Leah F. Vosko
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574810
- eISBN:
- 9780191722080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574810.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, HRM / IR
This chapter traces the prehistory of the SER at the national and international levels, demonstrating its gendered roots. Building on scholarship in women's history illustrating how early attempts to ...
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This chapter traces the prehistory of the SER at the national and international levels, demonstrating its gendered roots. Building on scholarship in women's history illustrating how early attempts to establish minimum conditions of work at the national level centred on ‘protecting women’, it traces the emergence of a parallel emphasis in international labour legislation. The selection of initial subjects for international labour legislation was framed by contestation between and amongst trade unionists, working‐class and liberal feminists, women social reformers, and philanthropists over whether to pursue ‘equal protection’ for men and women or protection for women exclusively. The earliest international labour regulations, devised initially by the International Association for Labour Legislation and developed subsequently by the ILO, nevertheless included sex‐specific regulations on maternity and night work. By cultivating a male breadwinner/female caregiver gender contract, such regulations helped lay the foundation for the SER as a normative model of male employment.Less
This chapter traces the prehistory of the SER at the national and international levels, demonstrating its gendered roots. Building on scholarship in women's history illustrating how early attempts to establish minimum conditions of work at the national level centred on ‘protecting women’, it traces the emergence of a parallel emphasis in international labour legislation. The selection of initial subjects for international labour legislation was framed by contestation between and amongst trade unionists, working‐class and liberal feminists, women social reformers, and philanthropists over whether to pursue ‘equal protection’ for men and women or protection for women exclusively. The earliest international labour regulations, devised initially by the International Association for Labour Legislation and developed subsequently by the ILO, nevertheless included sex‐specific regulations on maternity and night work. By cultivating a male breadwinner/female caregiver gender contract, such regulations helped lay the foundation for the SER as a normative model of male employment.
Mark Weston Janis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579341
- eISBN:
- 9780191722653
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579341.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Legal History
It is easy to mock the great expectations of late 19th- and early 20th-century Americans about the promise of international law. With hindsight, it is known that between 1914 and 1945, ‘civilized’ ...
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It is easy to mock the great expectations of late 19th- and early 20th-century Americans about the promise of international law. With hindsight, it is known that between 1914 and 1945, ‘civilized’ Europe and America were engulfed in two bloody world wars killing tens of millions, and that since 1945, all the world's peoples have been threatened by possible annihilation by nuclear weapons and other terrors. Such horrors were undreamt of a hundred years ago. What Americans knew at the end of the 19th century was their own past, a much more encouraging history. This chapter begins with the highpoint of 19th-century American international law idealism: the Alabama arbitration of 1872. It then looks to the International Law Association, established in 1873, and to the religious believers in international law of the period, and asks to what extent their belief in the progress of international law was justified.Less
It is easy to mock the great expectations of late 19th- and early 20th-century Americans about the promise of international law. With hindsight, it is known that between 1914 and 1945, ‘civilized’ Europe and America were engulfed in two bloody world wars killing tens of millions, and that since 1945, all the world's peoples have been threatened by possible annihilation by nuclear weapons and other terrors. Such horrors were undreamt of a hundred years ago. What Americans knew at the end of the 19th century was their own past, a much more encouraging history. This chapter begins with the highpoint of 19th-century American international law idealism: the Alabama arbitration of 1872. It then looks to the International Law Association, established in 1873, and to the religious believers in international law of the period, and asks to what extent their belief in the progress of international law was justified.
Kathryn C. Lavelle
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199765348
- eISBN:
- 9780199918959
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765348.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter explores the building stage of the relationships among Congress, the IMF, and the World Bank, along with their domestic constituencies in American politics. The exogenous change that ...
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This chapter explores the building stage of the relationships among Congress, the IMF, and the World Bank, along with their domestic constituencies in American politics. The exogenous change that facilitated this process was the gradual resumption of international lending after World War II when Citibank and Chase Manhattan extended their branch banking operations overseas. As the work programs of the IMF and World Bank evolved, they reached out to the corporate community and Wall Street, initially to enable securities legislation permitting the World Bank to raise capital domestically. The chapter argues that internationalists, together with banks and large corporations, forged a powerful bloc of support by promoting the Bretton Woods institutions as a rival development strategy to the communist one during the Cold War. The bloc subsequently assisted in passing legislation creating two new agencies under the umbrella of the World Bank Group, the International Development Association and the International Finance Corporation. An important mechanism of congressional advocacy in these years was the insertion of provisions in legislation creating them that influenced their early functioning.Less
This chapter explores the building stage of the relationships among Congress, the IMF, and the World Bank, along with their domestic constituencies in American politics. The exogenous change that facilitated this process was the gradual resumption of international lending after World War II when Citibank and Chase Manhattan extended their branch banking operations overseas. As the work programs of the IMF and World Bank evolved, they reached out to the corporate community and Wall Street, initially to enable securities legislation permitting the World Bank to raise capital domestically. The chapter argues that internationalists, together with banks and large corporations, forged a powerful bloc of support by promoting the Bretton Woods institutions as a rival development strategy to the communist one during the Cold War. The bloc subsequently assisted in passing legislation creating two new agencies under the umbrella of the World Bank Group, the International Development Association and the International Finance Corporation. An important mechanism of congressional advocacy in these years was the insertion of provisions in legislation creating them that influenced their early functioning.
PAUL LAITY
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199248353
- eISBN:
- 9780191714672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248353.003.01
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The first peace movement in Britain emerged in response to the Napoleonic Wars and involved both pacifists and pacific-ists. The pacifists were mostly, but not only, Quakers, whereas the pacific-ists ...
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The first peace movement in Britain emerged in response to the Napoleonic Wars and involved both pacifists and pacific-ists. The pacifists were mostly, but not only, Quakers, whereas the pacific-ists were Painite radicals and ‘rational Christians’ who denied that the government was engaged in a defensive struggle and called for British neutrality. In 1816, the year after the fighting finally stopped, the first British peace association was formed: the short-lived, pacific-ist Society for Abolishing War. A more successful attempt was made the same year when a group of Quakers and other Christian pacifists launched the Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace, also known as the Peace Society. The Peace Society would be the most important British peace association for the next hundred years. This chapter also discusses the impact of the Crimean War on the peace movement in Britain, the emergence of Mazzinian artisan radicalism, the founding of the International Working Men's Association, and the Reform League.Less
The first peace movement in Britain emerged in response to the Napoleonic Wars and involved both pacifists and pacific-ists. The pacifists were mostly, but not only, Quakers, whereas the pacific-ists were Painite radicals and ‘rational Christians’ who denied that the government was engaged in a defensive struggle and called for British neutrality. In 1816, the year after the fighting finally stopped, the first British peace association was formed: the short-lived, pacific-ist Society for Abolishing War. A more successful attempt was made the same year when a group of Quakers and other Christian pacifists launched the Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace, also known as the Peace Society. The Peace Society would be the most important British peace association for the next hundred years. This chapter also discusses the impact of the Crimean War on the peace movement in Britain, the emergence of Mazzinian artisan radicalism, the founding of the International Working Men's Association, and the Reform League.
John S. Ahlquist and Margaret Levi
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691158563
- eISBN:
- 9781400848652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691158563.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter examines two business unions, the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) and the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA). Business unions differ from each other as well as ...
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This chapter examines two business unions, the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) and the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA). Business unions differ from each other as well as from activist unions. Some, like the Teamsters, are legitimate unions whose leaders, while far less constrained and far better compensated than those in the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU), are nonetheless subject to regulation and re-election. Others, such as the ILA, are little more than a protection racket, whose leaders prey upon members and collaborate with employers and the mob. Unlike the leadership of activist unions, business union leaders believe that expanding the scope of the union's activities is costly, with few, if any, downstream benefits. If leaders provide sufficient selective incentives in services, patronage, or coercion, then the members are likely to comply.Less
This chapter examines two business unions, the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) and the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA). Business unions differ from each other as well as from activist unions. Some, like the Teamsters, are legitimate unions whose leaders, while far less constrained and far better compensated than those in the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU), are nonetheless subject to regulation and re-election. Others, such as the ILA, are little more than a protection racket, whose leaders prey upon members and collaborate with employers and the mob. Unlike the leadership of activist unions, business union leaders believe that expanding the scope of the union's activities is costly, with few, if any, downstream benefits. If leaders provide sufficient selective incentives in services, patronage, or coercion, then the members are likely to comply.
Kathryn C. Lavelle
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199765348
- eISBN:
- 9780199918959
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765348.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In this chapter, the IMF, World Bank, and Congress entered the revived stage of the relationship among them. The revival was triggered externally by the international dimensions of the 2008 financial ...
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In this chapter, the IMF, World Bank, and Congress entered the revived stage of the relationship among them. The revival was triggered externally by the international dimensions of the 2008 financial crisis. Internal change in the legislature came from the election of democratic President Barack Obama, ending the earlier period of divided government. The chapter argues that through congressional advocacy efforts, the IMF received an increase in its New Arrangements to Borrow, following an informal agreement to modify some conditionality and transparency practices. The World Bank achieved the authorization and appropriation for the fifteenth replenishment of the International Development Association, with provisions over the use of the labor indicator in the Doing Business report. The role of the IMF in the Eurozone bailouts associated with the Greek and Irish crises is not conclusive in 2011. However, the era of divided government that facilitated a certain degree of support for the Bretton Woods institutions ended with the close of the 111th Congress. The length and character of the revival faces the obstacle of the collapse of the traditional constituencies of support for the IMF and World Bank in the international banking communities in the long term.Less
In this chapter, the IMF, World Bank, and Congress entered the revived stage of the relationship among them. The revival was triggered externally by the international dimensions of the 2008 financial crisis. Internal change in the legislature came from the election of democratic President Barack Obama, ending the earlier period of divided government. The chapter argues that through congressional advocacy efforts, the IMF received an increase in its New Arrangements to Borrow, following an informal agreement to modify some conditionality and transparency practices. The World Bank achieved the authorization and appropriation for the fifteenth replenishment of the International Development Association, with provisions over the use of the labor indicator in the Doing Business report. The role of the IMF in the Eurozone bailouts associated with the Greek and Irish crises is not conclusive in 2011. However, the era of divided government that facilitated a certain degree of support for the Bretton Woods institutions ended with the close of the 111th Congress. The length and character of the revival faces the obstacle of the collapse of the traditional constituencies of support for the IMF and World Bank in the international banking communities in the long term.
Ruben Lee
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691133539
- eISBN:
- 9781400836970
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691133539.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter seeks to compare how different jurisdictions allocate regulatory powers over their securities markets. Rather than seek to present detailed descriptions of how any specific jurisdictions ...
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This chapter seeks to compare how different jurisdictions allocate regulatory powers over their securities markets. Rather than seek to present detailed descriptions of how any specific jurisdictions allocate such regulatory responsibilities, three surveys on the topic, covering various jurisdictions and institutions, are described and evaluated. The chapter is composed of four sections. The first two summarize key results from two surveys that examine the regulation of securities markets, and how regulatory powers over such markets are allocated—one prepared by the World Federation of Exchanges in 2004, and the other by the International Council of Securities Associations in 2006. The third section presents the results of a survey undertaken in 2006 for this book on how regulatory authority is allocated in eight jurisdictions with large securities markets. Conclusions are presented in the last section.Less
This chapter seeks to compare how different jurisdictions allocate regulatory powers over their securities markets. Rather than seek to present detailed descriptions of how any specific jurisdictions allocate such regulatory responsibilities, three surveys on the topic, covering various jurisdictions and institutions, are described and evaluated. The chapter is composed of four sections. The first two summarize key results from two surveys that examine the regulation of securities markets, and how regulatory powers over such markets are allocated—one prepared by the World Federation of Exchanges in 2004, and the other by the International Council of Securities Associations in 2006. The third section presents the results of a survey undertaken in 2006 for this book on how regulatory authority is allocated in eight jurisdictions with large securities markets. Conclusions are presented in the last section.
Andrew Zimmerman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469624181
- eISBN:
- 9781469624204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469624181.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
This chapter examines how the American Civil War influenced Karl Marx and changed the meaning of revolution, and particularly the American Revolution of 1861–1877. Through their observations and ...
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This chapter examines how the American Civil War influenced Karl Marx and changed the meaning of revolution, and particularly the American Revolution of 1861–1877. Through their observations and analyses of the Civil War, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a recognizably Marxist understanding of revolutionary politics and the Marxism of the three volumes of Capital. Marx's observations of the American struggle over slavery contributed to his theory of surplus value, which he developed for the International Workingmen's Association (First International). This chapter first considers Marx's views about Horace Greeley's American socialism and Henry Carey's harmony of interests doctrine before exploring how the Civil War and Marxism developed in tandem as components of a dynamic transnational set of revolutionary movements. It then links Marxist interpretation of the Civil War as a bourgeois revolution to the Popular Front of 1934–1939 and the communist struggle against fascism.Less
This chapter examines how the American Civil War influenced Karl Marx and changed the meaning of revolution, and particularly the American Revolution of 1861–1877. Through their observations and analyses of the Civil War, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a recognizably Marxist understanding of revolutionary politics and the Marxism of the three volumes of Capital. Marx's observations of the American struggle over slavery contributed to his theory of surplus value, which he developed for the International Workingmen's Association (First International). This chapter first considers Marx's views about Horace Greeley's American socialism and Henry Carey's harmony of interests doctrine before exploring how the Civil War and Marxism developed in tandem as components of a dynamic transnational set of revolutionary movements. It then links Marxist interpretation of the Civil War as a bourgeois revolution to the Popular Front of 1934–1939 and the communist struggle against fascism.
Walter W. Holland, Jørn Olsen, and Charles du V. Florey (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198569541
- eISBN:
- 9780191724077
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569541.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book marks the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the International Epidemiological Association (IEA). It is a compendium by the world's leading epidemiologists of how the field has ...
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This book marks the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the International Epidemiological Association (IEA). It is a compendium by the world's leading epidemiologists of how the field has developed, and how it can be (and has been) applied to the control of common conditions and threats to public health. Five distinct sections detail through the wealth of material. The first section gives an historical account of the concepts and ideas, and current importance of epidemiology to global health issues and to organisations such as the WHO. The second section illustrates the advances and contributions to epidemiologic knowledge and the control of disease in specific areas such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, tuberculosis, maternal and child health, non-biologic disorders such as war and disasters, and new infectious diseases. The next section outlines the use of epidemiology in areas such as public health, health services, occupational and environmental medicine, and social epidemiology and nutrition. Section Four discusses methodological developments such as statistics, information sources, investigation of disease outbreaks, and clinical epidemiology. The final section looks at how the subject has developed internationally, with perspectives on regions such as the Americas, Poland, Spain, Eastern Mediterranean, New Zealand, China, Thailand, and Japan. This insight into how epidemiology has developed is essential reading for both existing and aspiring epidemiologists, as well as public health practitioners and health managers.Less
This book marks the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the International Epidemiological Association (IEA). It is a compendium by the world's leading epidemiologists of how the field has developed, and how it can be (and has been) applied to the control of common conditions and threats to public health. Five distinct sections detail through the wealth of material. The first section gives an historical account of the concepts and ideas, and current importance of epidemiology to global health issues and to organisations such as the WHO. The second section illustrates the advances and contributions to epidemiologic knowledge and the control of disease in specific areas such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, tuberculosis, maternal and child health, non-biologic disorders such as war and disasters, and new infectious diseases. The next section outlines the use of epidemiology in areas such as public health, health services, occupational and environmental medicine, and social epidemiology and nutrition. Section Four discusses methodological developments such as statistics, information sources, investigation of disease outbreaks, and clinical epidemiology. The final section looks at how the subject has developed internationally, with perspectives on regions such as the Americas, Poland, Spain, Eastern Mediterranean, New Zealand, China, Thailand, and Japan. This insight into how epidemiology has developed is essential reading for both existing and aspiring epidemiologists, as well as public health practitioners and health managers.
Junji Nakagawa
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199604661
- eISBN:
- 9780191731679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604661.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter analyzes international harmonization of financial regulation. This is a relatively new regulatory area, with international harmonization efforts starting only in the 1980s. ...
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This chapter analyzes international harmonization of financial regulation. This is a relatively new regulatory area, with international harmonization efforts starting only in the 1980s. Sector-specific regulatory coordination and harmonization efforts are traced in the fields of banking regulation (Basel Concordat, Basel Accord and Basel II), securities regulation (IOSCO MOUs and the Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation) and insurance regulation. Cross-sector regulatory coordination and harmonization by the Joint Forum are also analyzed. The chapter concludes with detailed analyses of developments after the Lehman Shock, notably activities of the G20 toward the formulation of Basel III.Less
This chapter analyzes international harmonization of financial regulation. This is a relatively new regulatory area, with international harmonization efforts starting only in the 1980s. Sector-specific regulatory coordination and harmonization efforts are traced in the fields of banking regulation (Basel Concordat, Basel Accord and Basel II), securities regulation (IOSCO MOUs and the Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation) and insurance regulation. Cross-sector regulatory coordination and harmonization by the Joint Forum are also analyzed. The chapter concludes with detailed analyses of developments after the Lehman Shock, notably activities of the G20 toward the formulation of Basel III.
Daniel Laqua
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719088834
- eISBN:
- 9781781706183
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719088834.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
At the fin de siècle, Belgium experienced a period of great cultural dynamism, as reflected in influential artistic movements, literary periodicals and manifold efforts for social reform. This ...
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At the fin de siècle, Belgium experienced a period of great cultural dynamism, as reflected in influential artistic movements, literary periodicals and manifold efforts for social reform. This chapter considers two individuals whose endeavours seem to embody the optimism of this period: the bibliographer Paul Otlet and his friend Henri La Fontaine, a Socialist senator, pacifist leader and Nobel Peace laureate. The two started their collaboration in the circles of Brussels-based sociology, and subsequently launched various international projects, including the International Institute of Bibliography, the Union of International Associations, the Palais Mondial in Brussels and the project of a world capital (Cité Mondiale). Their efforts covered science, politics and the arts, constituting an internationalism with universal ambitions. The chapter draws attention to the settings in which activists such as Otlet and La Fontaine operated. To this end, it looks beyond the Great War and addresses wider subjects, such as the League of Nations’ work for intellectual cooperation.Less
At the fin de siècle, Belgium experienced a period of great cultural dynamism, as reflected in influential artistic movements, literary periodicals and manifold efforts for social reform. This chapter considers two individuals whose endeavours seem to embody the optimism of this period: the bibliographer Paul Otlet and his friend Henri La Fontaine, a Socialist senator, pacifist leader and Nobel Peace laureate. The two started their collaboration in the circles of Brussels-based sociology, and subsequently launched various international projects, including the International Institute of Bibliography, the Union of International Associations, the Palais Mondial in Brussels and the project of a world capital (Cité Mondiale). Their efforts covered science, politics and the arts, constituting an internationalism with universal ambitions. The chapter draws attention to the settings in which activists such as Otlet and La Fontaine operated. To this end, it looks beyond the Great War and addresses wider subjects, such as the League of Nations’ work for intellectual cooperation.
Greg Ruth
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780252043895
- eISBN:
- 9780252052798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sport and Leisure
This chapter addresses the years preceding and immediately following Open Tennis competition between amateurs and professionals that began in 1968. Jack Kramer had begun to step-back from leading ...
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This chapter addresses the years preceding and immediately following Open Tennis competition between amateurs and professionals that began in 1968. Jack Kramer had begun to step-back from leading professional tennis in the 1960s allowing for the International Professional Tennis Players’ Association to assume an increased role in scheduling professional tennis matches in the United States and around the world. A new organization called the National Tennis League soon had a number of the best professionals under contract. At the same time the national amateur associations that governed the game in the International Lawn Tennis Federation renewed on-again, off-again calls for open competition. The Lawn Tennis Association’s ties with the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club meant the British would take the lead in pushing a successful vote for Open Tennis.Less
This chapter addresses the years preceding and immediately following Open Tennis competition between amateurs and professionals that began in 1968. Jack Kramer had begun to step-back from leading professional tennis in the 1960s allowing for the International Professional Tennis Players’ Association to assume an increased role in scheduling professional tennis matches in the United States and around the world. A new organization called the National Tennis League soon had a number of the best professionals under contract. At the same time the national amateur associations that governed the game in the International Lawn Tennis Federation renewed on-again, off-again calls for open competition. The Lawn Tennis Association’s ties with the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club meant the British would take the lead in pushing a successful vote for Open Tennis.
Mark A. Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199660285
- eISBN:
- 9780191757716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660285.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
At the Paris Peace Conference, liberal internationalists maintained that the international system could be regulated by a new League of Nations and an international court to settle political ...
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At the Paris Peace Conference, liberal internationalists maintained that the international system could be regulated by a new League of Nations and an international court to settle political disputes. This was not an international criminal court, however. Later, different European jurists adopted that project for liberal and conservative purposes. In 1920 Baron Edouard Descamps proposed a non-permanent international criminal court with jurisdiction over aggressive war and war crimes, but also over “crimes against the international order,” meaning socialist revolution. Romanian jurist Vespasien V. Pella wanted to create an international criminal court to prevent wars of aggression, as well as create a new tool that would allow states to protect themselves against transnational crime, revolutionary socialism, and terrorism. The movement to build the new field of international criminal law in the 1920s had very little success because it was out of step with other legal and political developments in the League and could not resolve jurisdictional conflicts among states. By 1929, criminological jurists had helped write an anti-counterfeiting convention, but they needed a new project that would attract state officials to their grand vision of creating an international legal system based on criminal laws. The rise of new forms of terrorism provided that opportunity.Less
At the Paris Peace Conference, liberal internationalists maintained that the international system could be regulated by a new League of Nations and an international court to settle political disputes. This was not an international criminal court, however. Later, different European jurists adopted that project for liberal and conservative purposes. In 1920 Baron Edouard Descamps proposed a non-permanent international criminal court with jurisdiction over aggressive war and war crimes, but also over “crimes against the international order,” meaning socialist revolution. Romanian jurist Vespasien V. Pella wanted to create an international criminal court to prevent wars of aggression, as well as create a new tool that would allow states to protect themselves against transnational crime, revolutionary socialism, and terrorism. The movement to build the new field of international criminal law in the 1920s had very little success because it was out of step with other legal and political developments in the League and could not resolve jurisdictional conflicts among states. By 1929, criminological jurists had helped write an anti-counterfeiting convention, but they needed a new project that would attract state officials to their grand vision of creating an international legal system based on criminal laws. The rise of new forms of terrorism provided that opportunity.
Angeline Barretta-Herman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195333619
- eISBN:
- 9780199918195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333619.003.0054
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
The establishment of social work programs worldwide has grown exponentially in the last twenty years, notably in the Pacific Rim, Eastern Europe, and Africa. In 2000, the board of the International ...
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The establishment of social work programs worldwide has grown exponentially in the last twenty years, notably in the Pacific Rim, Eastern Europe, and Africa. In 2000, the board of the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) commissioned a world census of social work programs and established a permanent standing committee charged with tracking program development as part of the IASSW commitment to social work education. The purpose of a membership survey in 2005 was to elicit from member programs mid-decade data on those characteristics of social work programs that had been asked about in the 2000 census. This chapter presents a reanalysis of the 2005 membership survey data to explore the assumption that IASSW member schools were meeting the stipulations in the Global Standards.Less
The establishment of social work programs worldwide has grown exponentially in the last twenty years, notably in the Pacific Rim, Eastern Europe, and Africa. In 2000, the board of the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) commissioned a world census of social work programs and established a permanent standing committee charged with tracking program development as part of the IASSW commitment to social work education. The purpose of a membership survey in 2005 was to elicit from member programs mid-decade data on those characteristics of social work programs that had been asked about in the 2000 census. This chapter presents a reanalysis of the 2005 membership survey data to explore the assumption that IASSW member schools were meeting the stipulations in the Global Standards.
Nicolás M. Perrone
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198862147
- eISBN:
- 9780191894831
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198862147.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
In the post-World War II period, business leaders, bankers, and their lawyers decided it was their time to write the rules of the global economy. They felt that the nationalization of the ...
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In the post-World War II period, business leaders, bankers, and their lawyers decided it was their time to write the rules of the global economy. They felt that the nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (in 1951) and of the Suez Canal (in 1956), together with increasing state economic intervention all around the world, warranted a call for action. They formed a coalition to enable and safeguard a world of free enterprise; promoting and protecting foreign private investment was a top priority. This chapter examines who these norm entrepreneurs were, their networks, and how they captured the space of international investment law to advance their world-making project. As individuals and through professional associations, they imagined quite detailed institutions and standards for this legal field. They discussed foreign investor rights, indirect expropriation, fair and equitable treatment, the internationalization of contracts, reliance, the inadequacy of local remedies, and the crucial role of international arbitration.Less
In the post-World War II period, business leaders, bankers, and their lawyers decided it was their time to write the rules of the global economy. They felt that the nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (in 1951) and of the Suez Canal (in 1956), together with increasing state economic intervention all around the world, warranted a call for action. They formed a coalition to enable and safeguard a world of free enterprise; promoting and protecting foreign private investment was a top priority. This chapter examines who these norm entrepreneurs were, their networks, and how they captured the space of international investment law to advance their world-making project. As individuals and through professional associations, they imagined quite detailed institutions and standards for this legal field. They discussed foreign investor rights, indirect expropriation, fair and equitable treatment, the internationalization of contracts, reliance, the inadequacy of local remedies, and the crucial role of international arbitration.
Hong-Lin Yu
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781845861070
- eISBN:
- 9781474406154
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781845861070.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This book provides a practical guide to the Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010 together with comparative international case studies. It provides a thorough analysis of the Arbitration (Scotland) Act ...
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This book provides a practical guide to the Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010 together with comparative international case studies. It provides a thorough analysis of the Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010 (which provides a modern statutory framework for domestic and international arbitration in Scotland) and the most important current issues that are arising in the field of international commercial arbitration. It includes a number of highly relevant legal case studies that compare Scottish and international practice. These provide a practical insight into the various aspects of arbitration. It also includes a number of chapters on international practice. These cover UNCITRAL Model Law, UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, institutional arbitration rules, and International Bar Association arbitration guidelines.Less
This book provides a practical guide to the Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010 together with comparative international case studies. It provides a thorough analysis of the Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010 (which provides a modern statutory framework for domestic and international arbitration in Scotland) and the most important current issues that are arising in the field of international commercial arbitration. It includes a number of highly relevant legal case studies that compare Scottish and international practice. These provide a practical insight into the various aspects of arbitration. It also includes a number of chapters on international practice. These cover UNCITRAL Model Law, UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, institutional arbitration rules, and International Bar Association arbitration guidelines.
Michael C. Connolly
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813037226
- eISBN:
- 9780813041759
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813037226.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The early twentieth century was destabilizing for many Americans, not least the Portland longshoremen. They had to deal with economic recessions, the increasing power of the international steamship ...
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The early twentieth century was destabilizing for many Americans, not least the Portland longshoremen. They had to deal with economic recessions, the increasing power of the international steamship companies for whom they worked, and the arrival of other ethnic immigrants into the city, mainly Italian and eastern Europeans. Two maritime strikes (1911 and 1913) ended badly for the Portland Longshoremen's Benevolent Society. The preservation of the limited sling load, protection of working conditions, ethnic tension with Italians and the presence of other ethnic workers sometimes acting as strike breakers, and the loss of two strikes along with other challenges prompted the society to affiliate with the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) in 1914. Now within the ILA, the highpoint in union membership at 1,366 would be achieved in the year 1919.Less
The early twentieth century was destabilizing for many Americans, not least the Portland longshoremen. They had to deal with economic recessions, the increasing power of the international steamship companies for whom they worked, and the arrival of other ethnic immigrants into the city, mainly Italian and eastern Europeans. Two maritime strikes (1911 and 1913) ended badly for the Portland Longshoremen's Benevolent Society. The preservation of the limited sling load, protection of working conditions, ethnic tension with Italians and the presence of other ethnic workers sometimes acting as strike breakers, and the loss of two strikes along with other challenges prompted the society to affiliate with the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) in 1914. Now within the ILA, the highpoint in union membership at 1,366 would be achieved in the year 1919.
John Pemberton
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198569541
- eISBN:
- 9780191724077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569541.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter begins recollections of how epidemiology was perceived in the 1930s. It then discusses the concept of social medicine in relation to clinical medicine, politics, and war as well as the ...
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This chapter begins recollections of how epidemiology was perceived in the 1930s. It then discusses the concept of social medicine in relation to clinical medicine, politics, and war as well as the acceptance of social medicine as part of physicians' training. The establishment of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and origins and contribution to epidemiology of the International Epidemiological Association are discussed.Less
This chapter begins recollections of how epidemiology was perceived in the 1930s. It then discusses the concept of social medicine in relation to clinical medicine, politics, and war as well as the acceptance of social medicine as part of physicians' training. The establishment of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and origins and contribution to epidemiology of the International Epidemiological Association are discussed.
Mark Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199660285
- eISBN:
- 9780191757716
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660285.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
The Birth of the New Justice explains the history of plans for ad hoc and permanent international criminal courts and new international criminal laws to repress aggressive war, war ...
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The Birth of the New Justice explains the history of plans for ad hoc and permanent international criminal courts and new international criminal laws to repress aggressive war, war crimes, terrorism, and genocide. Rather than arguing that these legal projects were attempts by state governments to project a “liberal legalism” and create an international state system that limited sovereignty, the book shows that European jurists in a variety of transnational organizations developed their ideas due to diverse motives—liberal, conservative, utopian, humanitarian, nationalist, and particularist. European jurists at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 created a controversial new philosophy of prosecution and punishment, and during the following decades, jurists in different organizations, including the International Law Association, International Association of Criminal Law, the World Jewish Congress, and the International Committee of the Red Cross, transformed the idea of the legitimacy of post-war trials and the concept of international crime to deal with myriad social and political problems. The concept of an international criminal court was never static, and the idea that national tribunals would form an integral part of an international system to enforce new laws was frequently advanced as a pragmatic—and politically convenient—solution.Less
The Birth of the New Justice explains the history of plans for ad hoc and permanent international criminal courts and new international criminal laws to repress aggressive war, war crimes, terrorism, and genocide. Rather than arguing that these legal projects were attempts by state governments to project a “liberal legalism” and create an international state system that limited sovereignty, the book shows that European jurists in a variety of transnational organizations developed their ideas due to diverse motives—liberal, conservative, utopian, humanitarian, nationalist, and particularist. European jurists at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 created a controversial new philosophy of prosecution and punishment, and during the following decades, jurists in different organizations, including the International Law Association, International Association of Criminal Law, the World Jewish Congress, and the International Committee of the Red Cross, transformed the idea of the legitimacy of post-war trials and the concept of international crime to deal with myriad social and political problems. The concept of an international criminal court was never static, and the idea that national tribunals would form an integral part of an international system to enforce new laws was frequently advanced as a pragmatic—and politically convenient—solution.
Arman Sarvarian
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199679461
- eISBN:
- 9780191758522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679461.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Legal Profession and Ethics, Public International Law
This chapter explores the feasibility of professionalization through the articulation of common ethical standards for counsel. Through analysis of the nascent efforts in professional organizations ...
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This chapter explores the feasibility of professionalization through the articulation of common ethical standards for counsel. Through analysis of the nascent efforts in professional organizations such as the International Law Association, International Bar Association, and Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe to codify such standards, it assesses the utility of the exercise and the process by which these principles can be applied in practice. It considers the legal powers (eg the ‘inherent jurisdiction’ or ‘inherent powers’ of international courts) and practical ability of international judges to regulate counsel as well as the issues that have arisen in the nascent process of articulating common ethical standards in professional organizations, including the ILA Hague Principles on Ethical Standards for Counsel Appearing before International Courts and Tribunals. Moreover, the chapter examines the jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals concerning regulatory powers for counsel and the legal and practical problems associated with regulation of counsel by the international judiciary.Less
This chapter explores the feasibility of professionalization through the articulation of common ethical standards for counsel. Through analysis of the nascent efforts in professional organizations such as the International Law Association, International Bar Association, and Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe to codify such standards, it assesses the utility of the exercise and the process by which these principles can be applied in practice. It considers the legal powers (eg the ‘inherent jurisdiction’ or ‘inherent powers’ of international courts) and practical ability of international judges to regulate counsel as well as the issues that have arisen in the nascent process of articulating common ethical standards in professional organizations, including the ILA Hague Principles on Ethical Standards for Counsel Appearing before International Courts and Tribunals. Moreover, the chapter examines the jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals concerning regulatory powers for counsel and the legal and practical problems associated with regulation of counsel by the international judiciary.
