Louis Kaplow
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691158624
- eISBN:
- 9781400846078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691158624.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter first considers the degree to which industry conditions are conducive to successful coordination and also elaborates on the relevance of this inquiry, which is particularly important in ...
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This chapter first considers the degree to which industry conditions are conducive to successful coordination and also elaborates on the relevance of this inquiry, which is particularly important in light of the contrast with how such evidence is employed under a communications-based prohibition. It then explores evidence from within firms—whether records of strategy or internal indicators of what is actually taking place in the market. The chapter also discusses evidence on interfirm communications, which when present and sufficiently clear may well be decisive in demonstrating the existence of successful coordinated price elevation, although its absence does not negate such behavior because detailed interchanges may be unnecessary and in any event may remain hidden.Less
This chapter first considers the degree to which industry conditions are conducive to successful coordination and also elaborates on the relevance of this inquiry, which is particularly important in light of the contrast with how such evidence is employed under a communications-based prohibition. It then explores evidence from within firms—whether records of strategy or internal indicators of what is actually taking place in the market. The chapter also discusses evidence on interfirm communications, which when present and sufficiently clear may well be decisive in demonstrating the existence of successful coordinated price elevation, although its absence does not negate such behavior because detailed interchanges may be unnecessary and in any event may remain hidden.
Louis Kaplow
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691158624
- eISBN:
- 9781400846078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691158624.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter emphasizes that the internal sources of information discussed in the previous chapter are complementary to each other and to market-based techniques. In deciding whether to assign ...
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This chapter emphasizes that the internal sources of information discussed in the previous chapter are complementary to each other and to market-based techniques. In deciding whether to assign liability in a particular case, all such evidence on detection should be considered in light of the decision-theoretic approach articulated previously. Some forms of proof are more reliable than others and give rise to different risks of particular types of errors. For example, some market-based techniques that attempt to determine firms' marginal costs could result in adverse incentive effects in the case of underestimation, making it optimal to find liability only if the measured price elevation is substantial or other confirming evidence is present. The chapter also considers two additional matters: liability for attempts and the problem of determining which firms should be held liable.Less
This chapter emphasizes that the internal sources of information discussed in the previous chapter are complementary to each other and to market-based techniques. In deciding whether to assign liability in a particular case, all such evidence on detection should be considered in light of the decision-theoretic approach articulated previously. Some forms of proof are more reliable than others and give rise to different risks of particular types of errors. For example, some market-based techniques that attempt to determine firms' marginal costs could result in adverse incentive effects in the case of underestimation, making it optimal to find liability only if the measured price elevation is substantial or other confirming evidence is present. The chapter also considers two additional matters: liability for attempts and the problem of determining which firms should be held liable.
Amram Tropper
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199267125
- eISBN:
- 9780191699184
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267125.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism, Religion in the Ancient World
This chapter discusses the date, editor, and function of Avot. Since both the date and the editor's identity are subject to dispute, it investigates the relevant evidence in the hope of demonstrating ...
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This chapter discusses the date, editor, and function of Avot. Since both the date and the editor's identity are subject to dispute, it investigates the relevant evidence in the hope of demonstrating that Avot emerged from within the circle of the patriarchate during the early third century. The attempt to date Avot involves two distinct areas of investigation. The first level deals with the relative dating of various strata in the composition. The second level aims to determine the date of Avot's final redaction. The evidence used to date Avot falls into two rough categories: internal evidence and external evidence. The analysis of external evidence attempts to determine at what time the existence of Avot is corroborated by an independent source. The analysis of internal evidence seeks to determine the date of a composition on the basis of information provided by the book itself.Less
This chapter discusses the date, editor, and function of Avot. Since both the date and the editor's identity are subject to dispute, it investigates the relevant evidence in the hope of demonstrating that Avot emerged from within the circle of the patriarchate during the early third century. The attempt to date Avot involves two distinct areas of investigation. The first level deals with the relative dating of various strata in the composition. The second level aims to determine the date of Avot's final redaction. The evidence used to date Avot falls into two rough categories: internal evidence and external evidence. The analysis of external evidence attempts to determine at what time the existence of Avot is corroborated by an independent source. The analysis of internal evidence seeks to determine the date of a composition on the basis of information provided by the book itself.
Anthony Kenny
- Published in print:
- 1978
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198245544
- eISBN:
- 9780191680878
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198245544.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter discusses the internal evidence that concerns the original context of the disputed middle books of Aristotle. It also examines the forward-looking references in the first five books of ...
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This chapter discusses the internal evidence that concerns the original context of the disputed middle books of Aristotle. It also examines the forward-looking references in the first five books of the Nicomachean Ethics and the first four books of the Eudemian Ethics, and then compares them to the disputed middle books.Less
This chapter discusses the internal evidence that concerns the original context of the disputed middle books of Aristotle. It also examines the forward-looking references in the first five books of the Nicomachean Ethics and the first four books of the Eudemian Ethics, and then compares them to the disputed middle books.
P. Ishwara Bhat
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199493098
- eISBN:
- 9780199098316
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199493098.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
Study of history of laws and legal systems unravels their social dimensions and gives insight into the dynamics of economics, communitarian ethos, and the cultural trajectory beneath them. History ...
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Study of history of laws and legal systems unravels their social dimensions and gives insight into the dynamics of economics, communitarian ethos, and the cultural trajectory beneath them. History unravels the growth of legal concepts, ideas, conscience of the community underlying the law, political and social movements which produced the law, and international relations, which shaped the law at the national and international levels. Within this discussion on historical legal research, the chapter discusses the following points: (a) the interrelated nature of internal legal history, which focuses on evolution of law making, and external legal history, which contextualises law in its social milieu; (b) how archival research, which is a part of historical study, should be conducted by examining the authenticity of the document, relation with events, and central proposition emerging in the discourse; (c) the building up of knowledge of the legal system by legal historians, judges, and scholars have through historical study; and (d) the application of internal and external criticisms to archival data in legal disputes involving historical disagreements.Less
Study of history of laws and legal systems unravels their social dimensions and gives insight into the dynamics of economics, communitarian ethos, and the cultural trajectory beneath them. History unravels the growth of legal concepts, ideas, conscience of the community underlying the law, political and social movements which produced the law, and international relations, which shaped the law at the national and international levels. Within this discussion on historical legal research, the chapter discusses the following points: (a) the interrelated nature of internal legal history, which focuses on evolution of law making, and external legal history, which contextualises law in its social milieu; (b) how archival research, which is a part of historical study, should be conducted by examining the authenticity of the document, relation with events, and central proposition emerging in the discourse; (c) the building up of knowledge of the legal system by legal historians, judges, and scholars have through historical study; and (d) the application of internal and external criticisms to archival data in legal disputes involving historical disagreements.
Anthony Kenny
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- February 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198790938
- eISBN:
- 9780191836282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198790938.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter discusses the internal evidence that concerns the original context of the disputed middle books of Aristotle. It also examines the forward-looking references in the first five books of ...
More
This chapter discusses the internal evidence that concerns the original context of the disputed middle books of Aristotle. It also examines the forward-looking references in the first five books of the Nicomachean Ethics and the first four books of the Eudemian Ethics, and then compares them to the disputed middle books.Less
This chapter discusses the internal evidence that concerns the original context of the disputed middle books of Aristotle. It also examines the forward-looking references in the first five books of the Nicomachean Ethics and the first four books of the Eudemian Ethics, and then compares them to the disputed middle books.
