Stuart Weeks
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199291540
- eISBN:
- 9780191710537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199291540.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Where Proverbs 1-9 offers specific advice in chapter 3, this involves commendations of proper behaviour towards God and other humans, linked by an association of wisdom and teaching with God. The ...
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Where Proverbs 1-9 offers specific advice in chapter 3, this involves commendations of proper behaviour towards God and other humans, linked by an association of wisdom and teaching with God. The work also employs terms that strongly evoke the language of Jewish piety, reminding us that this is the religious and literary context from which it emerged. Against this background, the emphasis on instruction can be understood in terms of internalizing the Torah, and so enabling wisdom and fear of God, with the personification of Wisdom further developing the idea of receiving insight into the divine will. This is poetry, however, not precise allegory, and the personification also inhibits clear expression of the theme.Less
Where Proverbs 1-9 offers specific advice in chapter 3, this involves commendations of proper behaviour towards God and other humans, linked by an association of wisdom and teaching with God. The work also employs terms that strongly evoke the language of Jewish piety, reminding us that this is the religious and literary context from which it emerged. Against this background, the emphasis on instruction can be understood in terms of internalizing the Torah, and so enabling wisdom and fear of God, with the personification of Wisdom further developing the idea of receiving insight into the divine will. This is poetry, however, not precise allegory, and the personification also inhibits clear expression of the theme.
Tanja A. Börzel
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199257409
- eISBN:
- 9780191600951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925740X.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Analyses the role of the European Commission as guardian of the European Treaty in ensuring compliance with EU law. The study shows that the Commission relies on four different compliance strategies, ...
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Analyses the role of the European Commission as guardian of the European Treaty in ensuring compliance with EU law. The study shows that the Commission relies on four different compliance strategies, which include monitoring and (the threat of) sanctions (enforcement), capacity‐building and contracting (management), persuasion and learning, and legal internalization (litigation). National mobilized interests prove to be a key element to all four of these compliance mechanisms. Draws on a database compiled by its author to evaluate how effective the Commission is in bringing member states into compliance with EU law. The first part of the chapter develops a conceptual framework, and identifies the different compliance strategies used by the Commission; the second shows that the Commission uses all four compliance strategies; the third looks at the effectiveness of the Commission's compliance strategies; and the concluding section considers how the four strategies used may relate to one another.Less
Analyses the role of the European Commission as guardian of the European Treaty in ensuring compliance with EU law. The study shows that the Commission relies on four different compliance strategies, which include monitoring and (the threat of) sanctions (enforcement), capacity‐building and contracting (management), persuasion and learning, and legal internalization (litigation). National mobilized interests prove to be a key element to all four of these compliance mechanisms. Draws on a database compiled by its author to evaluate how effective the Commission is in bringing member states into compliance with EU law. The first part of the chapter develops a conceptual framework, and identifies the different compliance strategies used by the Commission; the second shows that the Commission uses all four compliance strategies; the third looks at the effectiveness of the Commission's compliance strategies; and the concluding section considers how the four strategies used may relate to one another.
Pol Antràs
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691168272
- eISBN:
- 9781400873746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691168272.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter describes how the internalization theories discussed in the previous chapters can be taken to the data. The empirical literature on this topic is still budding and has yet to provide ...
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This chapter describes how the internalization theories discussed in the previous chapters can be taken to the data. The empirical literature on this topic is still budding and has yet to provide fully convincing empirical tests of these models. Several well-crafted papers have offered different pieces of evidence that are consistent with one or more of those models, but the power of such tests remains fairly low, as the chapter explains. The goal of this chapter is thus not only to overview and replicate past work, but to try to highlight some of its limitations and suggest avenues for future research in this area.Less
This chapter describes how the internalization theories discussed in the previous chapters can be taken to the data. The empirical literature on this topic is still budding and has yet to provide fully convincing empirical tests of these models. Several well-crafted papers have offered different pieces of evidence that are consistent with one or more of those models, but the power of such tests remains fairly low, as the chapter explains. The goal of this chapter is thus not only to overview and replicate past work, but to try to highlight some of its limitations and suggest avenues for future research in this area.
John F. Wilson and Andrew Thomson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261581
- eISBN:
- 9780191718588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261581.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
Many of the drivers and the four themes examined in this book changed from a negative to a positive orientation during the period discussed in this chapter. By the 21st century, management had ...
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Many of the drivers and the four themes examined in this book changed from a negative to a positive orientation during the period discussed in this chapter. By the 21st century, management had achieved a much enhanced status and the number of managers had almost quadrupled. Of particular importance are the widespread use of consultancy, moves towards internalization, improved management systems, the growth of staff and functional cadres, increased professionalism, the assertion of control in employment relations, and rapid structural change, including an increasing influence of the City. In broad terms, there was a persistence of pre-war characteristics up to the 1950s, significant change in the 1960s and 1970s, and the completion and consolidation of change in the 1980s and 1990s, resulting in the emergence of managerial capitalism and the substantial dominance of the M-form structure in large-scale organizations.Less
Many of the drivers and the four themes examined in this book changed from a negative to a positive orientation during the period discussed in this chapter. By the 21st century, management had achieved a much enhanced status and the number of managers had almost quadrupled. Of particular importance are the widespread use of consultancy, moves towards internalization, improved management systems, the growth of staff and functional cadres, increased professionalism, the assertion of control in employment relations, and rapid structural change, including an increasing influence of the City. In broad terms, there was a persistence of pre-war characteristics up to the 1950s, significant change in the 1960s and 1970s, and the completion and consolidation of change in the 1980s and 1990s, resulting in the emergence of managerial capitalism and the substantial dominance of the M-form structure in large-scale organizations.
John F. Wilson and Andrew Thomson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261581
- eISBN:
- 9780191718588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261581.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
The labour-management relationship has been vital not just for its substantial impact within the organization, but also because of its effect on Britain’s wider social, political, and economic ...
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The labour-management relationship has been vital not just for its substantial impact within the organization, but also because of its effect on Britain’s wider social, political, and economic development. Until the 1970s, employers used externalization and sub-contracting. This ultimately caused a loss of control at the shop-floor level to unions and their members through fragmented bargaining when the labour market changed to high employment, with consequences for industrial conflict and management authority and legitimacy. There was a slow transition to internalization and professionalization of labour management, and a delay in the development of appropriate systems and methods of modern management in the personnel field. The last two decades have, however, seen an assertion of control by employers.Less
The labour-management relationship has been vital not just for its substantial impact within the organization, but also because of its effect on Britain’s wider social, political, and economic development. Until the 1970s, employers used externalization and sub-contracting. This ultimately caused a loss of control at the shop-floor level to unions and their members through fragmented bargaining when the labour market changed to high employment, with consequences for industrial conflict and management authority and legitimacy. There was a slow transition to internalization and professionalization of labour management, and a delay in the development of appropriate systems and methods of modern management in the personnel field. The last two decades have, however, seen an assertion of control by employers.
Daniel M. T. Fessler
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195310139
- eISBN:
- 9780199871209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310139.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Socially-transmitted information allows humans to survive in diverse social and ecological systems, a pattern that is as old as — and perhaps even predates — our species. This suggests that natural ...
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Socially-transmitted information allows humans to survive in diverse social and ecological systems, a pattern that is as old as — and perhaps even predates — our species. This suggests that natural selection can be expected to have shaped the human mind to enhance the ability to acquire and exploit such information. After reviewing existing approaches to the question, this chapter argues for a dissection of the cognitive and motivational architectures underlying this ability. Key questions addressed include how models for imitative learning are selected; the ultimate benefits of conformism, normative moralization, and moral outrage; and the nature and function of internalization.Less
Socially-transmitted information allows humans to survive in diverse social and ecological systems, a pattern that is as old as — and perhaps even predates — our species. This suggests that natural selection can be expected to have shaped the human mind to enhance the ability to acquire and exploit such information. After reviewing existing approaches to the question, this chapter argues for a dissection of the cognitive and motivational architectures underlying this ability. Key questions addressed include how models for imitative learning are selected; the ultimate benefits of conformism, normative moralization, and moral outrage; and the nature and function of internalization.
Herbert C. Kelman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195300314
- eISBN:
- 9780199868698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300314.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter distinguishes between conflict settlement, conflict resolution, and reconciliation. The chapter relates these three processes of ending conflict to the author's earlier work on social ...
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This chapter distinguishes between conflict settlement, conflict resolution, and reconciliation. The chapter relates these three processes of ending conflict to the author's earlier work on social influence (i.e., process of compliance, identification, and internalization). Five conditions that can help groups in conflict arrive at the difficult point of revising their identity so as to accommodate to the identity of the other are discussed.Less
This chapter distinguishes between conflict settlement, conflict resolution, and reconciliation. The chapter relates these three processes of ending conflict to the author's earlier work on social influence (i.e., process of compliance, identification, and internalization). Five conditions that can help groups in conflict arrive at the difficult point of revising their identity so as to accommodate to the identity of the other are discussed.
Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151250
- eISBN:
- 9781400838837
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151250.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter examines socialization and the process by which social norms become internalized, how this capacity for internalization could have evolved, and why the norms internalized tend to be ...
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This chapter examines socialization and the process by which social norms become internalized, how this capacity for internalization could have evolved, and why the norms internalized tend to be group-beneficial. It begins with a discussion of cultural transmission and how it overrides fitness by taking account of two facts. First, the phenotypic expression of an individual's genetic inheritance depends on a developmental process that is plastic and open-ended. Second, this developmental process is deliberately structured—by elders, teachers, political leaders, and religious figures—to foster certain kinds of development and to thwart others. The chapter then introduces a purely phenotypic model in which, as a result of the effectiveness of socialization, a fitness-reducing norm may be maintained in a population. It also describes the gene-culture coevolution of a fitness-reducing norm before concluding with an analysis of the link between internalization of norms and altruism.Less
This chapter examines socialization and the process by which social norms become internalized, how this capacity for internalization could have evolved, and why the norms internalized tend to be group-beneficial. It begins with a discussion of cultural transmission and how it overrides fitness by taking account of two facts. First, the phenotypic expression of an individual's genetic inheritance depends on a developmental process that is plastic and open-ended. Second, this developmental process is deliberately structured—by elders, teachers, political leaders, and religious figures—to foster certain kinds of development and to thwart others. The chapter then introduces a purely phenotypic model in which, as a result of the effectiveness of socialization, a fitness-reducing norm may be maintained in a population. It also describes the gene-culture coevolution of a fitness-reducing norm before concluding with an analysis of the link between internalization of norms and altruism.
Catherine Robson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691119366
- eISBN:
- 9781400845156
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691119366.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter addresses some of the later psychological dimensions inherent within adolescents' and adults' internalization of a poem. It sets Thomas Gray's “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” ...
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This chapter addresses some of the later psychological dimensions inherent within adolescents' and adults' internalization of a poem. It sets Thomas Gray's “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” within a very specific institutional and emotional history, directing attention to the mingled pain and pleasure that can exist within the possession of a cultural object. This chapter considers how the highest-achieving elementary-school pupils might have felt when they read and recited a work that dubs the poor both unlettered and mute. Further, it speculates about the ability of the memorized poem to stay within those individuals for the remainder of their days, and to act as a constant reminder of the educational and social processes that moved them out of one class and into another—an elevation the eighteenth-century poem deems impossible.Less
This chapter addresses some of the later psychological dimensions inherent within adolescents' and adults' internalization of a poem. It sets Thomas Gray's “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” within a very specific institutional and emotional history, directing attention to the mingled pain and pleasure that can exist within the possession of a cultural object. This chapter considers how the highest-achieving elementary-school pupils might have felt when they read and recited a work that dubs the poor both unlettered and mute. Further, it speculates about the ability of the memorized poem to stay within those individuals for the remainder of their days, and to act as a constant reminder of the educational and social processes that moved them out of one class and into another—an elevation the eighteenth-century poem deems impossible.
Christopher Janaway
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199279692
- eISBN:
- 9780191707407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279692.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter gives a reading of Genealogy II, whose central argument is that bad conscience, in its developed form as the feeling of guilt, particularly associated with Christianity, is a form of ...
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This chapter gives a reading of Genealogy II, whose central argument is that bad conscience, in its developed form as the feeling of guilt, particularly associated with Christianity, is a form of legitimized cruelty turned inwards upon oneself. Nietzsche posits a fundamental human tendency to experience pleasure in inflicting suffering. He assigns the origins of bad conscience to ‘internalization’, in which aggressive instincts, curbed by civilized society, express themselves towards the self. He also cites the conventional debtor-creditor relationship as its origin. This can produce a unified account, as long as we see that the instinct towards cruelty is subject both to internalization and to legitimization. We must see the cruelty we inflict upon ourselves as deserved. The Christian God is invented as the perpetual guarantee of our deserving punishment for having aggressive animal instincts. Thus, bad conscience gains its value from the same origin as the instincts it opposes.Less
This chapter gives a reading of Genealogy II, whose central argument is that bad conscience, in its developed form as the feeling of guilt, particularly associated with Christianity, is a form of legitimized cruelty turned inwards upon oneself. Nietzsche posits a fundamental human tendency to experience pleasure in inflicting suffering. He assigns the origins of bad conscience to ‘internalization’, in which aggressive instincts, curbed by civilized society, express themselves towards the self. He also cites the conventional debtor-creditor relationship as its origin. This can produce a unified account, as long as we see that the instinct towards cruelty is subject both to internalization and to legitimization. We must see the cruelty we inflict upon ourselves as deserved. The Christian God is invented as the perpetual guarantee of our deserving punishment for having aggressive animal instincts. Thus, bad conscience gains its value from the same origin as the instincts it opposes.
Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151250
- eISBN:
- 9781400838837
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151250.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter examines the role of social emotions such as guilt and shame in supporting human cooperation, and how these could have evolved. It first models the process by which an emotion such as ...
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This chapter examines the role of social emotions such as guilt and shame in supporting human cooperation, and how these could have evolved. It first models the process by which an emotion such as shame may affect social behavior in a simple public goods game before discussing how shame and guilt along with internalized ethical norms foster cooperation to be sustained with minimal levels of costly punishment, resulting in mutually beneficial interactions at limited cost. It also explains how the internalization of norms and the expression of these norms in a social emotion such as guilt and shame induce the individual to place a contemporaneous value on the future consequences of present behavior, rather than relying upon an appropriately discounted accounting of its probable payoffs in the distant future. The chapter suggests that shame, guilt, and other social emotions may function like pain by providing personally beneficial guides for action that bypass the explicit cognitive optimizing process.Less
This chapter examines the role of social emotions such as guilt and shame in supporting human cooperation, and how these could have evolved. It first models the process by which an emotion such as shame may affect social behavior in a simple public goods game before discussing how shame and guilt along with internalized ethical norms foster cooperation to be sustained with minimal levels of costly punishment, resulting in mutually beneficial interactions at limited cost. It also explains how the internalization of norms and the expression of these norms in a social emotion such as guilt and shame induce the individual to place a contemporaneous value on the future consequences of present behavior, rather than relying upon an appropriately discounted accounting of its probable payoffs in the distant future. The chapter suggests that shame, guilt, and other social emotions may function like pain by providing personally beneficial guides for action that bypass the explicit cognitive optimizing process.
Pol Antràs
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691168272
- eISBN:
- 9781400873746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691168272.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter develops a transaction-cost model of the internalization decision of multinational firms. A key organizational decision of firms is the extent of control that firms choose to exert over ...
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This chapter develops a transaction-cost model of the internalization decision of multinational firms. A key organizational decision of firms is the extent of control that firms choose to exert over the production of the different parts and components in their value chain. In many circumstances, ownership of the input producer's physical assets is the key method to enhance such control. For this reason, this decision is often dubbed “internalization.” The transaction-cost theory has arguably been the leading paradigm in the analysis of the internalization decision in international environments. In line with this theory, it is typically perceived that vertical (or lateral) integration is an effective way for firms to deal with situations of contractual incompleteness in international transactions, in which it may be hard to provide incentives to subcontracted producers.Less
This chapter develops a transaction-cost model of the internalization decision of multinational firms. A key organizational decision of firms is the extent of control that firms choose to exert over the production of the different parts and components in their value chain. In many circumstances, ownership of the input producer's physical assets is the key method to enhance such control. For this reason, this decision is often dubbed “internalization.” The transaction-cost theory has arguably been the leading paradigm in the analysis of the internalization decision in international environments. In line with this theory, it is typically perceived that vertical (or lateral) integration is an effective way for firms to deal with situations of contractual incompleteness in international transactions, in which it may be hard to provide incentives to subcontracted producers.
Pol Antràs
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691168272
- eISBN:
- 9781400873746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691168272.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter turns to the property-rights theory of the firm, which arguably constitutes the most compelling and influential theory of the firm explaining in a unified framework both the benefits as ...
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This chapter turns to the property-rights theory of the firm, which arguably constitutes the most compelling and influential theory of the firm explaining in a unified framework both the benefits as well as the costs of vertical integration. The central idea of the property-rights approach is that internalization matters because ownership of non-human assets is a source of power when contracts are incomplete. More specifically, when parties encounter contingencies that were not foreseen in an initial contract, the owner of these assets naturally holds residual rights of control, and they can decide on the use of these assets that maximizes payoff at the possible expense of that of the integrated party.Less
This chapter turns to the property-rights theory of the firm, which arguably constitutes the most compelling and influential theory of the firm explaining in a unified framework both the benefits as well as the costs of vertical integration. The central idea of the property-rights approach is that internalization matters because ownership of non-human assets is a source of power when contracts are incomplete. More specifically, when parties encounter contingencies that were not foreseen in an initial contract, the owner of these assets naturally holds residual rights of control, and they can decide on the use of these assets that maximizes payoff at the possible expense of that of the integrated party.
Jean‐François Hennart
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241828
- eISBN:
- 9780191596834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241821.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
A critical survey is presented of some of the theories that have been used to explain why multinational enterprises (MNEs) exist, with special emphasis on the transaction costs/internalization ...
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A critical survey is presented of some of the theories that have been used to explain why multinational enterprises (MNEs) exist, with special emphasis on the transaction costs/internalization approach. The first part of the chapter discusses early capital flow and industrial organization theories in the evolution of the MNE. The second part focuses on transaction costs/internalization theories, which are now dominant theories of the MNE.Less
A critical survey is presented of some of the theories that have been used to explain why multinational enterprises (MNEs) exist, with special emphasis on the transaction costs/internalization approach. The first part of the chapter discusses early capital flow and industrial organization theories in the evolution of the MNE. The second part focuses on transaction costs/internalization theories, which are now dominant theories of the MNE.
Mark Casson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297802
- eISBN:
- 9780191596063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297807.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Information processing is specialized in particular types of institution. The firm is a specialized information processor. Firms are created on the initiative of entrepreneurs, who establish them as ...
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Information processing is specialized in particular types of institution. The firm is a specialized information processor. Firms are created on the initiative of entrepreneurs, who establish them as organizations to facilitate trade, in particular, commodities. Entrepreneurs make extensive use of networks to gather the information they need to identify the market opportunities they exploit.Less
Information processing is specialized in particular types of institution. The firm is a specialized information processor. Firms are created on the initiative of entrepreneurs, who establish them as organizations to facilitate trade, in particular, commodities. Entrepreneurs make extensive use of networks to gather the information they need to identify the market opportunities they exploit.
Geoffrey Jones
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199249992
- eISBN:
- 9780191596483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199249997.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
The conclusion highlights the importance of trading companies as large components of British foreign direct investment before 1914, and which continued to renew and ‘re‐invent’ themselves until the ...
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The conclusion highlights the importance of trading companies as large components of British foreign direct investment before 1914, and which continued to renew and ‘re‐invent’ themselves until the end of the twentieth century. Diversification strategies were initially shaped by the conditions of the nineteenth century, when the lack of infrastructure and local entrepreneurship in developing economies created many opportunities for trading firms, but there were strong internalization incentives for integration arising from asset specificity, uncertainty, frequency of transactions, and opportunism. Although the initial status of many developed countries helped the British firms, they were also deeply embedded in local economies with numerous ‘contracts’, and their longevity rested on core competences in knowledge, information, and external relationships.Less
The conclusion highlights the importance of trading companies as large components of British foreign direct investment before 1914, and which continued to renew and ‘re‐invent’ themselves until the end of the twentieth century. Diversification strategies were initially shaped by the conditions of the nineteenth century, when the lack of infrastructure and local entrepreneurship in developing economies created many opportunities for trading firms, but there were strong internalization incentives for integration arising from asset specificity, uncertainty, frequency of transactions, and opportunism. Although the initial status of many developed countries helped the British firms, they were also deeply embedded in local economies with numerous ‘contracts’, and their longevity rested on core competences in knowledge, information, and external relationships.
Jordi Canals
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198773504
- eISBN:
- 9780191695322
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198773504.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
This book integrates both the changing structure of the commercial banking industry in Europe and the strategic implications of these changes. It begins by concentrating on the economics of banking, ...
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This book integrates both the changing structure of the commercial banking industry in Europe and the strategic implications of these changes. It begins by concentrating on the economics of banking, presenting an analysis of the principal environment forces affecting the financial sector: deregulation, internationalization, economic instability, technical change, and financial innovation. The second part offers valuable information on current trends in the five main EC countries. The analysis of each country includes a study of the recent evolution of its financial sector, in turn; each sector's inherent economic outlook in terms of profitability, costs, productivity, and competition; as well as the changes in the regulatory environment. The third part of the book is dedicated to an analysis of some of the strategic choices of European banks, such as scale, diversification, and internationalization. Finally, the pace of change within the European banking industry is evaluated, as well as how some of the banks are adapting to the new environment.Less
This book integrates both the changing structure of the commercial banking industry in Europe and the strategic implications of these changes. It begins by concentrating on the economics of banking, presenting an analysis of the principal environment forces affecting the financial sector: deregulation, internationalization, economic instability, technical change, and financial innovation. The second part offers valuable information on current trends in the five main EC countries. The analysis of each country includes a study of the recent evolution of its financial sector, in turn; each sector's inherent economic outlook in terms of profitability, costs, productivity, and competition; as well as the changes in the regulatory environment. The third part of the book is dedicated to an analysis of some of the strategic choices of European banks, such as scale, diversification, and internationalization. Finally, the pace of change within the European banking industry is evaluated, as well as how some of the banks are adapting to the new environment.
Robin Feldman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368581
- eISBN:
- 9780199867455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368581.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter addresses the nature of law. It explores the way in which societal change and human nature drive law toward the open spaces created by existing doctrinal structures. It considers and ...
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This chapter addresses the nature of law. It explores the way in which societal change and human nature drive law toward the open spaces created by existing doctrinal structures. It considers and rejects the notion that law related to technology might require a different role for science. It then compares the process of patent interpretation to constitutional interpretation, noting that in both settings, the law is trying to interpret the extent of rights granted with a document in the context of rapidly changing meaning and knowledge. The chapter describes the process of law as an expression of Bounded Adaptation in which those adaptations are evaluated within the prevailing norms of the relevant sphere of acceptance. It concludes by exploring how internalization and externalization of science are ill suited to law's process of adaptation.Less
This chapter addresses the nature of law. It explores the way in which societal change and human nature drive law toward the open spaces created by existing doctrinal structures. It considers and rejects the notion that law related to technology might require a different role for science. It then compares the process of patent interpretation to constitutional interpretation, noting that in both settings, the law is trying to interpret the extent of rights granted with a document in the context of rapidly changing meaning and knowledge. The chapter describes the process of law as an expression of Bounded Adaptation in which those adaptations are evaluated within the prevailing norms of the relevant sphere of acceptance. It concludes by exploring how internalization and externalization of science are ill suited to law's process of adaptation.
Jann K. Kleffner
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199238453
- eISBN:
- 9780191716744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238453.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter assesses the potential of complementarity to serve as a mechanism to induce States to comply with the obligation to investigate and prosecute. To view complementarity as such a catalyst ...
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This chapter assesses the potential of complementarity to serve as a mechanism to induce States to comply with the obligation to investigate and prosecute. To view complementarity as such a catalyst for compliance finds support in a number of features. First, the principle is endowed with a high degree of legitimacy and is itself a vehicle for bestowing legitimacy on national proceedings. Secondly, complementarity can also function as a coercive mechanism, through which a State that fails to investigate and prosecute can be reprimanded. Thirdly, other, albeit limited, features of complementarity also suggest that it can be used by the ICC to engage States and interact with them with a view to ensure accountability of perpetrators. Fourthly, complementarity is serving as the converging point for a process through which the idea that States should investigate and prosecute ICC crimes is internalised into their domestic legal systems and political processes.Less
This chapter assesses the potential of complementarity to serve as a mechanism to induce States to comply with the obligation to investigate and prosecute. To view complementarity as such a catalyst for compliance finds support in a number of features. First, the principle is endowed with a high degree of legitimacy and is itself a vehicle for bestowing legitimacy on national proceedings. Secondly, complementarity can also function as a coercive mechanism, through which a State that fails to investigate and prosecute can be reprimanded. Thirdly, other, albeit limited, features of complementarity also suggest that it can be used by the ICC to engage States and interact with them with a view to ensure accountability of perpetrators. Fourthly, complementarity is serving as the converging point for a process through which the idea that States should investigate and prosecute ICC crimes is internalised into their domestic legal systems and political processes.
Robert A. Levine, Sarah E. Levine, Beatrice Schnell-Anzola, Meredith L. Rowe, and Emily Dexter
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195309829
- eISBN:
- 9780199932733
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309829.003.0057
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter concludes the book by summarizing its theory and research findings and emphasizing the centrality of communicative processes in the effects of schooling on maternal behavior related to ...
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This chapter concludes the book by summarizing its theory and research findings and emphasizing the centrality of communicative processes in the effects of schooling on maternal behavior related to health and education. Presenting the case for a causal influence of schooling on maternal health behavior mediated by retained literacy skills, the chapter examines alternative explanations of the results and finds them inadequate. It considers the theoretical implications of the findings – including the internalization of the teacher-pupil relationship consistent with the theories of L. S. Vygotsky and G. H. Mead – and their policy implications for the protection of children and improvement of schools in less developed countries. It recommends that population studies incorporate the perspectives and research of educational research in the analysis of demographic and health data.Less
This chapter concludes the book by summarizing its theory and research findings and emphasizing the centrality of communicative processes in the effects of schooling on maternal behavior related to health and education. Presenting the case for a causal influence of schooling on maternal health behavior mediated by retained literacy skills, the chapter examines alternative explanations of the results and finds them inadequate. It considers the theoretical implications of the findings – including the internalization of the teacher-pupil relationship consistent with the theories of L. S. Vygotsky and G. H. Mead – and their policy implications for the protection of children and improvement of schools in less developed countries. It recommends that population studies incorporate the perspectives and research of educational research in the analysis of demographic and health data.
