Nicole Bolleyer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199570607
- eISBN:
- 9780191721953
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570607.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
The chapter highlights the increasing relevance of boundary-crossing problems and thus of institutional choices in the intergovernmental arena of federal and multilevel systems. It distinguishes ...
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The chapter highlights the increasing relevance of boundary-crossing problems and thus of institutional choices in the intergovernmental arena of federal and multilevel systems. It distinguishes intergovernmental relations along three dimensions: exchanges, patterns, and structures. Focusing on dominant patterns, and structures as reflected in the nature of intergovernmental arrangements, the study compares the 'corridor of adaptation' across several federal systems. These corridors are rooted in intragovernmental dynamics and indicate the leeway of constitutive governments to create strong intergovernmental institutions. On this basis, the chapter distinguishes between four interaction modes associated with a particular institutional infrastructure: unilateral adaptation, ad hoc coordination, co-decision (regular joint decision-making) and supragovernmentalism (the formal creation of collective authority). Finally, the chapter defines and operationalizes the two dependent variables institutionalization of intergovernmental arrangements and their mutual integration.Less
The chapter highlights the increasing relevance of boundary-crossing problems and thus of institutional choices in the intergovernmental arena of federal and multilevel systems. It distinguishes intergovernmental relations along three dimensions: exchanges, patterns, and structures. Focusing on dominant patterns, and structures as reflected in the nature of intergovernmental arrangements, the study compares the 'corridor of adaptation' across several federal systems. These corridors are rooted in intragovernmental dynamics and indicate the leeway of constitutive governments to create strong intergovernmental institutions. On this basis, the chapter distinguishes between four interaction modes associated with a particular institutional infrastructure: unilateral adaptation, ad hoc coordination, co-decision (regular joint decision-making) and supragovernmentalism (the formal creation of collective authority). Finally, the chapter defines and operationalizes the two dependent variables institutionalization of intergovernmental arrangements and their mutual integration.
Nicole Bolleyer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199570607
- eISBN:
- 9780191721953
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570607.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
Over the past decades, governments have increasingly been confronted with problems that transcend their boundaries. A multitude of policy fields are affected, including environment, trade and ...
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Over the past decades, governments have increasingly been confronted with problems that transcend their boundaries. A multitude of policy fields are affected, including environment, trade and security. Responding to the challenges triggered by Europeanization and globalization, governments increasingly interact across different spheres of authority. Both theoretically and empirically, the puzzle of institutional choice reflected by the variety of arrangements in which intergovernmental cooperation takes place inside individual countries and across their borders remains surprisingly under-explored. In an attempt to solve this puzzle, the book tackles the following questions: Why are the intergovernmental arrangements governments set up to deal with boundary-crossing problems so different? To what extent do these institutional differences affect the effectiveness of intergovernmental cooperation? To address this gap theoretically and empirically, this book adopts a deductive, rationalist approach on institution-building. It argues that internal politics, the type of executive-legislative relations within the interacting governments, explains the nature of institutions set up to channel intergovernmental processes: while power-sharing governments engage in institution-building, power-concentrating governments avoid it. It also shows that these institutional choices matter for the output of intergovernmental cooperation. The approach is applied to Canada, Switzerland, the United States and finally the European Union. Disaggregating individual government units, the theoretical approach reveals how intragovernmental micro-incentives drive macro-dynamics and thereby addresses the neglect of horizontal dynamics in multilevel systems. The willingness and capacity of lower-level governments to solve collective problems on their own and to oppose central encroachment are crucial to understand the power distribution in different systems and their long-term evolutions.Less
Over the past decades, governments have increasingly been confronted with problems that transcend their boundaries. A multitude of policy fields are affected, including environment, trade and security. Responding to the challenges triggered by Europeanization and globalization, governments increasingly interact across different spheres of authority. Both theoretically and empirically, the puzzle of institutional choice reflected by the variety of arrangements in which intergovernmental cooperation takes place inside individual countries and across their borders remains surprisingly under-explored. In an attempt to solve this puzzle, the book tackles the following questions: Why are the intergovernmental arrangements governments set up to deal with boundary-crossing problems so different? To what extent do these institutional differences affect the effectiveness of intergovernmental cooperation? To address this gap theoretically and empirically, this book adopts a deductive, rationalist approach on institution-building. It argues that internal politics, the type of executive-legislative relations within the interacting governments, explains the nature of institutions set up to channel intergovernmental processes: while power-sharing governments engage in institution-building, power-concentrating governments avoid it. It also shows that these institutional choices matter for the output of intergovernmental cooperation. The approach is applied to Canada, Switzerland, the United States and finally the European Union. Disaggregating individual government units, the theoretical approach reveals how intragovernmental micro-incentives drive macro-dynamics and thereby addresses the neglect of horizontal dynamics in multilevel systems. The willingness and capacity of lower-level governments to solve collective problems on their own and to oppose central encroachment are crucial to understand the power distribution in different systems and their long-term evolutions.
Daniel Béland and André Lecours
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199546848
- eISBN:
- 9780191720468
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546848.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Theory
Chapter 2 first examines how the relationship between nation-building and social policy emerged in Canadian society during and immediately following the Second World War. It then demonstrates how ...
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Chapter 2 first examines how the relationship between nation-building and social policy emerged in Canadian society during and immediately following the Second World War. It then demonstrates how the transformation of Québécois nationalism during the 1960s generated a positive connection between sub-state nationalism and progressive social policy, and how this new connection affected the enactment and implementation of social policy in Canada. Next, it explores the contemporary links between nationalist mobilization in Quebec and the issue of social policy reform in the context of retrenchment and, more recently, federal budget surpluses. Finally, it looks at the impact of the Québécois nationalism–social policy nexus on the structures of Canadian federalism.Less
Chapter 2 first examines how the relationship between nation-building and social policy emerged in Canadian society during and immediately following the Second World War. It then demonstrates how the transformation of Québécois nationalism during the 1960s generated a positive connection between sub-state nationalism and progressive social policy, and how this new connection affected the enactment and implementation of social policy in Canada. Next, it explores the contemporary links between nationalist mobilization in Quebec and the issue of social policy reform in the context of retrenchment and, more recently, federal budget surpluses. Finally, it looks at the impact of the Québécois nationalism–social policy nexus on the structures of Canadian federalism.
Nicole Bolleyer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199652990
- eISBN:
- 9780191747915
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199652990.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter argues that patterns of horizontal self-coordination across lower-level governments in federal systems are driven by willingness as much as capacity. Depending on the internal dynamics ...
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This chapter argues that patterns of horizontal self-coordination across lower-level governments in federal systems are driven by willingness as much as capacity. Depending on the internal dynamics of lower-level governments (which drive their ‘outside relations’), strategic considerations systematically feed into collective attempts to solve shared policy problems that cross jurisdictional boundaries. The mismatch between the willingness and the capacity of governments to engage in collective problem-solving (i.e. the tension between political manoeuvring and functional needs) generates a range of paradoxes inherent in intergovernmental self-coordination. Just to mention one: Since intergovernmental institutions are a product of self-coordination, strong voluntary institutions are more likely to be created in less competitive settings by governments that are less constrained by the anticipated outcome of the next election, thus, in settings where they are needed the least. These arguments are substantiated by material from a study of intergovernmental relations in Canada, Switzerland and the US.Less
This chapter argues that patterns of horizontal self-coordination across lower-level governments in federal systems are driven by willingness as much as capacity. Depending on the internal dynamics of lower-level governments (which drive their ‘outside relations’), strategic considerations systematically feed into collective attempts to solve shared policy problems that cross jurisdictional boundaries. The mismatch between the willingness and the capacity of governments to engage in collective problem-solving (i.e. the tension between political manoeuvring and functional needs) generates a range of paradoxes inherent in intergovernmental self-coordination. Just to mention one: Since intergovernmental institutions are a product of self-coordination, strong voluntary institutions are more likely to be created in less competitive settings by governments that are less constrained by the anticipated outcome of the next election, thus, in settings where they are needed the least. These arguments are substantiated by material from a study of intergovernmental relations in Canada, Switzerland and the US.
R. A. W. Rhodes and David Marsh
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198278528
- eISBN:
- 9780191684210
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198278528.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter describes the relationship between the approach of policy networks and pluralist and corporatist models of government-interest group relations. It discusses the development of the ...
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This chapter describes the relationship between the approach of policy networks and pluralist and corporatist models of government-interest group relations. It discusses the development of the concept of policy networks, paying particular attention on British literature on policy networks as applied to the study of intergovernmental relations. The chapter also explores the strengths and weaknesses of two distinctly British approaches in order to identify the themes and issues which are explored in the case studies.Less
This chapter describes the relationship between the approach of policy networks and pluralist and corporatist models of government-interest group relations. It discusses the development of the concept of policy networks, paying particular attention on British literature on policy networks as applied to the study of intergovernmental relations. The chapter also explores the strengths and weaknesses of two distinctly British approaches in order to identify the themes and issues which are explored in the case studies.
Alan Trench
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420367
- eISBN:
- 9781447302056
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420367.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter on intergovernmental relations makes the case that an area often thought of as a lawyers' hobby rather than a major political variable is indeed key to the development of social ...
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This chapter on intergovernmental relations makes the case that an area often thought of as a lawyers' hobby rather than a major political variable is indeed key to the development of social citizenship on the practical and the rhetorical levels. Practically, governments cannot develop distinctive social citizenship if it requires policies they cannot make. Theoretically, debates about social policy channel and change social citizenship thinking and models of social citizenship. Governments themselves are major participants in the debates through which understandings of citizenship evolve, and the forums they meet in, the kinds of issues they debate, and the extent to which they shape each other's policies matter. The influence is reciprocal; citizenship, or concepts of fairness, provide much of the fuel for the fires that are increasingly whipped up around financial formulae or representation.Less
This chapter on intergovernmental relations makes the case that an area often thought of as a lawyers' hobby rather than a major political variable is indeed key to the development of social citizenship on the practical and the rhetorical levels. Practically, governments cannot develop distinctive social citizenship if it requires policies they cannot make. Theoretically, debates about social policy channel and change social citizenship thinking and models of social citizenship. Governments themselves are major participants in the debates through which understandings of citizenship evolve, and the forums they meet in, the kinds of issues they debate, and the extent to which they shape each other's policies matter. The influence is reciprocal; citizenship, or concepts of fairness, provide much of the fuel for the fires that are increasingly whipped up around financial formulae or representation.
John Phillimore and Tracey Arklay
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447310273
- eISBN:
- 9781447310297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447310273.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Understanding policy analysis within State and Territory governments in Australia presents quite a challenge. State governments are part of a federation in which the Commonwealth government is ...
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Understanding policy analysis within State and Territory governments in Australia presents quite a challenge. State governments are part of a federation in which the Commonwealth government is fiscally dominant and has greatly expanded its policy ambition and reach over the past century. As a result, many areas of government activity, previously the sole preserve of State governments have become concurrent areas of policy formulation and implementation. Determining the precise role of States individually or collectively in such shared policy areas is inherently difficult. This chapter begins by looking at similarities and differences in State-level policy analysis compared to the federal level. It then looks at commonalities and differences between the States themselves, before drawing some conclusions on the policy patterns, decisions and styles across subnational government.Less
Understanding policy analysis within State and Territory governments in Australia presents quite a challenge. State governments are part of a federation in which the Commonwealth government is fiscally dominant and has greatly expanded its policy ambition and reach over the past century. As a result, many areas of government activity, previously the sole preserve of State governments have become concurrent areas of policy formulation and implementation. Determining the precise role of States individually or collectively in such shared policy areas is inherently difficult. This chapter begins by looking at similarities and differences in State-level policy analysis compared to the federal level. It then looks at commonalities and differences between the States themselves, before drawing some conclusions on the policy patterns, decisions and styles across subnational government.
Richard Simeon and Beryl A. Radin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190870829
- eISBN:
- 9780190909529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190870829.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, Comparative Politics
The federal systems of Canada and the United States (U.S.) are difficult to define both individually and in comparative terms. They are similar in some ways yet very different in others. They have ...
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The federal systems of Canada and the United States (U.S.) are difficult to define both individually and in comparative terms. They are similar in some ways yet very different in others. They have employed different strategies to deal with issues, diverse populations, and political structures. At the same time, both have relied on their constitutions to respond to change. Their strategies have moved between conflict and collaboration to attempt to support principles of democracy at different points in their historical development. Federalisms are highly variable; each is sui generis. Few if any generalizations about them are very robust. If this is true, then we have two quite different models to describe and explain. The task, then, is to understand how and in what ways they are similar and ask what common factors might explain why; and to understand the differences, and explain them.Less
The federal systems of Canada and the United States (U.S.) are difficult to define both individually and in comparative terms. They are similar in some ways yet very different in others. They have employed different strategies to deal with issues, diverse populations, and political structures. At the same time, both have relied on their constitutions to respond to change. Their strategies have moved between conflict and collaboration to attempt to support principles of democracy at different points in their historical development. Federalisms are highly variable; each is sui generis. Few if any generalizations about them are very robust. If this is true, then we have two quite different models to describe and explain. The task, then, is to understand how and in what ways they are similar and ask what common factors might explain why; and to understand the differences, and explain them.
Angela K. Bourne
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719067501
- eISBN:
- 9781781701348
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719067501.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter explores the system of intergovernmental relations and tries to determine if it functions as a vehicle for powersharing in state European Union (EU) decisions. It takes a look at the ...
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This chapter explores the system of intergovernmental relations and tries to determine if it functions as a vehicle for powersharing in state European Union (EU) decisions. It takes a look at the adaptations within Spain and the effectiveness of the channels for Basque participation in state decisions on EU matters. It also examines the Basque involvement in state intergovernmental and parliamentary bodies, and then discusses the importance of informal links between political parties ruling in multiple territorial arenas.Less
This chapter explores the system of intergovernmental relations and tries to determine if it functions as a vehicle for powersharing in state European Union (EU) decisions. It takes a look at the adaptations within Spain and the effectiveness of the channels for Basque participation in state decisions on EU matters. It also examines the Basque involvement in state intergovernmental and parliamentary bodies, and then discusses the importance of informal links between political parties ruling in multiple territorial arenas.
Brian Head
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447310273
- eISBN:
- 9781447310297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447310273.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Policy bureaucrats have been the main providers of public policy advice in modern Australia. But this central role has been seriously challenged by the rise of alternative (non-government) sources of ...
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Policy bureaucrats have been the main providers of public policy advice in modern Australia. But this central role has been seriously challenged by the rise of alternative (non-government) sources of policy analysis and advice. This chapter examines the policy advice capacities within government; the key processes at national level for policy development in Australia, including inter-governmental forums; competitive sources of policy advice; and the likely future requirements for addressing complex policy issues in an era of uncertainty and fiscal constraint. Within public sector agencies, the policy function comprises analytical, administrative and relational roles, which in practice are closely connected. The new economic, social and environmental problems facing government now require policy and governance innovations. These challenges have stretched the policy capacity of managers and leaders to design, implement and evaluate new approaches and to manage new risks.Less
Policy bureaucrats have been the main providers of public policy advice in modern Australia. But this central role has been seriously challenged by the rise of alternative (non-government) sources of policy analysis and advice. This chapter examines the policy advice capacities within government; the key processes at national level for policy development in Australia, including inter-governmental forums; competitive sources of policy advice; and the likely future requirements for addressing complex policy issues in an era of uncertainty and fiscal constraint. Within public sector agencies, the policy function comprises analytical, administrative and relational roles, which in practice are closely connected. The new economic, social and environmental problems facing government now require policy and governance innovations. These challenges have stretched the policy capacity of managers and leaders to design, implement and evaluate new approaches and to manage new risks.
Scott L. Greer (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420367
- eISBN:
- 9781447302056
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420367.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Most of the expansive literature on social citizenship follows its leading thinker, T. H. Marshall, and talks only about the British state, often referring only to England. But social citizenship ...
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Most of the expansive literature on social citizenship follows its leading thinker, T. H. Marshall, and talks only about the British state, often referring only to England. But social citizenship rights require taxation, spending, effective public services, and politics committed to them. They can only be as strong as politics makes them. That means that the distinctive territorial politics of the UK are reshaping citizenship rights as they reshape policies, obligations, and finance across the UK. This book explores how changing territorial politics are impacting on social citizenship rights across the UK. The contributors contend that whilst territorial politics have always been a major influence in the meaning and scope of social citizenship rights, devolved politics are now increasingly producing different social citizenship rights in different parts of the UK. Moreover, they are doing it in ways that few scholars or policymakers expect or can trace. Drawing on extensive research over the last 10 years, the book brings together leading scholars of devolution and citizenship to chart the connection between the politics of devolution and the meaning of social citizenship in the UK. The first part of the book connects the large, and largely distinct, literatures on citizenship, devolution, and the welfare state. The empirical second part identifies the different issues that will shape the future territorial politics of citizenship in the UK: intergovernmental relations and finance; policy divergence; bureaucratic politics; public opinion; and the European Union.Less
Most of the expansive literature on social citizenship follows its leading thinker, T. H. Marshall, and talks only about the British state, often referring only to England. But social citizenship rights require taxation, spending, effective public services, and politics committed to them. They can only be as strong as politics makes them. That means that the distinctive territorial politics of the UK are reshaping citizenship rights as they reshape policies, obligations, and finance across the UK. This book explores how changing territorial politics are impacting on social citizenship rights across the UK. The contributors contend that whilst territorial politics have always been a major influence in the meaning and scope of social citizenship rights, devolved politics are now increasingly producing different social citizenship rights in different parts of the UK. Moreover, they are doing it in ways that few scholars or policymakers expect or can trace. Drawing on extensive research over the last 10 years, the book brings together leading scholars of devolution and citizenship to chart the connection between the politics of devolution and the meaning of social citizenship in the UK. The first part of the book connects the large, and largely distinct, literatures on citizenship, devolution, and the welfare state. The empirical second part identifies the different issues that will shape the future territorial politics of citizenship in the UK: intergovernmental relations and finance; policy divergence; bureaucratic politics; public opinion; and the European Union.
Yue Zhang
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816683680
- eISBN:
- 9781452948836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816683680.003.0004
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural History
This chapter shows that, whereas urban preservation in Paris had long been a privilege of the state, the municipal government has begun to claim more autonomy over its urban territory and attempted ...
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This chapter shows that, whereas urban preservation in Paris had long been a privilege of the state, the municipal government has begun to claim more autonomy over its urban territory and attempted to incorporate urban preservation into a larger frame of urban development. Hence, urban preservation in Paris is gradually transformed from the monopoly of the state to a joint venture between the city and the state.Less
This chapter shows that, whereas urban preservation in Paris had long been a privilege of the state, the municipal government has begun to claim more autonomy over its urban territory and attempted to incorporate urban preservation into a larger frame of urban development. Hence, urban preservation in Paris is gradually transformed from the monopoly of the state to a joint venture between the city and the state.
Yue Zhang
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816683680
- eISBN:
- 9781452948836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816683680.003.0001
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural History
This chapter presents the main theoretical framework of the book. After defining the concept of political fragmentation, the chapter identifies three major types of political fragmentation (i.e., ...
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This chapter presents the main theoretical framework of the book. After defining the concept of political fragmentation, the chapter identifies three major types of political fragmentation (i.e., functional, territorial, and intergovernmental) and specifies the effects of each type on the policy process.Less
This chapter presents the main theoretical framework of the book. After defining the concept of political fragmentation, the chapter identifies three major types of political fragmentation (i.e., functional, territorial, and intergovernmental) and specifies the effects of each type on the policy process.
Abigail Fisher Williamson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226572512
- eISBN:
- 9780226572796
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226572796.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Even as Donald Trump’s election has galvanized anti-immigration politics, many local governments have welcomed immigrants, some even going so far as to declare their communities “sanctuary cities” ...
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Even as Donald Trump’s election has galvanized anti-immigration politics, many local governments have welcomed immigrants, some even going so far as to declare their communities “sanctuary cities” that will limit cooperation with federal immigration authorities. But efforts to assist immigrants are not limited to large, politically liberal cities. Many small to mid-sized cities and towns across the United States have implemented a range of informal practices that help immigrant populations integrate into their communities. This book explores why and how local governments are taking steps to accommodate immigrants, sometimes despite serious political opposition. Drawing on case studies of four new immigrant destinations—Lewiston, Maine; Wausau, Wisconsin; Elgin, Illinois; and Yakima, Washington—as well as a national survey of local government officials, it finds that local capacity and immigrant visibility influence whether local governments take action to respond to immigrants. State and federal policies and national political rhetoric shape officials’ framing of immigrants, thereby influencing how municipalities respond. Despite the devolution of federal immigration enforcement and the increasingly polarized national debate, on balance local officials face distinct legal and economic incentives to welcome immigrants that the public does not necessarily share. Officials’ efforts to promote incorporation can therefore result in backlash unless they carefully attend to both aiding immigrants and increasing public acceptance. The book brings together questions of immigration policy, urban politics, and intergovernmental relations, and concludes by considering whether the current trend toward accommodation will continue given Trump’s anti-immigrant rhetoric and changes in federal immigration policy.Less
Even as Donald Trump’s election has galvanized anti-immigration politics, many local governments have welcomed immigrants, some even going so far as to declare their communities “sanctuary cities” that will limit cooperation with federal immigration authorities. But efforts to assist immigrants are not limited to large, politically liberal cities. Many small to mid-sized cities and towns across the United States have implemented a range of informal practices that help immigrant populations integrate into their communities. This book explores why and how local governments are taking steps to accommodate immigrants, sometimes despite serious political opposition. Drawing on case studies of four new immigrant destinations—Lewiston, Maine; Wausau, Wisconsin; Elgin, Illinois; and Yakima, Washington—as well as a national survey of local government officials, it finds that local capacity and immigrant visibility influence whether local governments take action to respond to immigrants. State and federal policies and national political rhetoric shape officials’ framing of immigrants, thereby influencing how municipalities respond. Despite the devolution of federal immigration enforcement and the increasingly polarized national debate, on balance local officials face distinct legal and economic incentives to welcome immigrants that the public does not necessarily share. Officials’ efforts to promote incorporation can therefore result in backlash unless they carefully attend to both aiding immigrants and increasing public acceptance. The book brings together questions of immigration policy, urban politics, and intergovernmental relations, and concludes by considering whether the current trend toward accommodation will continue given Trump’s anti-immigrant rhetoric and changes in federal immigration policy.
Yue Zhang
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816683680
- eISBN:
- 9781452948836
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816683680.001.0001
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural History
The practice of urban preservation has become increasingly controversial in modern cities. In some places, historic monuments dismantled decades ago are rebuilt in exactly the same fashion, whereas ...
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The practice of urban preservation has become increasingly controversial in modern cities. In some places, historic monuments dismantled decades ago are rebuilt in exactly the same fashion, whereas centuries-old urban dwellings are demolished and replaced by new structures with historic appearances. In other places, heritage status becomes the equivalent of tax benefits, which encourages the renovation of historic houses but leads to the displacement of longtime residents. Based on extensive fieldwork and archival data, this book explores how the joint force of policy discourse and political institution shapes the policy process and creates distinct patterns of urban preservation in Beijing, Paris, and Chicago. It argues that the policy concept of urban preservation has become a strategic device for political and social actors to frame their propositions and promote their favored course of action. At the same time, the fragmented urban power structure serves as a filter that constrains the implementation of the preservation initiatives. In particular, the book developed a typology of political fragmentation (i.e., functional, intergovernmental, and territorial) to compare how different types of political fragmentation have shaped the policy process of urban preservation in predictable ways. By wedding political science theory and method to the study of urban preservation, this book is one of the first efforts to reveal the political underpinnings of the topic. The cross-national comparative approach is not only critical to test the theoretical framework presented, but also depicts a richer picture of the modes of spatial and social governance in the urban world.Less
The practice of urban preservation has become increasingly controversial in modern cities. In some places, historic monuments dismantled decades ago are rebuilt in exactly the same fashion, whereas centuries-old urban dwellings are demolished and replaced by new structures with historic appearances. In other places, heritage status becomes the equivalent of tax benefits, which encourages the renovation of historic houses but leads to the displacement of longtime residents. Based on extensive fieldwork and archival data, this book explores how the joint force of policy discourse and political institution shapes the policy process and creates distinct patterns of urban preservation in Beijing, Paris, and Chicago. It argues that the policy concept of urban preservation has become a strategic device for political and social actors to frame their propositions and promote their favored course of action. At the same time, the fragmented urban power structure serves as a filter that constrains the implementation of the preservation initiatives. In particular, the book developed a typology of political fragmentation (i.e., functional, intergovernmental, and territorial) to compare how different types of political fragmentation have shaped the policy process of urban preservation in predictable ways. By wedding political science theory and method to the study of urban preservation, this book is one of the first efforts to reveal the political underpinnings of the topic. The cross-national comparative approach is not only critical to test the theoretical framework presented, but also depicts a richer picture of the modes of spatial and social governance in the urban world.
R. A. W. Rhodes
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198786108
- eISBN:
- 9780191827785
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
In an assessment of the distinctive British contribution to the study of policy networks, the chapter reviews, first, the micro-level of analysis: group dynamics, and social network analysis. Second, ...
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In an assessment of the distinctive British contribution to the study of policy networks, the chapter reviews, first, the micro-level of analysis: group dynamics, and social network analysis. Second, it examines the meso-level of analysis: interorganizational analysis, subgovernments, and intergovernmental relations. Third, it looks at the macro-level of analysis: political economy, and neo-pluralism. It assesses the British contributions looking at the Rhodes model, the ESRC’s government–industry relations initiative. The chapter suggests that we disaggregate and explore subsectoral variations, extend the analysis to the EU, and provide more case studies of networks ‘in action’. The article was written in 1990. The Afterword reflects on the success of the concept, which has become the standard fare of textbooks.Less
In an assessment of the distinctive British contribution to the study of policy networks, the chapter reviews, first, the micro-level of analysis: group dynamics, and social network analysis. Second, it examines the meso-level of analysis: interorganizational analysis, subgovernments, and intergovernmental relations. Third, it looks at the macro-level of analysis: political economy, and neo-pluralism. It assesses the British contributions looking at the Rhodes model, the ESRC’s government–industry relations initiative. The chapter suggests that we disaggregate and explore subsectoral variations, extend the analysis to the EU, and provide more case studies of networks ‘in action’. The article was written in 1990. The Afterword reflects on the success of the concept, which has become the standard fare of textbooks.
Nicholas Rees and Bernadette Connaughton
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719076206
- eISBN:
- 9781781702932
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719076206.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter investigates whether Europeanisation has been a catalyst for change in the pattern of governance in Ireland. It presents a theoretical framework for understanding the effects of ...
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This chapter investigates whether Europeanisation has been a catalyst for change in the pattern of governance in Ireland. It presents a theoretical framework for understanding the effects of Europeanisation on Ireland and relates the various conceptualisations of Europeanisation to the Irish case. This chapter contends that while Europeanisation has influenced changes in Irish policy-making and implementation, the impact of Europeanisation was mediated by domestic forces. It also analyses the way in which key variables such as intergovernmental relations, political parties and cultural values have been affected to differing degrees by Europeanisation.Less
This chapter investigates whether Europeanisation has been a catalyst for change in the pattern of governance in Ireland. It presents a theoretical framework for understanding the effects of Europeanisation on Ireland and relates the various conceptualisations of Europeanisation to the Irish case. This chapter contends that while Europeanisation has influenced changes in Irish policy-making and implementation, the impact of Europeanisation was mediated by domestic forces. It also analyses the way in which key variables such as intergovernmental relations, political parties and cultural values have been affected to differing degrees by Europeanisation.
Yue Zhang
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816683680
- eISBN:
- 9781452948836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816683680.003.0005
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural History
The conclusion synthesizes the results of the book and describes the implications of the study for urban preservation, social justice, and broader urban changes. It examines the explanatory power of ...
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The conclusion synthesizes the results of the book and describes the implications of the study for urban preservation, social justice, and broader urban changes. It examines the explanatory power of the theory of political fragmentation by discussing its potential application to the preservation practice in a number of major world cities.Less
The conclusion synthesizes the results of the book and describes the implications of the study for urban preservation, social justice, and broader urban changes. It examines the explanatory power of the theory of political fragmentation by discussing its potential application to the preservation practice in a number of major world cities.
Yingyi Qian
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262534246
- eISBN:
- 9780262342728
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262534246.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
As China has transformed itself from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, economists have tried to understand and interpret the success of Chinese reform. As the Chinese economist Yingyi ...
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As China has transformed itself from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, economists have tried to understand and interpret the success of Chinese reform. As the Chinese economist Yingyi Qian explains, there are two schools of thought on Chinese reform: the “School of Universal Principles,” which ascribes China’s successful reform to the workings of the free market, and the “School of Chinese Characteristics,” which holds that China’s reform is successful precisely because it did not follow the economics of the market but instead relied on the government. In this book, Qian offers a third perspective, taking certain elements from each school of thought but emphasizing not why reform worked but how it did. Economics is a science, but economic reform is applied science and engineering. To a practitioner, it is more useful to find a feasible reform path than the theoretically best way. The key to understanding how reform has worked in China, Qian argues, is to consider the way reform designs respond to initial historical conditions and contemporary constraints. Qian examines the role of “transitional institutions”—not “best practice institutions” but “incentive-compatible institutions”—in Chinese reform; the dual-track approach to market liberalization; the ownership of firms, viewed both theoretically and empirically; government decentralization, offering and testing hypotheses about its link to local economic development; and the specific historical conditions of China’s regional-based central planning.Less
As China has transformed itself from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, economists have tried to understand and interpret the success of Chinese reform. As the Chinese economist Yingyi Qian explains, there are two schools of thought on Chinese reform: the “School of Universal Principles,” which ascribes China’s successful reform to the workings of the free market, and the “School of Chinese Characteristics,” which holds that China’s reform is successful precisely because it did not follow the economics of the market but instead relied on the government. In this book, Qian offers a third perspective, taking certain elements from each school of thought but emphasizing not why reform worked but how it did. Economics is a science, but economic reform is applied science and engineering. To a practitioner, it is more useful to find a feasible reform path than the theoretically best way. The key to understanding how reform has worked in China, Qian argues, is to consider the way reform designs respond to initial historical conditions and contemporary constraints. Qian examines the role of “transitional institutions”—not “best practice institutions” but “incentive-compatible institutions”—in Chinese reform; the dual-track approach to market liberalization; the ownership of firms, viewed both theoretically and empirically; government decentralization, offering and testing hypotheses about its link to local economic development; and the specific historical conditions of China’s regional-based central planning.
Caroline Pöschl and Barry R. Weingast
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198737506
- eISBN:
- 9780191800894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198737506.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
The design of the fiscal system vitally shapes subnational government institutions, policy choices, and economic performance. In this chapter focuses on the fiscal interest approach; the idea that ...
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The design of the fiscal system vitally shapes subnational government institutions, policy choices, and economic performance. In this chapter focuses on the fiscal interest approach; the idea that the specific arrangements of tax and transfer systems directly affect the interests and incentives of subnational political officials. These incentives therefore affect these governments’ policy choices and, consequently, the performance of their jurisdictions. Several ideas in the literature that show precisely how this occurs are reviewed. When the taxation and transfer system has subnational governments relying on their own revenue generation from broad-based taxes, subnational governments tend to be more responsive to their residents’ needs, more caring towards the overall health of their economies, and are more willing to provide market-enhancing public goods. An excessive reliance on central government transfers, on the other hand, has a detrimental effect on subnational incentives to assist the production of wealth. the chapter provides an overview of how the type of tax that is assigned and the specific formula used to divide central government funds among subnational governments either reward or punish subnational government efforts at promoting growth and prosperity; similarly, the chapter investigates whether these taxes and formulas promote prudent fiscal management or encourage subnational governments to spend beyond their means.Less
The design of the fiscal system vitally shapes subnational government institutions, policy choices, and economic performance. In this chapter focuses on the fiscal interest approach; the idea that the specific arrangements of tax and transfer systems directly affect the interests and incentives of subnational political officials. These incentives therefore affect these governments’ policy choices and, consequently, the performance of their jurisdictions. Several ideas in the literature that show precisely how this occurs are reviewed. When the taxation and transfer system has subnational governments relying on their own revenue generation from broad-based taxes, subnational governments tend to be more responsive to their residents’ needs, more caring towards the overall health of their economies, and are more willing to provide market-enhancing public goods. An excessive reliance on central government transfers, on the other hand, has a detrimental effect on subnational incentives to assist the production of wealth. the chapter provides an overview of how the type of tax that is assigned and the specific formula used to divide central government funds among subnational governments either reward or punish subnational government efforts at promoting growth and prosperity; similarly, the chapter investigates whether these taxes and formulas promote prudent fiscal management or encourage subnational governments to spend beyond their means.
