Anca I. Lasc
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781526113382
- eISBN:
- 9781526138781
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526113382.001.0001
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
This book analyzes the early stages of the interior design profession as articulated within the circles involved in the decoration of the private home in the second half of nineteenth-century France. ...
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This book analyzes the early stages of the interior design profession as articulated within the circles involved in the decoration of the private home in the second half of nineteenth-century France. It argues that the increased presence of the modern, domestic interior in the visual culture of the nineteenth century enabled the profession to take shape. Upholsterers, cabinet-makers, architects, stage designers, department stores, taste advisors, collectors, and illustrators, came together to “sell” the idea of the unified interior as an image and a total work of art. The ideal domestic interior took several media as its outlet, including taste manuals, pattern books, illustrated magazines, art and architectural exhibitions, and department store catalogs. The chapters outline the terms of reception within which the work of each professional group involved in the appearance and design of the nineteenth-century French domestic interior emerged and focus on specific works by members of each group. If Chapter 1 concentrates on collectors and taste advisors, outlining the new definitions of the modern interior they developed, Chapter 2 focuses on the response of upholsterers, architects, and cabinet-makers to the same new conceptions of the ideal private interior. Chapter 3 considers the contribution of the world of entertainment to the field of interior design while Chapter 4 moves into the world of commerce to study how department stores popularized the modern interior with the middle classes. Chapter 5 returns to architects to understand how their engagement with popular journals shaped new interior decorating styles.Less
This book analyzes the early stages of the interior design profession as articulated within the circles involved in the decoration of the private home in the second half of nineteenth-century France. It argues that the increased presence of the modern, domestic interior in the visual culture of the nineteenth century enabled the profession to take shape. Upholsterers, cabinet-makers, architects, stage designers, department stores, taste advisors, collectors, and illustrators, came together to “sell” the idea of the unified interior as an image and a total work of art. The ideal domestic interior took several media as its outlet, including taste manuals, pattern books, illustrated magazines, art and architectural exhibitions, and department store catalogs. The chapters outline the terms of reception within which the work of each professional group involved in the appearance and design of the nineteenth-century French domestic interior emerged and focus on specific works by members of each group. If Chapter 1 concentrates on collectors and taste advisors, outlining the new definitions of the modern interior they developed, Chapter 2 focuses on the response of upholsterers, architects, and cabinet-makers to the same new conceptions of the ideal private interior. Chapter 3 considers the contribution of the world of entertainment to the field of interior design while Chapter 4 moves into the world of commerce to study how department stores popularized the modern interior with the middle classes. Chapter 5 returns to architects to understand how their engagement with popular journals shaped new interior decorating styles.
Leon Mestel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199641741
- eISBN:
- 9780191738609
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641741.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Ongoing studies in mathematical depth, and inferences from ‘helioseismological’ observations of the internal solar rotation have shown up the limitations in our knowledge of the solar interior and of ...
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Ongoing studies in mathematical depth, and inferences from ‘helioseismological’ observations of the internal solar rotation have shown up the limitations in our knowledge of the solar interior and of our understanding of the solar dynamo, manifested in particular by the sunspot cycle, the Maunder minimum, and solar flares. This second edition of this book retains the overall structure as the first edition, but is designed so as to be self-contained with the early chapters presenting the basic physics and mathematics underlying cosmical magnetohydrodynamics, followed by studies of the specific applications appropriate for a book devoted to a central area in astrophysics.Less
Ongoing studies in mathematical depth, and inferences from ‘helioseismological’ observations of the internal solar rotation have shown up the limitations in our knowledge of the solar interior and of our understanding of the solar dynamo, manifested in particular by the sunspot cycle, the Maunder minimum, and solar flares. This second edition of this book retains the overall structure as the first edition, but is designed so as to be self-contained with the early chapters presenting the basic physics and mathematics underlying cosmical magnetohydrodynamics, followed by studies of the specific applications appropriate for a book devoted to a central area in astrophysics.
FLORA DENNIS
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265055
- eISBN:
- 9780191754166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265055.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Although never an easy feat, tracing the connections between sounds, spaces and objects becomes easier the higher up the social scale one goes in the Early Modern period. The survival of documentary ...
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Although never an easy feat, tracing the connections between sounds, spaces and objects becomes easier the higher up the social scale one goes in the Early Modern period. The survival of documentary and material evidence helps to identify musical repertories that were known to have been performed in specific spaces on particular instruments. Given the lack of comparative sources at lower social levels, is it possible to establish relationships between these three elements in non-courtly contexts? This chapter considers non-courtly ‘music-rooms’, addressing how practical material and conceptual motivations forged links between music and domestic space in this period. It goes on to examine broader, perhaps unexpected, connections between musical sound and the material culture of the Early Modern domestic interior.Less
Although never an easy feat, tracing the connections between sounds, spaces and objects becomes easier the higher up the social scale one goes in the Early Modern period. The survival of documentary and material evidence helps to identify musical repertories that were known to have been performed in specific spaces on particular instruments. Given the lack of comparative sources at lower social levels, is it possible to establish relationships between these three elements in non-courtly contexts? This chapter considers non-courtly ‘music-rooms’, addressing how practical material and conceptual motivations forged links between music and domestic space in this period. It goes on to examine broader, perhaps unexpected, connections between musical sound and the material culture of the Early Modern domestic interior.
SOPHIE PICKFORD
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265055
- eISBN:
- 9780191754166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265055.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter considers music-making and the material culture of music in the French domestic interior (1500–1600) with the primary aims of outlining the field; discussing the context for ...
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This chapter considers music-making and the material culture of music in the French domestic interior (1500–1600) with the primary aims of outlining the field; discussing the context for entertaining, particularly in châteaux; as well as investigating the kind of music-related objects found in houses. Châteaux and other élite domestic settings often housed vibrant households, with music as a key part of inhabitants' leisure activities. From services in the chapel to banquets in the great hall, music was a common feature of privileged life. The chapter falls into two halves. First, it discusses the use of inventories in investigating music in châteaux, looking at the range of documents available dating from the sixteenth century, their limitations and, finally, the evidence they offer. Secondly, it takes the grande salle as a case study and examines the use of music as entertainment in this space.Less
This chapter considers music-making and the material culture of music in the French domestic interior (1500–1600) with the primary aims of outlining the field; discussing the context for entertaining, particularly in châteaux; as well as investigating the kind of music-related objects found in houses. Châteaux and other élite domestic settings often housed vibrant households, with music as a key part of inhabitants' leisure activities. From services in the chapel to banquets in the great hall, music was a common feature of privileged life. The chapter falls into two halves. First, it discusses the use of inventories in investigating music in châteaux, looking at the range of documents available dating from the sixteenth century, their limitations and, finally, the evidence they offer. Secondly, it takes the grande salle as a case study and examines the use of music as entertainment in this space.
DEBORAH HOWARD
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265055
- eISBN:
- 9780191754166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265055.003.0006
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter considers the role of music and dance in the definition of identity by families and individuals in Renaissance Venice, with particular reference to the use of domestic space for ...
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This chapter considers the role of music and dance in the definition of identity by families and individuals in Renaissance Venice, with particular reference to the use of domestic space for music-making. The integration of music into its social and architectural context is discussed in terms of the class identity of different groups. The contexts range from domestic entertainment to family festivities such as marriages. The chapter goes on to explore the kinds of music-making in different spaces in the Venetian dwelling, in terms of the size and loudness of the instrument; the type of music performed; and the size, function and decoration of the room. During the sixteenth century, increasingly specialised rooms were created for music-making, often linked to theatrical performance and/or dance. In parallel, the employment of professional musicians by elite families began to supersede amateur participation on important festive occasions.Less
This chapter considers the role of music and dance in the definition of identity by families and individuals in Renaissance Venice, with particular reference to the use of domestic space for music-making. The integration of music into its social and architectural context is discussed in terms of the class identity of different groups. The contexts range from domestic entertainment to family festivities such as marriages. The chapter goes on to explore the kinds of music-making in different spaces in the Venetian dwelling, in terms of the size and loudness of the instrument; the type of music performed; and the size, function and decoration of the room. During the sixteenth century, increasingly specialised rooms were created for music-making, often linked to theatrical performance and/or dance. In parallel, the employment of professional musicians by elite families began to supersede amateur participation on important festive occasions.
MICHAEL LOWE
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265055
- eISBN:
- 9780191754166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265055.003.0009
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
During the sixteenth century in Italy, the lute became the most important musical instrument in secular settings, whether as a solo instrument or for voice accompaniments and ensembles. By the early ...
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During the sixteenth century in Italy, the lute became the most important musical instrument in secular settings, whether as a solo instrument or for voice accompaniments and ensembles. By the early seventeenth century, the growth of monody encouraged the addition of neck extensions to strengthen the bass lines, eventually leading to the introduction of the theorbo or chitarrone. While these larger instruments became popular in theatres and even churches, the traditional lute, with an increased number of courses, remained the pre-eminent solo instrument within smaller, more intimate spaces, especially in France.Less
During the sixteenth century in Italy, the lute became the most important musical instrument in secular settings, whether as a solo instrument or for voice accompaniments and ensembles. By the early seventeenth century, the growth of monody encouraged the addition of neck extensions to strengthen the bass lines, eventually leading to the introduction of the theorbo or chitarrone. While these larger instruments became popular in theatres and even churches, the traditional lute, with an increased number of courses, remained the pre-eminent solo instrument within smaller, more intimate spaces, especially in France.
Andreas Kirsch and Natalia Grinberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213535
- eISBN:
- 9780191707629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213535.003.0004
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter examines the case of a penetrable scatterer with an index of refraction that can be space-dependent and is assumed to be different from the constant background index. The inverse ...
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This chapter examines the case of a penetrable scatterer with an index of refraction that can be space-dependent and is assumed to be different from the constant background index. The inverse scattering problem is to determine the support D of the contrast from far field measurements. The chapter begins with a simple scattering model where the scatterers consists of a finite number of point scatterers. The inverse problem is to determine the locations of these point scatterers from the multistatic response matrix F, which is the discrete analog of the far field operator. In this situation, the Factorization Method is nothing else but the MUSIC-algorithm which is well known in signal processing. The chapter then formulates direct and inverse scattering problem for the scattering by an inhomogeneous medium, reformulates the direct problem as the Lippmann-Schwinger integral equation, and justifies the popular Born approximation. The chapter formulizes the far field operator and proves a characterization of D by the convergence of a Picard series which involves only known data derived from the far field operator. This characterization holds only if the frequency is not an eigenvalue of an unconventional eigenvalue problem of transmission type. The last section shows that there exist at most a quantifiable number of these values.Less
This chapter examines the case of a penetrable scatterer with an index of refraction that can be space-dependent and is assumed to be different from the constant background index. The inverse scattering problem is to determine the support D of the contrast from far field measurements. The chapter begins with a simple scattering model where the scatterers consists of a finite number of point scatterers. The inverse problem is to determine the locations of these point scatterers from the multistatic response matrix F, which is the discrete analog of the far field operator. In this situation, the Factorization Method is nothing else but the MUSIC-algorithm which is well known in signal processing. The chapter then formulates direct and inverse scattering problem for the scattering by an inhomogeneous medium, reformulates the direct problem as the Lippmann-Schwinger integral equation, and justifies the popular Born approximation. The chapter formulizes the far field operator and proves a characterization of D by the convergence of a Picard series which involves only known data derived from the far field operator. This characterization holds only if the frequency is not an eigenvalue of an unconventional eigenvalue problem of transmission type. The last section shows that there exist at most a quantifiable number of these values.
Andreas Kirsch and Natalia Grinberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213535
- eISBN:
- 9780191707629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213535.003.0005
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter examines the time-harmonic Maxwell's equations for isotropic and non-magnetic but possibly inhomogeneous media. It begins by formulating the direct scattering problem for arbitrary ...
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This chapter examines the time-harmonic Maxwell's equations for isotropic and non-magnetic but possibly inhomogeneous media. It begins by formulating the direct scattering problem for arbitrary measurable and essentially bounded permittivities. It derives an integro-differential equation of Lippmann-Schwinger type, proving equivalence with the weak formulation and the Fredholm property. As in the previous chapters, the chapter introduces the far field patterns and the far field operator, derives some of the most important properties, and formulates the inverse scattering problem. The general results of Chapters 1 and 2 are then applied, and a characterization of the contrast in terms of a Picard series is derived involving only known quantities. For the scalar case of Chapter 4, certain critical values of the frequency have to be excluded, which are eigenvalues of an interior transmission eigenvalue problem for Maxwell's equations. It is shown that there exists a quantifiable number of these values.Less
This chapter examines the time-harmonic Maxwell's equations for isotropic and non-magnetic but possibly inhomogeneous media. It begins by formulating the direct scattering problem for arbitrary measurable and essentially bounded permittivities. It derives an integro-differential equation of Lippmann-Schwinger type, proving equivalence with the weak formulation and the Fredholm property. As in the previous chapters, the chapter introduces the far field patterns and the far field operator, derives some of the most important properties, and formulates the inverse scattering problem. The general results of Chapters 1 and 2 are then applied, and a characterization of the contrast in terms of a Picard series is derived involving only known quantities. For the scalar case of Chapter 4, certain critical values of the frequency have to be excluded, which are eigenvalues of an interior transmission eigenvalue problem for Maxwell's equations. It is shown that there exists a quantifiable number of these values.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0063
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter focuses on Europe at the time when Vesalius demonstrated the reality of human anatomy with the help of his illustrator, Titian's student Jan Steven van Kalkar, a contemporary of the ...
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This chapter focuses on Europe at the time when Vesalius demonstrated the reality of human anatomy with the help of his illustrator, Titian's student Jan Steven van Kalkar, a contemporary of the sixteenth century. Half a century before van Kalkar's drawings, Leonardo da Vinci, who was a painter, architect, technician, and observer of nature, offered previously unknown views into the reality of the interior of the body. Vesalius' contemporary, Gabriele Fallopio became famous for his discovery of the fallopian tubes. Other contemporaries, Giovanni Battista Canano and Girolamo Fabrizio ab Aquadependente, became famous for discovering and describing the vein valves. Morgagni became famous for showing more clearly than others that the organs were the sites of disease. The anatomists and pathologists made significant efforts to explore the body's interior and brought much reality to light. Medicine covered several terms such as is normal and sick and it also explains the change from normal to sick and return from sick to normality.Less
This chapter focuses on Europe at the time when Vesalius demonstrated the reality of human anatomy with the help of his illustrator, Titian's student Jan Steven van Kalkar, a contemporary of the sixteenth century. Half a century before van Kalkar's drawings, Leonardo da Vinci, who was a painter, architect, technician, and observer of nature, offered previously unknown views into the reality of the interior of the body. Vesalius' contemporary, Gabriele Fallopio became famous for his discovery of the fallopian tubes. Other contemporaries, Giovanni Battista Canano and Girolamo Fabrizio ab Aquadependente, became famous for discovering and describing the vein valves. Morgagni became famous for showing more clearly than others that the organs were the sites of disease. The anatomists and pathologists made significant efforts to explore the body's interior and brought much reality to light. Medicine covered several terms such as is normal and sick and it also explains the change from normal to sick and return from sick to normality.
Luke Gibbons
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226236179
- eISBN:
- 9780226236209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226236209.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
Modernism has frequently been characterized as a retreat into subjectivity, and Joyce's use of the “stream of consciousness” technique has been taken as representative of this. Drawing on Vygotsky's ...
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Modernism has frequently been characterized as a retreat into subjectivity, and Joyce's use of the “stream of consciousness” technique has been taken as representative of this. Drawing on Vygotsky's concept of inner speech, however, this chapter will argue that Joyce's narrative devices might better be understood as probing the limits of subjectivity. Interiority in Joyce never loses contact with the external world, thus calling into question distinctions between public and private, mind and body, inner and outer worlds. This re-imagining of interiority featured in a number of key recent Dublin public artworks by Frances Hegarty and Andrew Stones, and Amanda Coogan. On these terms, Molly Bloom's interior monologue is closer to interior dialogue, a colloquy of voices that is no less public for being conducted in the privacy of her bedroom.Less
Modernism has frequently been characterized as a retreat into subjectivity, and Joyce's use of the “stream of consciousness” technique has been taken as representative of this. Drawing on Vygotsky's concept of inner speech, however, this chapter will argue that Joyce's narrative devices might better be understood as probing the limits of subjectivity. Interiority in Joyce never loses contact with the external world, thus calling into question distinctions between public and private, mind and body, inner and outer worlds. This re-imagining of interiority featured in a number of key recent Dublin public artworks by Frances Hegarty and Andrew Stones, and Amanda Coogan. On these terms, Molly Bloom's interior monologue is closer to interior dialogue, a colloquy of voices that is no less public for being conducted in the privacy of her bedroom.
David Kurnick
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151519
- eISBN:
- 9781400840090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151519.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter examines the tonal shifts of the narrative voice in Vanity Fair as encoding a yearning for public scenes of performance. Moving between public speechifying and chastened intimate ...
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This chapter examines the tonal shifts of the narrative voice in Vanity Fair as encoding a yearning for public scenes of performance. Moving between public speechifying and chastened intimate address, the Thackerayan narrator offers readers an acoustic map of different imaginary scenes of reception. The pitch of Thackeray's voice—both its tone and its reach, its sound and the spaces it organizes—indexes various fantasmatic scenes of readerly witness, conveying in the process a vivid sense of the erosion of public space in the face of the exaltation of the domestic sphere. The sociohistorical imagination evident in Vanity Fair was given a new intensity of focus in his unperformed play The Wolves and the Lamb (1854) and the novel into which he later adapted it, the formally innovative Lovel the Widower (1860). In retreating from the stage, Thackeray both amplified his critique of mid-Victorian domesticity and pioneered the practice of interior monologue.Less
This chapter examines the tonal shifts of the narrative voice in Vanity Fair as encoding a yearning for public scenes of performance. Moving between public speechifying and chastened intimate address, the Thackerayan narrator offers readers an acoustic map of different imaginary scenes of reception. The pitch of Thackeray's voice—both its tone and its reach, its sound and the spaces it organizes—indexes various fantasmatic scenes of readerly witness, conveying in the process a vivid sense of the erosion of public space in the face of the exaltation of the domestic sphere. The sociohistorical imagination evident in Vanity Fair was given a new intensity of focus in his unperformed play The Wolves and the Lamb (1854) and the novel into which he later adapted it, the formally innovative Lovel the Widower (1860). In retreating from the stage, Thackeray both amplified his critique of mid-Victorian domesticity and pioneered the practice of interior monologue.
CHRISTOPHER DUGGAN
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198206118
- eISBN:
- 9780191717178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206118.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Like his great role model, Otto von Bismarck, Francesco Crispi saw emotions as weapons in the statesman's armoury. Fear, anger, uncertainty, jealousy, indignation, and hatred were tools of politics, ...
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Like his great role model, Otto von Bismarck, Francesco Crispi saw emotions as weapons in the statesman's armoury. Fear, anger, uncertainty, jealousy, indignation, and hatred were tools of politics, as valid as reason, but potentially far more powerful given that in an age of democracy public opinion could be used to justify courses of action. Here was a dangerous legacy of democratic romanticism. Secretiveness was certainly an important element in Crispi's character. As prime minister this secretiveness was to reassert itself strongly, partly because he once again — certainly in foreign policy — felt himself to be an outsider surrounded by enemies: the court and much of the diplomatic corps distrusted him strongly; and he distrusted them. This chapter also examines the conflict between Crispi and the Roman Catholic Church regarding conciliation, with the influential deputy archivist of the Holy See, Padre Luigi Tosti, being caught in the middle.Less
Like his great role model, Otto von Bismarck, Francesco Crispi saw emotions as weapons in the statesman's armoury. Fear, anger, uncertainty, jealousy, indignation, and hatred were tools of politics, as valid as reason, but potentially far more powerful given that in an age of democracy public opinion could be used to justify courses of action. Here was a dangerous legacy of democratic romanticism. Secretiveness was certainly an important element in Crispi's character. As prime minister this secretiveness was to reassert itself strongly, partly because he once again — certainly in foreign policy — felt himself to be an outsider surrounded by enemies: the court and much of the diplomatic corps distrusted him strongly; and he distrusted them. This chapter also examines the conflict between Crispi and the Roman Catholic Church regarding conciliation, with the influential deputy archivist of the Holy See, Padre Luigi Tosti, being caught in the middle.
CHRISTOPHER DUGGAN
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198206118
- eISBN:
- 9780191717178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206118.003.0018
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Francesco Crispi's resignation as Italy's prime minister left him full of rancour. He came to believe that the king and the court had conspired to remove him. However, the scandal of the Banca Romana ...
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Francesco Crispi's resignation as Italy's prime minister left him full of rancour. He came to believe that the king and the court had conspired to remove him. However, the scandal of the Banca Romana that was to rock Italy to its foundations would pave the way for his return to power. The radical deputy, Napoleone Colajanni, had secured access to a copy of the Alvisi-Biagini report of 1889. The scandal precipitated a national crisis; a wave of rioting soon swept across the country. The severe recession that had begun in the late 1880s and been exacerbated by the trade war with France, Crispi's heavy defence spending, and the crisis in the banking sector, showed every sign of deepening. With the financial crisis escalating and the situation in Sicily threatening to produce civil war, the clamourings for Crispi became insistent. When the government of Giovanni Giolitti fell from grace, Crispi accepted an invitation to become Minister of the Interior.Less
Francesco Crispi's resignation as Italy's prime minister left him full of rancour. He came to believe that the king and the court had conspired to remove him. However, the scandal of the Banca Romana that was to rock Italy to its foundations would pave the way for his return to power. The radical deputy, Napoleone Colajanni, had secured access to a copy of the Alvisi-Biagini report of 1889. The scandal precipitated a national crisis; a wave of rioting soon swept across the country. The severe recession that had begun in the late 1880s and been exacerbated by the trade war with France, Crispi's heavy defence spending, and the crisis in the banking sector, showed every sign of deepening. With the financial crisis escalating and the situation in Sicily threatening to produce civil war, the clamourings for Crispi became insistent. When the government of Giovanni Giolitti fell from grace, Crispi accepted an invitation to become Minister of the Interior.
Charlotte A. Quinn and Frederick Quinn
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195063868
- eISBN:
- 9780199834587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195063864.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
From earliest times, Muslims were a visible presence along the Indian Ocean of East Africa, coming from different locations in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, and elsewhere. Islam moved inland ...
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From earliest times, Muslims were a visible presence along the Indian Ocean of East Africa, coming from different locations in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, and elsewhere. Islam moved inland in Kenya and surrounding countries during the nineteenth century, largely brought by traders. Kenyan Islam is divided along structural, ethnic, personality, geographical, and doctrinal lines, resulting in a divided community, accounting for perhaps 30% of the population. Despite the influence of Iran and Libya, Kenya has successfully contained radical Islam, especially following the bombing of the American Embassy in Nairobi, but Islamic discontent is unabated since the root causes of societal discontent remain unresolved. The short‐lived effort by Shaikh Khalid Balala proved more of an irritant than a threat to the government, which continues to dole out bits of patronage to coastal and Somali Muslims in the country's northeast.Less
From earliest times, Muslims were a visible presence along the Indian Ocean of East Africa, coming from different locations in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, and elsewhere. Islam moved inland in Kenya and surrounding countries during the nineteenth century, largely brought by traders. Kenyan Islam is divided along structural, ethnic, personality, geographical, and doctrinal lines, resulting in a divided community, accounting for perhaps 30% of the population. Despite the influence of Iran and Libya, Kenya has successfully contained radical Islam, especially following the bombing of the American Embassy in Nairobi, but Islamic discontent is unabated since the root causes of societal discontent remain unresolved. The short‐lived effort by Shaikh Khalid Balala proved more of an irritant than a threat to the government, which continues to dole out bits of patronage to coastal and Somali Muslims in the country's northeast.
Paul Betts
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199208845
- eISBN:
- 9780191594755
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208845.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Social History, Economic History
Recent years have witnessed growing academic interest in material culture as a particularly rewarding approach to reinterpreting the German past. That Germany served as one of the twentieth century's ...
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Recent years have witnessed growing academic interest in material culture as a particularly rewarding approach to reinterpreting the German past. That Germany served as one of the twentieth century's busiest construction sites of political experimentation and utopian ventures of all stripes meant that the built environment was crucial for conveying new dreams of political power, place and possibility. Yet it is less well-known is that the 20th century placed great premium on the domestic interior. This chapter considers the issue of interior design and the construction of an East German Wohnkultur, or domestic ‘living culture,’ as both socialist ideal and lived reality. Attention will also be paid to the flourishing 1960s cottage industry of East German etiquette books as further efforts to stylize the socialist self and to remake home life as an outpost of socialist civilization.Less
Recent years have witnessed growing academic interest in material culture as a particularly rewarding approach to reinterpreting the German past. That Germany served as one of the twentieth century's busiest construction sites of political experimentation and utopian ventures of all stripes meant that the built environment was crucial for conveying new dreams of political power, place and possibility. Yet it is less well-known is that the 20th century placed great premium on the domestic interior. This chapter considers the issue of interior design and the construction of an East German Wohnkultur, or domestic ‘living culture,’ as both socialist ideal and lived reality. Attention will also be paid to the flourishing 1960s cottage industry of East German etiquette books as further efforts to stylize the socialist self and to remake home life as an outpost of socialist civilization.
Paul Betts
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199208845
- eISBN:
- 9780191594755
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208845.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Social History, Economic History
This chapter moves the discussion in a new direction, exploring how private life was presented in the visual arts and in particular photography. Whereas private life played little role in East German ...
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This chapter moves the discussion in a new direction, exploring how private life was presented in the visual arts and in particular photography. Whereas private life played little role in East German professional photography in the 1950s and early 1960s, the domestic sphere emerged as a new interest in the 1970s and 1980s. By that time a new generation of East German Fotokünstler saw themselves as maverick chroniclers of ‘real existing socialism,’ recording the private lives of ordinary East German citizens. Given the state's embracing of socialist realism as official ideology from the early 1950s on, as well as the much-touted relaxation of the Honecker Era, photographers began to test the meaning of socialist realism from fresh perspectives. This chapter addresses how and why many of them chose to go indoors in the 1970s and 1980s, identifying the private domestic sphere as the authentic register and last outpost of GDR socialism.Less
This chapter moves the discussion in a new direction, exploring how private life was presented in the visual arts and in particular photography. Whereas private life played little role in East German professional photography in the 1950s and early 1960s, the domestic sphere emerged as a new interest in the 1970s and 1980s. By that time a new generation of East German Fotokünstler saw themselves as maverick chroniclers of ‘real existing socialism,’ recording the private lives of ordinary East German citizens. Given the state's embracing of socialist realism as official ideology from the early 1950s on, as well as the much-touted relaxation of the Honecker Era, photographers began to test the meaning of socialist realism from fresh perspectives. This chapter addresses how and why many of them chose to go indoors in the 1970s and 1980s, identifying the private domestic sphere as the authentic register and last outpost of GDR socialism.
TERENCE ZUBER
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199250165
- eISBN:
- 9780191719554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250165.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
With the fall of the Wall in 1989, a summary of Schlieffen's war plans to 1904 by Wilhelm Dieckmann was found in the East German army archive, as well as a summary of the German intelligence ...
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With the fall of the Wall in 1989, a summary of Schlieffen's war plans to 1904 by Wilhelm Dieckmann was found in the East German army archive, as well as a summary of the German intelligence estimates in the west by Hellmuth Greiner. To these could be added several of Schlieffen's war games found in the archive of the Bavarian army in Munich. Together, they allow a fundamental reevaluation of Schlieffen's war planning. Schlieffen's war games show that he recognized that Germany would be outnumbered in a two-front war. Rather than attack France or Russia, Schlieffen wanted to use Germany's interior position and rail mobility to counter-attack against either the French or Russian offensive, then shift troops to the other front and counter-attack again. None of Schlieffen's war games ever tested the Schlieffen plan. Schlieffen's last and greatest exercise, the 1905 Kriegsspiel, has no similarity to the ‘Schlieffen plan’ whatsoever. In the 1906 ‘Schlieffen plan’ Denkschrift Schlieffen used 24 ‘ghost’ divisions that did not actually exist; for this reason alone, the ‘Schlieffen plan’ could never have been an operational war plan. The ‘Schlieffen plan’ was in fact arguing, as Schlieffen had for the last 18 years, for the German army to raise more units by incorporating all trained reservists, as well as by instituting genuine universal conscription. There never was a ‘Schlieffen plan’.Less
With the fall of the Wall in 1989, a summary of Schlieffen's war plans to 1904 by Wilhelm Dieckmann was found in the East German army archive, as well as a summary of the German intelligence estimates in the west by Hellmuth Greiner. To these could be added several of Schlieffen's war games found in the archive of the Bavarian army in Munich. Together, they allow a fundamental reevaluation of Schlieffen's war planning. Schlieffen's war games show that he recognized that Germany would be outnumbered in a two-front war. Rather than attack France or Russia, Schlieffen wanted to use Germany's interior position and rail mobility to counter-attack against either the French or Russian offensive, then shift troops to the other front and counter-attack again. None of Schlieffen's war games ever tested the Schlieffen plan. Schlieffen's last and greatest exercise, the 1905 Kriegsspiel, has no similarity to the ‘Schlieffen plan’ whatsoever. In the 1906 ‘Schlieffen plan’ Denkschrift Schlieffen used 24 ‘ghost’ divisions that did not actually exist; for this reason alone, the ‘Schlieffen plan’ could never have been an operational war plan. The ‘Schlieffen plan’ was in fact arguing, as Schlieffen had for the last 18 years, for the German army to raise more units by incorporating all trained reservists, as well as by instituting genuine universal conscription. There never was a ‘Schlieffen plan’.
Robert W. Righter
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195149470
- eISBN:
- 9780199788934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149470.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The Hetch Hetchy fight was greatly influenced by the nascent battle over who would provide the public with electrical power. Would it be public power or a private power company? Would it be San ...
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The Hetch Hetchy fight was greatly influenced by the nascent battle over who would provide the public with electrical power. Would it be public power or a private power company? Would it be San Francisco or the newly-formed (1905) Pacific Gas and Electric Company? For some, such as Senator George Norris of Nebraska, the heart of the Hetch Hetchy fight was to keep power in the public's hands. Therefore, the Raker Act granted San Francisco the right to build and operate electrical generating stations, but specifically prohibiting the city from selling that power to a privately owned company. In 1925, however, San Francisco violated the Raker Act by contracting with PG&E to purchase for $2 million per year all of the power generated by the Hetch Hetchy system. Most of this chapter chronicles the long fight between San Francisco and the federal government. It particularly focuses on Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes' determination to bring public power to San Francsico, rejected eight times in public bond issues. Although Ickes view was sustained by a U.S. Supreme Court ruling (US vs. City and County of San Francisco, 1940), by the late 1940s he had lost his battle. Today, the people of San Franciscan still pay the PG&E for their electricity. Congress expected the Hetch Hetchy system to provide the city with municipal water and power. Only 50 percent of that goal was realized. Today, most of the Hetch Hetchy system electricity is sold to the Modesto and Turlock Irrigation Districts.Less
The Hetch Hetchy fight was greatly influenced by the nascent battle over who would provide the public with electrical power. Would it be public power or a private power company? Would it be San Francisco or the newly-formed (1905) Pacific Gas and Electric Company? For some, such as Senator George Norris of Nebraska, the heart of the Hetch Hetchy fight was to keep power in the public's hands. Therefore, the Raker Act granted San Francisco the right to build and operate electrical generating stations, but specifically prohibiting the city from selling that power to a privately owned company. In 1925, however, San Francisco violated the Raker Act by contracting with PG&E to purchase for $2 million per year all of the power generated by the Hetch Hetchy system. Most of this chapter chronicles the long fight between San Francisco and the federal government. It particularly focuses on Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes' determination to bring public power to San Francsico, rejected eight times in public bond issues. Although Ickes view was sustained by a U.S. Supreme Court ruling (US vs. City and County of San Francisco, 1940), by the late 1940s he had lost his battle. Today, the people of San Franciscan still pay the PG&E for their electricity. Congress expected the Hetch Hetchy system to provide the city with municipal water and power. Only 50 percent of that goal was realized. Today, most of the Hetch Hetchy system electricity is sold to the Modesto and Turlock Irrigation Districts.
Tanis C. Thorne
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182989
- eISBN:
- 9780199789030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182989.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This epilogue analyzes the implications of the case of Jackson Barnett. It is argued that in its historical trust relationship with Indian people, the federal government has shown itself to be a ...
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This epilogue analyzes the implications of the case of Jackson Barnett. It is argued that in its historical trust relationship with Indian people, the federal government has shown itself to be a fickle trustee. At times, the Indian bureau has valiantly and heroically championed Indian interests and defended Indian property rights in the face of monumental forces waged against it. On the darker side, Congress and the Department of the Interior have been complicit agents in the transfer of Indian resources to the non-Indian majority. Untangling the twisted strands of benevolent and malevolent paternalism is a seemingly insuperable task, but what is abundantly clear is that power over Indian lands and resources has been a corrupting force, and greater accountability to native people is urgently needed.Less
This epilogue analyzes the implications of the case of Jackson Barnett. It is argued that in its historical trust relationship with Indian people, the federal government has shown itself to be a fickle trustee. At times, the Indian bureau has valiantly and heroically championed Indian interests and defended Indian property rights in the face of monumental forces waged against it. On the darker side, Congress and the Department of the Interior have been complicit agents in the transfer of Indian resources to the non-Indian majority. Untangling the twisted strands of benevolent and malevolent paternalism is a seemingly insuperable task, but what is abundantly clear is that power over Indian lands and resources has been a corrupting force, and greater accountability to native people is urgently needed.
Jonathan Laurence
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144214
- eISBN:
- 9781400840373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144214.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the second round of state–mosque relations that produced institutionalized Islam Councils. Interior ministries provided the first impetus to organize Islam as a “national” ...
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This chapter examines the second round of state–mosque relations that produced institutionalized Islam Councils. Interior ministries provided the first impetus to organize Islam as a “national” religion, and the government-led consultations established a variety of national councils between 1992 and 2006, from the Conseil français du culte musulman, to the Comisíon Islámica de España, to the Exécutif des musulmans de Belgique, to the Deutsche Islam Konferenz, to the Mosques and Imams National Advisory Board in Britain, to the Consulta per l'Islam italiano. These national processes are not identical: many place more weight on the role of Embassy Islam and foreign government representatives (e.g., Belgium, Germany, France, Spain), while others rely more heavily on handpicked local civil society organizations (e.g., Italy, United Kingdom).Less
This chapter examines the second round of state–mosque relations that produced institutionalized Islam Councils. Interior ministries provided the first impetus to organize Islam as a “national” religion, and the government-led consultations established a variety of national councils between 1992 and 2006, from the Conseil français du culte musulman, to the Comisíon Islámica de España, to the Exécutif des musulmans de Belgique, to the Deutsche Islam Konferenz, to the Mosques and Imams National Advisory Board in Britain, to the Consulta per l'Islam italiano. These national processes are not identical: many place more weight on the role of Embassy Islam and foreign government representatives (e.g., Belgium, Germany, France, Spain), while others rely more heavily on handpicked local civil society organizations (e.g., Italy, United Kingdom).
