinforce US economic interests, and the US is, therefore, likely to continue in overall terms its efforts to comply with and generally strengthen the multilateral organization, rather than to break away from it.Less
An examination is made of the relationship between the US and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and its successor, the World Trade Organization, addressing the crucial question of the likelihood that the US will exit, or through its behaviour undermine, the multilateral trade organization in favour of regional or bilateral alternatives. It is concluded that the probability of a US‐inspired weakening of the WTO is low, although the incentives for protectionism in the US are strong and growing as a result of globalization and the changing international division of labour. The US domestic political system gives voice to such protectionist interests in international trade policy through a set of administrative and legal remedies that are reinforced by principles such as reciprocity and ‘fair trade’. Countervailing factors to this situation include the growing power of US export interests, the effectiveness of the Executive in deflecting the protectionist tendencies in the US Congress, and the exceptional power and influence of the US over the multilateral regime, in which it is a rule maker rather than a rule taker, enjoying the power to bend the rules selectively to serve its interests. As such, the WTO tends to reflect and reinforce US economic interests, and the US is, therefore, likely to continue in overall terms its efforts to comply with and generally strengthen the multilateral organization, rather than to break away from it.
Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg, and Marc Stern (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195130522
- eISBN:
- 9780199867363
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195130529.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This collection of papers offers a new rationale and framework for international development cooperation. Its main argument is that in actual practice development cooperation has already moved beyond ...
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This collection of papers offers a new rationale and framework for international development cooperation. Its main argument is that in actual practice development cooperation has already moved beyond aid. In the name of aid (i.e., assistance to poor countries), we are today dealing with issues such as the ozone hole, global climate change, HIV, drug trafficking, and financial volatility. All of these issues are not really poverty related. Rather, they concern global housekeeping: ensuring an adequate provision of global public goods. Many important lessons could be drawn by first recognizing this fact – revealing innovative reforms toward more effective international policy making in the twenty‐first century.Less
This collection of papers offers a new rationale and framework for international development cooperation. Its main argument is that in actual practice development cooperation has already moved beyond aid. In the name of aid (i.e., assistance to poor countries), we are today dealing with issues such as the ozone hole, global climate change, HIV, drug trafficking, and financial volatility. All of these issues are not really poverty related. Rather, they concern global housekeeping: ensuring an adequate provision of global public goods. Many important lessons could be drawn by first recognizing this fact – revealing innovative reforms toward more effective international policy making in the twenty‐first century.
Anthony Ferner, Paddy Gunnigle, Javier Quintanilla, Hartmut Wächter, and Tony Edwards
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199274635
- eISBN:
- 9780191706530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274635.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
This chapter considers the balance between central control and subsidiary autonomy in HR policy and practice. US multinationals have been shown to centralize control of international HR policy ...
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This chapter considers the balance between central control and subsidiary autonomy in HR policy and practice. US multinationals have been shown to centralize control of international HR policy compared with multinationals of other nationalities. This chapter examines the organizational processes whereby particular patterns of centralization or autonomy are maintained, and how such patterns evolve over time. In explaining the mechanisms that drive changes in the centralization-autonomy balance, the chapter highlights the ability of actors at different levels of the multinational to influence policy choices through the deployment of a variety of power resources; the latter includes the leverage that local managers derive from their expert knowledge of the distinctive constraints and possibilities of their host business system. The factors that explain differences in the balance of centralization and autonomy between different multinationals are also explored.Less
This chapter considers the balance between central control and subsidiary autonomy in HR policy and practice. US multinationals have been shown to centralize control of international HR policy compared with multinationals of other nationalities. This chapter examines the organizational processes whereby particular patterns of centralization or autonomy are maintained, and how such patterns evolve over time. In explaining the mechanisms that drive changes in the centralization-autonomy balance, the chapter highlights the ability of actors at different levels of the multinational to influence policy choices through the deployment of a variety of power resources; the latter includes the leverage that local managers derive from their expert knowledge of the distinctive constraints and possibilities of their host business system. The factors that explain differences in the balance of centralization and autonomy between different multinationals are also explored.
Rosemary Foot
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292920
- eISBN:
- 9780191599286
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292929.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In its reconstruction of evolving US positions on key issues in the relationship with China, this book is able to explain the change in American–Chinese relations after 1949 from hostility to ...
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In its reconstruction of evolving US positions on key issues in the relationship with China, this book is able to explain the change in American–Chinese relations after 1949 from hostility to rapprochement, and to the full normalization of ties in 1979. The author then goes on to examine the relationship after normalization, a period when the United States has come to view China as less of a challenge, but still resistant to certain norms of the current international order. After an introductory chapter, the next three chapters of the book examine US efforts to build, and then maintain an international and domestic consensus behind its China policy, noting the steady erosion of support in both policy arenas. The next four chapters look at changing US perceptions of China’s capabilities, and show how US officials came to have a deeper appreciation of the overall restraints on Beijing’s power, especially as a result of the Sino-Soviet rift and the failure of policies associated with the Great Leap Forward. Finally, in the last chapter, it examines the effects on the relationship of China’s fuller exposure after 1979 to the ideas and values that predominate in the global system. Whilst many previous explanations of US relations with China have given primacy to the conditioning influence of the strategic triangle, this book recognizes the need to embed an understanding of American–Chinese relations within a wider structure of relationships at the global and domestic levels.Less
In its reconstruction of evolving US positions on key issues in the relationship with China, this book is able to explain the change in American–Chinese relations after 1949 from hostility to rapprochement, and to the full normalization of ties in 1979. The author then goes on to examine the relationship after normalization, a period when the United States has come to view China as less of a challenge, but still resistant to certain norms of the current international order. After an introductory chapter, the next three chapters of the book examine US efforts to build, and then maintain an international and domestic consensus behind its China policy, noting the steady erosion of support in both policy arenas. The next four chapters look at changing US perceptions of China’s capabilities, and show how US officials came to have a deeper appreciation of the overall restraints on Beijing’s power, especially as a result of the Sino-Soviet rift and the failure of policies associated with the Great Leap Forward. Finally, in the last chapter, it examines the effects on the relationship of China’s fuller exposure after 1979 to the ideas and values that predominate in the global system. Whilst many previous explanations of US relations with China have given primacy to the conditioning influence of the strategic triangle, this book recognizes the need to embed an understanding of American–Chinese relations within a wider structure of relationships at the global and domestic levels.
G. BRUCE DOERN and STEPHEN WILKS
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198280620
- eISBN:
- 9780191684371
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198280620.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter discusses a recent study by the Canadian Bureau of Competition Policy that concludes that the new focus on environmental regulation and competition law reflects a broader trend involving ...
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This chapter discusses a recent study by the Canadian Bureau of Competition Policy that concludes that the new focus on environmental regulation and competition law reflects a broader trend involving the internationalization of a wide range of policies which, up to now, have been considered domestic in nature. The chapter first reviews international efforts at harmonization. It then analyses outstanding issues with respect to the interface between domestic competition policy and international trade policy. The third section briefly evaluates the institutional implications that other countries are likely to face in the future if progress is to be made in the international co-ordination.Less
This chapter discusses a recent study by the Canadian Bureau of Competition Policy that concludes that the new focus on environmental regulation and competition law reflects a broader trend involving the internationalization of a wide range of policies which, up to now, have been considered domestic in nature. The chapter first reviews international efforts at harmonization. It then analyses outstanding issues with respect to the interface between domestic competition policy and international trade policy. The third section briefly evaluates the institutional implications that other countries are likely to face in the future if progress is to be made in the international co-ordination.
Barry Eichengreen and Peter Temin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263471
- eISBN:
- 9780191734786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263471.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
The Great Depression is one of those seminal events in the modern world economy on which policy-makers and market participants rely when formulating their conceptions of how market economies behave. ...
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The Great Depression is one of those seminal events in the modern world economy on which policy-makers and market participants rely when formulating their conceptions of how market economies behave. This chapter examines the international monetary policy formation during the Great Depression. It argues that the ideology of the gold standard led policy-makers to take actions that accentuated economic distress in the 1930s.Less
The Great Depression is one of those seminal events in the modern world economy on which policy-makers and market participants rely when formulating their conceptions of how market economies behave. This chapter examines the international monetary policy formation during the Great Depression. It argues that the ideology of the gold standard led policy-makers to take actions that accentuated economic distress in the 1930s.
Andrew Guzman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195387704
- eISBN:
- 9780199866762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387704.003.0017
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
In many respects, international competition policy already exists. Overlapping domestic legal regimes create a de facto regime that firms involved in international business must navigate. There are, ...
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In many respects, international competition policy already exists. Overlapping domestic legal regimes create a de facto regime that firms involved in international business must navigate. There are, however, almost no binding international agreements on the topic; there is no overarching institution that applies or enforces laws on competition; and there are no international requirements regarding procedural or substantive rules. This chapter addresses the following questions: What characterizes the relationship between domestic competition laws and international business activities? To what extent is international cooperation on competition policy likely or possible? Finally, given the answers to the first two questions, what form might international cooperation on competition policy take?Less
In many respects, international competition policy already exists. Overlapping domestic legal regimes create a de facto regime that firms involved in international business must navigate. There are, however, almost no binding international agreements on the topic; there is no overarching institution that applies or enforces laws on competition; and there are no international requirements regarding procedural or substantive rules. This chapter addresses the following questions: What characterizes the relationship between domestic competition laws and international business activities? To what extent is international cooperation on competition policy likely or possible? Finally, given the answers to the first two questions, what form might international cooperation on competition policy take?
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter reviews the historical development of the world opiate market, including the international policy regime that surrounds it. It explores the period of growth of the opiate market in the ...
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This chapter reviews the historical development of the world opiate market, including the international policy regime that surrounds it. It explores the period of growth of the opiate market in the nineteenth century, the decline that occurred during the first half of the twentieth century and the re-emergence and transformation that occurred during the latter part of the twentieth century. Historical evidence suggests that changes in policies especially the first and second International Opium Conventions of 1912 and 1925, played a part in the major reductions in opium consumption that occurred during the first half of twentieth century. The analysis of international and domestic drug control efforts indicate that increasing control and prohibition of opiates reflected cultural biases of western societies and governments.Less
This chapter reviews the historical development of the world opiate market, including the international policy regime that surrounds it. It explores the period of growth of the opiate market in the nineteenth century, the decline that occurred during the first half of the twentieth century and the re-emergence and transformation that occurred during the latter part of the twentieth century. Historical evidence suggests that changes in policies especially the first and second International Opium Conventions of 1912 and 1925, played a part in the major reductions in opium consumption that occurred during the first half of twentieth century. The analysis of international and domestic drug control efforts indicate that increasing control and prohibition of opiates reflected cultural biases of western societies and governments.
Christopher M.D. Wilkie
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199606467
- eISBN:
- 9780191731648
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199606467.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
SDRs could not prop up a Bretton Woods system without US support. And it is true that the SDR was no longer a priority for the US as post‐Bretton Woods arrangements consolidated themselves. ...
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SDRs could not prop up a Bretton Woods system without US support. And it is true that the SDR was no longer a priority for the US as post‐Bretton Woods arrangements consolidated themselves. Importantly, however, the US embrace of post‐Bretton Woods arrangements also included an accommodation of an SDR under the new system. The European Community and then European Union, as well as the IMF itself, also lost interest in the SDR as the complexities of both US international economic policy determination and international monetary governance intensified.Less
SDRs could not prop up a Bretton Woods system without US support. And it is true that the SDR was no longer a priority for the US as post‐Bretton Woods arrangements consolidated themselves. Importantly, however, the US embrace of post‐Bretton Woods arrangements also included an accommodation of an SDR under the new system. The European Community and then European Union, as well as the IMF itself, also lost interest in the SDR as the complexities of both US international economic policy determination and international monetary governance intensified.
Robert O’Sullivan and Rick Saines
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199565931
- eISBN:
- 9780191722028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565931.003.0027
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
Tropical forests play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and have consequently moved to the forefront of the discussion about how to effectively reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions ...
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Tropical forests play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and have consequently moved to the forefront of the discussion about how to effectively reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigate climate change. At the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 13th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) in Bali in December 2007, governments from around the world agreed to consider, over the next two years, ‘policy approaches and positive incentives’ for reducing emissions from tropical deforestation that might become part of an agreement that would follow on after the current commitments under the Kyoto Protocol expire. UNFCCC member states are currently undertaking a work program to consider different policy approaches to address emissions from tropical deforestation in the post-2012 agreement, to be finalized at COP 15 in Copenhagen in 2009. One of the policy options under consideration is a mechanism that would create positive incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). This chapter provides background on international forest carbon policies, making the case that market-based mechanisms are the most appropriate ways to provide the bulk of finance needed to address REDD. In this context it assesses challenges related to REDD and the recognition of credits for REDD in global carbon markets.Less
Tropical forests play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and have consequently moved to the forefront of the discussion about how to effectively reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigate climate change. At the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 13th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) in Bali in December 2007, governments from around the world agreed to consider, over the next two years, ‘policy approaches and positive incentives’ for reducing emissions from tropical deforestation that might become part of an agreement that would follow on after the current commitments under the Kyoto Protocol expire. UNFCCC member states are currently undertaking a work program to consider different policy approaches to address emissions from tropical deforestation in the post-2012 agreement, to be finalized at COP 15 in Copenhagen in 2009. One of the policy options under consideration is a mechanism that would create positive incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). This chapter provides background on international forest carbon policies, making the case that market-based mechanisms are the most appropriate ways to provide the bulk of finance needed to address REDD. In this context it assesses challenges related to REDD and the recognition of credits for REDD in global carbon markets.
Alexander Orakhelashvili
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546114
- eISBN:
- 9780191712203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546114.003.0020
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter examines how international jus cogens can be introduced into national legal systems through the devices of private international law, which is a question separate from what is dealt with ...
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This chapter examines how international jus cogens can be introduced into national legal systems through the devices of private international law, which is a question separate from what is dealt with in Chapter 18. It considers two options: the direct private international law effect of jus cogens; and international jus cogens/public policy being reflected in national public policies. Following up on this latter issue, the impact of jus cogens on the Act of State doctrine is examined. The jurisprudence of national courts is comprehensively covered.Less
This chapter examines how international jus cogens can be introduced into national legal systems through the devices of private international law, which is a question separate from what is dealt with in Chapter 18. It considers two options: the direct private international law effect of jus cogens; and international jus cogens/public policy being reflected in national public policies. Following up on this latter issue, the impact of jus cogens on the Act of State doctrine is examined. The jurisprudence of national courts is comprehensively covered.
Christopher Wilkie
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199606467
- eISBN:
- 9780191731648
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199606467.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Following the Rio Agreement in 1967, the birth of the Special Drawing Right (SDR) was widely heralded as the first step towards a world international money. The SDR's intended purpose, though, was ...
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Following the Rio Agreement in 1967, the birth of the Special Drawing Right (SDR) was widely heralded as the first step towards a world international money. The SDR's intended purpose, though, was more modest: to help salvage the prevailing international monetary system which had evolved since Bretton Woods. This volume examines the relatively recent and important history of SDRs—what they are, where they came from, and why they are significant. This book considers the changing roles and influences of the US and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as post‐Bretton Woods monetary arrangements established themselves. Despite their retreat from early acclaim, work continued, particularly at the Fund, on enhancing the potential of SDRs to contribute to international monetary stability, and SDRs have recently re‐emerged as a potential source of support and stability for the international monetary system underpinning the world economy. The SDR, and the debate surrounding it, is an excellent prism through which to examine other important themes in contemporary international political economy, including international liquidity provision and international monetary reform. Ultimately, the policies of the US, the IMF, and the changing nature of the relationship between them emerge as fundamental themes for an understanding of prospects for SDRs under post‐Bretton Woods international monetary arrangements. Today, the promise and disappointment that has characterized the short history of SDRs is more important than ever as the world again examines these arrangements in the wake of the international financial crisis.Less
Following the Rio Agreement in 1967, the birth of the Special Drawing Right (SDR) was widely heralded as the first step towards a world international money. The SDR's intended purpose, though, was more modest: to help salvage the prevailing international monetary system which had evolved since Bretton Woods. This volume examines the relatively recent and important history of SDRs—what they are, where they came from, and why they are significant. This book considers the changing roles and influences of the US and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as post‐Bretton Woods monetary arrangements established themselves. Despite their retreat from early acclaim, work continued, particularly at the Fund, on enhancing the potential of SDRs to contribute to international monetary stability, and SDRs have recently re‐emerged as a potential source of support and stability for the international monetary system underpinning the world economy. The SDR, and the debate surrounding it, is an excellent prism through which to examine other important themes in contemporary international political economy, including international liquidity provision and international monetary reform. Ultimately, the policies of the US, the IMF, and the changing nature of the relationship between them emerge as fundamental themes for an understanding of prospects for SDRs under post‐Bretton Woods international monetary arrangements. Today, the promise and disappointment that has characterized the short history of SDRs is more important than ever as the world again examines these arrangements in the wake of the international financial crisis.
Cecilia Fresnedo de Aguirre
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474447850
- eISBN:
- 9781474476492
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474447850.003.0021
- Subject:
- Law, Private International Law
This chapter focuses on the restricted character of international public policy and on the fact that though it belongs to each State, many of its fundamental principles are enshrined in human rights ...
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This chapter focuses on the restricted character of international public policy and on the fact that though it belongs to each State, many of its fundamental principles are enshrined in human rights conventions and private international law conventions and therefore are shared by all the States Parties to that convention, which enables the integration and articulation of diversity, at either a regional or a universal level. Consequently, the identification of those shared fundamental principles should increase the predictability of results in private international law cases and soften the barrier that the public policy exception imposes regarding foreign laws and judgments. Notwithstanding this, the aforementioned statements do not mean that the role of the public policy exception will disappear. In order to develop this argument, this chapter explains some key concepts such as those of international and domestic public policy, a posteriori and a priori public policy, their differences and similarities. It examines how public policy evolves over time alongside society and how that evolution is reflected in statutory and conventional rules.Less
This chapter focuses on the restricted character of international public policy and on the fact that though it belongs to each State, many of its fundamental principles are enshrined in human rights conventions and private international law conventions and therefore are shared by all the States Parties to that convention, which enables the integration and articulation of diversity, at either a regional or a universal level. Consequently, the identification of those shared fundamental principles should increase the predictability of results in private international law cases and soften the barrier that the public policy exception imposes regarding foreign laws and judgments. Notwithstanding this, the aforementioned statements do not mean that the role of the public policy exception will disappear. In order to develop this argument, this chapter explains some key concepts such as those of international and domestic public policy, a posteriori and a priori public policy, their differences and similarities. It examines how public policy evolves over time alongside society and how that evolution is reflected in statutory and conventional rules.
Julia von Dannenberg
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199228195
- eISBN:
- 9780191711367
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228195.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter presents the idea that the New Ostpolitik was both an integral part of and an independent force in German approach to Western détente policy. It could develop only in the context of the ...
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This chapter presents the idea that the New Ostpolitik was both an integral part of and an independent force in German approach to Western détente policy. It could develop only in the context of the international trend towards détente, but at the same time proved to be an independent policy of an economically and politically strengthened Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) that pursued German interests. This chapter discusses both the development from the ‘old’ to the ‘new’ Ostpolitik and its relation to international détente policy to provide a better understanding of the making of the Moscow Treaty as the start of New Ostpolitik.Less
This chapter presents the idea that the New Ostpolitik was both an integral part of and an independent force in German approach to Western détente policy. It could develop only in the context of the international trend towards détente, but at the same time proved to be an independent policy of an economically and politically strengthened Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) that pursued German interests. This chapter discusses both the development from the ‘old’ to the ‘new’ Ostpolitik and its relation to international détente policy to provide a better understanding of the making of the Moscow Treaty as the start of New Ostpolitik.
Thomas L. Brewer and Stephen Young
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293156
- eISBN:
- 9780191684951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293156.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
The multinational enterprise (MNE) has been one of the foremost economic, political, and social influences in the world economy for many decades. In response to its growth, important developments in ...
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The multinational enterprise (MNE) has been one of the foremost economic, political, and social influences in the world economy for many decades. In response to its growth, important developments in the international regime for investment took place, especially foreign direct investment (FDI). These include the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the subsequent negotiations of additional agreements with provisions concerning FDI. This book provides an assessment of international investment policies since the 1940s. It analyses current policy problems and identifies major policy dilemmas for the future. Aside from investment issues, it also reflects on the pervasive nature of the MNE by analysing questions of trade and technology, competition, and economic development.Less
The multinational enterprise (MNE) has been one of the foremost economic, political, and social influences in the world economy for many decades. In response to its growth, important developments in the international regime for investment took place, especially foreign direct investment (FDI). These include the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the subsequent negotiations of additional agreements with provisions concerning FDI. This book provides an assessment of international investment policies since the 1940s. It analyses current policy problems and identifies major policy dilemmas for the future. Aside from investment issues, it also reflects on the pervasive nature of the MNE by analysing questions of trade and technology, competition, and economic development.
Louisiana Lush and Oona Campbell
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192631985
- eISBN:
- 9780191723582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192631985.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter addresses the process by which reproductive health came to prominence in the early 1990s, focusing on the international actors involved and the process of negotiation between them. It ...
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This chapter addresses the process by which reproductive health came to prominence in the early 1990s, focusing on the international actors involved and the process of negotiation between them. It examines two high priority areas of reproductive health care in detail: efforts to reduce maternal mortality and efforts to integrate HIV/STI and family planning services. In so doing, the chapter aims to illustrate two features of international cooperation in health: first, how the process of global agenda-setting was driven by a small set of international actors with particular ideologies; and second, how, despite relatively simple and cheap technologies being available, this process of agenda setting limited the effectiveness with which appropriate interventions were implemented.Less
This chapter addresses the process by which reproductive health came to prominence in the early 1990s, focusing on the international actors involved and the process of negotiation between them. It examines two high priority areas of reproductive health care in detail: efforts to reduce maternal mortality and efforts to integrate HIV/STI and family planning services. In so doing, the chapter aims to illustrate two features of international cooperation in health: first, how the process of global agenda-setting was driven by a small set of international actors with particular ideologies; and second, how, despite relatively simple and cheap technologies being available, this process of agenda setting limited the effectiveness with which appropriate interventions were implemented.
Rosemary Foot
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292920
- eISBN:
- 9780191599286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292929.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This is the first of three chapters that analyse the connections between legitimacy and power, and seek to demonstrate the erosion of international and domestic support for America’s China policy. It ...
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This is the first of three chapters that analyse the connections between legitimacy and power, and seek to demonstrate the erosion of international and domestic support for America’s China policy. It presents an analysis of the evolution of the American position on the representation of China at the UN. This started as a determination to exclude the People’s Republic of China (PRC) when it was first proclaimed as an independent state in 1949, in favour of retaining the pro-American Republic of China (Taiwan). The period from 1951 to 1960 was one when the US managed to block debate on the question of PRC representation; after this, until 1971, the UN gradually enlarged and US interests became less guarded, so that in 1971 the PRC was finally admitted to the UN. The different sections of the chapter examine, in turn, the PRC’s objectives in becoming a member of the UN, the American attitude to the PRC and the impact on this of the Korean war, and shifts in international attitudes to the US position on the PRC. The final section discusses the impact of China’s entry to the UN on America, and notes that while Washington’s PRC exclusion policy had first led the US to suffer serious erosion of its international legitimacy, that erosion did cease, and the presence of the PRC in the UN began to bolster certain American interests.Less
This is the first of three chapters that analyse the connections between legitimacy and power, and seek to demonstrate the erosion of international and domestic support for America’s China policy. It presents an analysis of the evolution of the American position on the representation of China at the UN. This started as a determination to exclude the People’s Republic of China (PRC) when it was first proclaimed as an independent state in 1949, in favour of retaining the pro-American Republic of China (Taiwan). The period from 1951 to 1960 was one when the US managed to block debate on the question of PRC representation; after this, until 1971, the UN gradually enlarged and US interests became less guarded, so that in 1971 the PRC was finally admitted to the UN. The different sections of the chapter examine, in turn, the PRC’s objectives in becoming a member of the UN, the American attitude to the PRC and the impact on this of the Korean war, and shifts in international attitudes to the US position on the PRC. The final section discusses the impact of China’s entry to the UN on America, and notes that while Washington’s PRC exclusion policy had first led the US to suffer serious erosion of its international legitimacy, that erosion did cease, and the presence of the PRC in the UN began to bolster certain American interests.
Tim Lang, David Barling, and Martin Caraher
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198567882
- eISBN:
- 9780191724121
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567882.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter explores how and why the food system has the shape it does, in order to assess whether and how the various food sectors are rising to the ecological public health challenge; and if not, ...
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This chapter explores how and why the food system has the shape it does, in order to assess whether and how the various food sectors are rising to the ecological public health challenge; and if not, how to encourage or make them do so. For decades, food producers have been locked into demands to increase output and to produce whatever they do more cheaply. Now, from health, environmental and societal interests, different urgent messages emanate, but can food businesses engage? Some argue that they can and must, which others claim that they cannot and are locked-in.Less
This chapter explores how and why the food system has the shape it does, in order to assess whether and how the various food sectors are rising to the ecological public health challenge; and if not, how to encourage or make them do so. For decades, food producers have been locked into demands to increase output and to produce whatever they do more cheaply. Now, from health, environmental and societal interests, different urgent messages emanate, but can food businesses engage? Some argue that they can and must, which others claim that they cannot and are locked-in.
Pedro Conceiçāo
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195179972
- eISBN:
- 9780199850709
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179972.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter examines the emergence of new actors and purposes and the increase in diversity of financing mechanisms in international cooperation. It suggests that growth in international financing ...
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This chapter examines the emergence of new actors and purposes and the increase in diversity of financing mechanisms in international cooperation. It suggests that growth in international financing mechanisms and their increasing diversity may be attributed to the broadened international policy agenda, which now includes concerns related to the provision of global public goods as well as development assistance. It explains that along with governments, business and civil society actors are increasingly participating as financiers in international cooperation efforts.Less
This chapter examines the emergence of new actors and purposes and the increase in diversity of financing mechanisms in international cooperation. It suggests that growth in international financing mechanisms and their increasing diversity may be attributed to the broadened international policy agenda, which now includes concerns related to the provision of global public goods as well as development assistance. It explains that along with governments, business and civil society actors are increasingly participating as financiers in international cooperation efforts.
Christopher M.D. Wilkie
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199606467
- eISBN:
- 9780191731648
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199606467.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) were announced to the world at the International Monetary Fund's annual meeting in Rio de Janeiro in 1967. Only a few years later, the IMF incorporated in its Articles ...
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Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) were announced to the world at the International Monetary Fund's annual meeting in Rio de Janeiro in 1967. Only a few years later, the IMF incorporated in its Articles of Agreement the proviso that SDRs become the principal reserve asset of the international monetary system. Why has this not occurred? Are SDRs still relevant to the world economy today, particularly in the wake of the international financial crisis?Less
Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) were announced to the world at the International Monetary Fund's annual meeting in Rio de Janeiro in 1967. Only a few years later, the IMF incorporated in its Articles of Agreement the proviso that SDRs become the principal reserve asset of the international monetary system. Why has this not occurred? Are SDRs still relevant to the world economy today, particularly in the wake of the international financial crisis?
