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Varieties of Protectors

Federico Varese

in The Russian Mafia: Private Protection in a New Market Economy

Chapters 1 and 2 point to the fact that the demand for protection that accompanies the spread of market transactions is met by the Russian state only in part: a significant sector of the business ... More

Chapters 1 and 2 point to the fact that the demand for protection that accompanies the spread of market transactions is met by the Russian state only in part: a significant sector of the business world does not use state-supplied protection services. A demand for alternative sources of protection is then expected to arise. Some authors, especially economists, have been quick to conclude that, since the state does not provide a service, the market inevitably will. It cannot, however, be argued that demand will inevitably be met; a supply of people trained in the use of violence and easily available weapons must also be present. This chapter focuses on the availability of people trained in the use of violence and of weapons, and the varieties of private protectors available in Russia at the time of the transition to the market, ranging from segments of the state apparatus (privately sold state protection), to private security (protection) firms, the internalized protection systems of major economic conglomerates, and criminal groups (banditskaya krysha: krysha, literally ‘roof’, is Russian slang for protection).Less

The Politics of the “Therapeutic Turn”: Self‐Help and Internalized Oppression

Nancy Whittier

in The Politics of Child Sexual Abuse: Emotions, Social Movements, and the State

This chapter discusses the hybrid political/therapeutic approach of feminist self‐help groups of the very early 1980s, which developed an analysis of internalized oppression that linked the political ... More

This chapter discusses the hybrid political/therapeutic approach of feminist self‐help groups of the very early 1980s, which developed an analysis of internalized oppression that linked the political and the personal. Like their immediate feminist predecessors, these women constructed influential experiential knowledge about child sexual abuse, expanding on the politics and techniques of self‐help. They drew on and contributed to identity politics, constructing a collective identity as survivors. They also sought to influence how professional psychotherapy addressed child sexual abuse. They have been analyzed as part of a therapeutic turn in feminism; this chapter argues that the therapeutic turn remained fundamentally oriented toward social change.Less

READING LIFE: READING LIFE: THE INTERPRETING OF TEXISTENCE

William L Randall and A. Elizabeth McKim

in Reading Our Lives: The poetics of growing old

This chapter begins applying concepts pertaining to reading literature (as introduced in Chapter 4) to reading life — a complex interpretive process which is central to growing, as opposed to merely ... More

This chapter begins applying concepts pertaining to reading literature (as introduced in Chapter 4) to reading life — a complex interpretive process which is central to growing, as opposed to merely getting old. The object of this process is the internalized narrative text through which we compose and comprehend our identity, or our “texistence.” The chapter explores various occasions, contexts, or types of self-reading — automatic, relational, therapeutic, programmatic, prescribed, doctrinaire, disciplined, cultural, literary — and the unique constraints and opportunities that each entails. It addresses the controversial question of a “good lifestory,” drawing on criteria put forward by psychologist Dan McAdams: coherence, openness, credibility, differentiation, reconciliation, and generative integration. To these criteria, the chapter adds critical awareness, ironic orientation, vitality, and truth value. The chapter concludes with the proposal that, ultimately, a lifestory is only as “good” as the reading it receives.Less

Arriving at Democracy

Konrad H. Jarausch

in After Hitler: Recivilizing Germans, 1945-1995

This chapter focuses on the process of “inner democratization”, which went beyond a mere observance of democratic forms to an internalized belief in democratic value systems.

Stability and Change in Internalizing Problems in the Transition to Early Adolescence: Genetic and Environmental Influences

Kirby Deater-Deckard and Shirley McGuire

in Nature, Nurture, and the Transition to Early Adolescence

Internalizing problems in childhood and adolescence reflect a broad array of emotions, including feelings of sadness, loneliness, depression, anxiety, ... More

Internalizing problems in childhood and adolescence reflect a broad array of emotions, including feelings of sadness, loneliness, depression, anxiety, and somatic problems. Much research has focused on describing the prevalence, predictors, and stability of depressive illness in referred and clinically diagnosed groups of children. Another series of studies has focused on understanding the nature and correlates of individual differences in internalizing symptoms in unselected community samples. The two approaches complement each other since the etiology of the extremes may be similar to the etiology of the full range of internalizing problems in the population. This approach is one component within the field of developmental psychopathology that emphasizes exploration of the links between the normal and abnormal in order to learn more about development. This chapter presents the results of a study that assessed the etiology of stability and change in several aspects of internalizing problems (loneliness, depression, and anxiety) in a community-based sample, the Colorado Adoption Project.Less

Loneliness during the Transition to Early Adolescence

Shirley Mcguire and Jeanie Clifford

in Nature, Nurture, and the Transition to Early Adolescence

This chapter examines children's reports of loneliness while they were making the transition into early adolescence. Loneliness is often conceptualized as ... More

This chapter examines children's reports of loneliness while they were making the transition into early adolescence. Loneliness is often conceptualized as an internalizing behavioral problem in developmental psychopathology research. Few studies have addressed the correlation between children's reports of peer isolation and other measures of internalizing problems. Are individual differences in loneliness heritable during the transition to adolescence? Are children's perceptions of loneliness linked to parent and teacher reports of internalizing problems over time? The sample consisted of 590–661 Colorado Adoption Project (CAP) children when they were nine, ten, eleven, and twelve years old. Eight percent of the CAP children reported feeling really isolated from their peers. While there were no gender differences, children's reports of loneliness decreased across age. Individual differences in loneliness were linked to genetic and non-shared environmental factors. Chronically lonely children seem to believe that peer rejection or isolation is their fault and it cannot or will not change. Consequently, extreme loneliness is often grouped with other “internalizing” behavioral problems such as depression, anxiety, and low self-worth.Less

Introduction: The Global Imperative

Scott Valentine

in Title Pages

The years 2006–2007 represented an intellectual tipping point for climate change advocacy. Over this short period of time, there was ample evidence of a general ... More

The years 2006–2007 represented an intellectual tipping point for climate change advocacy. Over this short period of time, there was ample evidence of a general convergence of understanding between many environmentalists and economists on the perilous threat posed by climate change. In the summer of 2006, the release of Al Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth turned climate change into an issue of public concern in the United States. The domestic debate that the film helped inspire escalated over the next year to a point where energy policy suddenly became a vote swaying issue in American politics. This development became a topic of interest for the rest of the world because signs of a weakening in American reticence toward climate change mitigation would have significant repercussions for the 128 nations that were struggling to keep the Kyoto Protocol from falling apart. In October 2006, a comprehensive independent study called the Stern Review, commissioned by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the United Kingdom, presented an assessment of the anticipated impacts of climate change. As a foreboding sign of the content which would follow, the report began by describing climate change as “the greatest and widest ranging market failure ever seen”. The report concluded that the long-term costs of climate change were expected to be so great that early action to abate global warming was the most cost-effective alternative. It estimated that the net benefits (benefits less costs) from reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to achieve a stabilization level of 550 parts per million (ppm) by 2050 would be in the neighborhood of US$2.5 trillion. In February 2007, the first of four reports that comprise the Fourth Assessment Report of the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was released. The goal of this first report was to “describe progress in understanding of the human and natural drivers of climate change, observed climate change, climate processes and attribution, and estimates of projected future climate change.” Less

The Monkey and the Colonoscopy Machine: On the Destruction of Racism and Stereotype in Gene Luen Yang’s American Born Chinese and Level Up

Tomo Hattori

in Growing Up Asian American in Young Adult Fiction

This chapter examines how Asian Americans have internalized destructive stereotypes in graphic novelist Gene Luen Yang’s American Born Chinese (2006) and Level Up (2011). American Born ... More

This chapter examines how Asian Americans have internalized destructive stereotypes in graphic novelist Gene Luen Yang’s American Born Chinese (2006) and Level Up (2011). American Born Chinese accomplishes this in a particularly cathartic way by disambiguating the opposing significations of the monkey in Western racism versus traditional Chinese culture. Level Up expresses a radically affirmative vision of how to live fully as contemporary Asians in America using video games as an allegory for social engagement and agency. Both works signal the emergence of a highly self-reflexive and complex approach to the Asian American graphic novel that starts with the destruction of the stereotype of Asians as coolies and monkeys, proceeds with the recovery of interior agency from the constraints of the model minority stereotype, and points with the trope of the colonoscopy machine to a form of agency beyond ethnic models.Less

The Devoted Ear: Music as Contemplation

Lawrence Kramer

in Musical Meaning and Human Values

The chapter starts with a discussion on the slow movements of cyclical instrumental works, which embarked on a transformation during the late eighteenth century in Central Europe. This began the ... More

The chapter starts with a discussion on the slow movements of cyclical instrumental works, which embarked on a transformation during the late eighteenth century in Central Europe. This began the discovery of the possibilities of internalized drama. Other people enacted a process of contemplation. The procedure of elevation in the contemplative slow movement matches up with certain practice of devotion where the devotedness had no object. It was an exercise in the spirit of Kantian aesthetics: devotedness without devotion. The cause of the concern of illumination and its relationship with music is questioned. The cultural formation and development of the traditions of hymnody or operatic prayers, and how they retain their influence today, are examined.Less

Introduction

Karen Knop

in Gender and Human Rights

The collection of literature about women's international human rights has experienced almost exponential expansion throughout recent years. Looking through such literature, this chapter finds that ... More

The collection of literature about women's international human rights has experienced almost exponential expansion throughout recent years. Looking through such literature, this chapter finds that some of the most fundamental works have shown how these rights are now recognized as a separate field of study. The attention given to this field and the categorization and consolidation undergone by the various writings about this subject have amplified the urgency to address various issues. One of the consequences, however, of establishing women's international human rights into a field of study involves how the literature has now become self-contained — debates have become internalized, divisions between minority and majority views have emerged, and this field has now attained its own dynamics. This trend has somehow disconnected the subject from other fields, and the developments of other fields that may have a certain degree of significance have become disconnected as well. For all of these reasons this book aims to be interdisciplinary.Less

Marital Unions and the Normalization of Suffering

Cecilia Menjívar

in Enduring Violence: Ladina Women's Lives in Guatemala

This chapter focuses on a sphere of women's lives that highlights the normalization of gender hierarchies in San Alejo. It particularly focuses on the institutional and structural dimensions of ... More

This chapter focuses on a sphere of women's lives that highlights the normalization of gender hierarchies in San Alejo. It particularly focuses on the institutional and structural dimensions of women's suffering. This encompasses not only the role of markets and governments but also the reproduction of inequalities and power differentials at an intimate level. Hence this chapter traces the association between the women's internalized humiliations and indignities and the legitimations of gender inequalities in San Alejo. This chapter begins with violence of robadas, wherein during courtship men take the women to be their partners even when the will of the women was unclear. Then the chapter focuses on the three sources of violence that take place within the marital union. Such sources of violence include alcoholism, infidelity, and violence in the context of marital relations.Less

Coming Out of Glass Closets

Abigail C. Saguy

in Come Out, Come Out, Whoever You Are

This chapter discusses coming out as fat. It shows how fat lesbian feminists, who were already steeped in talk of coming out as lesbian, first extrapolated from that experience to talk of coming out ... More

This chapter discusses coming out as fat. It shows how fat lesbian feminists, who were already steeped in talk of coming out as lesbian, first extrapolated from that experience to talk of coming out as fat. It argues that coming out as fat is less about disclosing one’s size than refusing to downplay it in the hopes that others will not notice it. It means politicizing body size in order to challenge negative stereotypes and stand up against weight-based oppression. This chapter uses the case of coming out as fat to consider the broader question of the role visibility plays in coming out. It argues that coming out has never been only about revealing a hidden identity. It is about proudly reclaiming this identity. Thus community and pride—and not just disclosure—are an integral part of coming out.Less

Mapping the Backlash: Once BITten Many Times Shy!

Prabhash Ranjan

in India and Bilateral Investment Treaties: Refusal, Acceptance, Backlash

The chapter discusses how different actors or stakeholders such as the parliament, the government, civil society etc. started reacting to India’s BITs once India was flooded by ISDS claims. The ... More

The chapter discusses how different actors or stakeholders such as the parliament, the government, civil society etc. started reacting to India’s BITs once India was flooded by ISDS claims. The reactions varied from asking the purpose of BITs, examining do BITs lead to greater FDI inflows, questioning the relationship between BITs and India’s right to regulate. There was a much deeper engagement with BITs in this phase than we saw in the ‘embracement’ phase. India launched the review of BITs in this phase and took certain decisions, which can be described as backlash against BITs. For instance, India terminated some of its BITs and also adopted a new Model BIT. The faith that India had showed towards BITs in the ‘embracement’ phase stood shaken.Less

Morality’s Disvalue: Morality vs. Excellence

Simon Robertson

in Nietzsche and Contemporary Ethics

The central objection animating Nietzsche’s critique is that morality impedes the highest human excellences and hence value. The objection shares certain affinities with worries levied by more recent ... More

The central objection animating Nietzsche’s critique is that morality impedes the highest human excellences and hence value. The objection shares certain affinities with worries levied by more recent morality critics, who argue that moral theories are unable to accommodate the legitimate pursuit of various non-moral goods crucial to a minimally good life. One common response on behalf of morality is to defend a less demanding moral theory that does accommodate relevant non-moral goods. This chapter reconstructs Nietzsche’s objection via two arguments, showing that his version has bite even against undemanding moral theories: such theories would still impede the highest excellences. It then examines how the objection can be extended: how morality impedes not just the highest excellences but our lesser flourishing too.Less

Folk Psychology and Tacit Theories: A Correspondence between Frank Jackson, and Steve Stich and Kelby Mason

Frank Jackson, Kelby Mason, and Steve Stich

in Conceptual Analysis and Philosophical Naturalism

This chapter presents correspondence between Frank Jackson, and Steve Stich and Kelby Mason. The goal of showing the exchange here is to understand where the differences lie in their notions about ... More

This chapter presents correspondence between Frank Jackson, and Steve Stich and Kelby Mason. The goal of showing the exchange here is to understand where the differences lie in their notions about the nature of folk psychology and the relevance of various putative facts about cross-cultural variation in intuition. They pose questions for each other with the objective of clarifying each other’s positions in a productive manner. It discusses topics like the subpersonal versus personal level question, the relationship between folk psychology and folk theories, and issues regarding intuition. A major topic of discussion here is whether folk psychology is something in the head—an internalized theory, so to speak—or not.Less

Nieces and Their Uncles

Gloria González-López

in Family Secrets: Stories of Incest and Sexual Violence in Mexico

This chapter examines how women can become the targets of a variety of forms of sexual violence within the uncle-niece relationship. This was the most prevalent incestuous violence reported by the ... More

This chapter examines how women can become the targets of a variety of forms of sexual violence within the uncle-niece relationship. This was the most prevalent incestuous violence reported by the women in this study. While there is some overlap with previously discussed incestuous arrangements, some patterns stand out in the uncle-niece incestuous arrangement. To understand these, three interconnected concepts are developed: (1) “family genealogies of incest” help explain how nieces come to be seen as extensions of the adult women in the families, as a consequence of which uncles feel entitled to their gendered (sexualized) servitude; (2) “feminization of incest” refers to the overrepresentation of the maternal uncle in uncle-niece narratives of incest; and, (3) “family politics of gender inequality” help explain how women in positions of authority internalize sexist ideologies as part of family life, and come to see sexual violence as common or normal. These concepts explain how nieces become vulnerable to being sexualized by men within their families, and why even though this is widely known it is not easily disrupted.Less

Social, Cultural, and Historical Factors Relate to Cognitive Aspects of Intimate Relationships

Jan D. Sinnott

in Adult Development: Cognitive Aspects of Thriving Close Relationships

Social, cultural, and historical factors set the stage for concepts that define intimate relationships and that are internalized by intimate partners. In turn, the forms of intimate relationships, in ... More

Social, cultural, and historical factors set the stage for concepts that define intimate relationships and that are internalized by intimate partners. In turn, the forms of intimate relationships, in an ongoing way, help change the societies and cultures and thus, ultimately, change the history of a given period. This is an ongoing evolution. Social forces influence concepts of intimate relationships and are influenced by them. Social forces in turn interact with evolving local cultures. Evolving cultures influence and create the nature of a historical period with its ideas of relationships. Feedback among these elements influences the ongoing relationship creation and interpretation.Less