Maria Misra
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207115
- eISBN:
- 9780191677502
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207115.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book is a study of the political and economic activities of an important group of British businessmen in India between 1850 and 1960. Though denounced by Indian ...
More
This book is a study of the political and economic activities of an important group of British businessmen in India between 1850 and 1960. Though denounced by Indian nationalists as the economic arm of the British Raj, the firms of these ‘Managing Agents’ seemed unassailable before the First World War. However, during the inter-war period they rapidly lost their commanding position to both Indian and other foreign competitors. The author argues that the failure of these firms was, in part, the consequence of their particular (and ultimately self-defeating) attitudes towards business, politics, and race. She casts new light on British colonial society in India, and makes an important contribution to current debates on the nature of the British Empire and the causes of Britain’s relative economic decline.Less
This book is a study of the political and economic activities of an important group of British businessmen in India between 1850 and 1960. Though denounced by Indian nationalists as the economic arm of the British Raj, the firms of these ‘Managing Agents’ seemed unassailable before the First World War. However, during the inter-war period they rapidly lost their commanding position to both Indian and other foreign competitors. The author argues that the failure of these firms was, in part, the consequence of their particular (and ultimately self-defeating) attitudes towards business, politics, and race. She casts new light on British colonial society in India, and makes an important contribution to current debates on the nature of the British Empire and the causes of Britain’s relative economic decline.
Neville Wylie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199547593
- eISBN:
- 9780191720581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547593.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter charts the evolution of the western European prisoner of war ‘regime’. It shows how Britain's experience of captivity during the Great War contributed to the development of a ...
More
This chapter charts the evolution of the western European prisoner of war ‘regime’. It shows how Britain's experience of captivity during the Great War contributed to the development of a distinctively benign view on the issue of captivity, both within military and government circles and within society at large. It examines the part played by the United Kingdom government in drafting the 1929 Geneva Convention for POWs, and shows how closely the resultant POW regime reflected British interests and experience.Less
This chapter charts the evolution of the western European prisoner of war ‘regime’. It shows how Britain's experience of captivity during the Great War contributed to the development of a distinctively benign view on the issue of captivity, both within military and government circles and within society at large. It examines the part played by the United Kingdom government in drafting the 1929 Geneva Convention for POWs, and shows how closely the resultant POW regime reflected British interests and experience.
JONATHAN M. WOODHAM
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264942
- eISBN:
- 9780191754111
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264942.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The Tudor era, with its historical associations with English power and influence in the world at large, proved attractive to many consumers for several decades in the twentieth century, particularly ...
More
The Tudor era, with its historical associations with English power and influence in the world at large, proved attractive to many consumers for several decades in the twentieth century, particularly in the inter-war years. This chapter discusses the vital roles that new manufacturing technologies and shifts in taste have played in the emergence of a Tudorist design demotic. It also considers why the past held such fascination for manufacturers and consumers.Less
The Tudor era, with its historical associations with English power and influence in the world at large, proved attractive to many consumers for several decades in the twentieth century, particularly in the inter-war years. This chapter discusses the vital roles that new manufacturing technologies and shifts in taste have played in the emergence of a Tudorist design demotic. It also considers why the past held such fascination for manufacturers and consumers.
Julia Bush
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199248773
- eISBN:
- 9780191714689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248773.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This final chapter weighs up the extent to which anti-suffrage hopes of protecting and reinforcing distinctive gender roles were matched by developments in public life in the inter-war years. The ...
More
This final chapter weighs up the extent to which anti-suffrage hopes of protecting and reinforcing distinctive gender roles were matched by developments in public life in the inter-war years. The post-war careers of former anti-suffrage leaders illustrate their new opportunities for gendered public service. Gender continuity and change are evaluated in relation to parliamentary politics and government, before turning to the evolution of the non-political women's movement. This retrospective survey prepares the way for conclusions on the women anti-suffragists' long-term historical importance. Women leaders were always at the heart of organized anti-suffragism. Their role was often distinctive and sometimes creative. Anti-suffragism was a women's social cause, and found widespread support within the British women's movement as well as among the female public. The histories of suffragism and anti-suffragism are closer than has often been assumed. Though anti-suffrage women failed to hold back democracy, they succeeded in giving voice to important currents of conservative opinion.Less
This final chapter weighs up the extent to which anti-suffrage hopes of protecting and reinforcing distinctive gender roles were matched by developments in public life in the inter-war years. The post-war careers of former anti-suffrage leaders illustrate their new opportunities for gendered public service. Gender continuity and change are evaluated in relation to parliamentary politics and government, before turning to the evolution of the non-political women's movement. This retrospective survey prepares the way for conclusions on the women anti-suffragists' long-term historical importance. Women leaders were always at the heart of organized anti-suffragism. Their role was often distinctive and sometimes creative. Anti-suffragism was a women's social cause, and found widespread support within the British women's movement as well as among the female public. The histories of suffragism and anti-suffragism are closer than has often been assumed. Though anti-suffrage women failed to hold back democracy, they succeeded in giving voice to important currents of conservative opinion.
William K. Malcolm
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781789620627
- eISBN:
- 9781789629859
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789620627.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Lewis Grassic Gibbon galvanized the Scottish literary scene in 1932 with Sunset Song, the first novel of the epic trilogy A Scots Quair, that drew vividly upon his deprived upbringing on a small ...
More
Lewis Grassic Gibbon galvanized the Scottish literary scene in 1932 with Sunset Song, the first novel of the epic trilogy A Scots Quair, that drew vividly upon his deprived upbringing on a small croft in Aberdeenshire to capture the zeitgeist of the early twentieth century. Yet his literary legacy extends significantly beyond his breakout book. The seventeen volumes that he amassed in his short life, under his own name of James Leslie Mitchell as well as his Scots pseudonym, demonstrate his versatility, as historian, essayist, biographer and fiction writer. His corpus pays testimony to his core principles, rooted in his rural upbringing: his restless humanitarianism and his deep veneration for the natural world. Set against an informed conspectus of Mitchell’s life and times and incorporating substantive new source material, this study provides a comprehensive and searching analysis of the canon of a combative writer whose fame in recent years – as cultural nationalist, left-wing libertarian, proto-feminist, neo-romantic visionary and trailblazing modernist – has carried far beyond his native land. In tune with the intellectual climate of the inter-war years, Gibbon emerges as a passionate advocate of revolutionary political activism; in addition, as a profound believer in the overarching primacy of nature, he is represented as a supreme practitioner in the field of ecofiction. Coupled with his modernist experimentation with language and narrative, this firmly establishes him amongst the foremost fiction writers of the twentieth century – uniquely, a figure whose achievement has consistently won both critical and popular acclaim.Less
Lewis Grassic Gibbon galvanized the Scottish literary scene in 1932 with Sunset Song, the first novel of the epic trilogy A Scots Quair, that drew vividly upon his deprived upbringing on a small croft in Aberdeenshire to capture the zeitgeist of the early twentieth century. Yet his literary legacy extends significantly beyond his breakout book. The seventeen volumes that he amassed in his short life, under his own name of James Leslie Mitchell as well as his Scots pseudonym, demonstrate his versatility, as historian, essayist, biographer and fiction writer. His corpus pays testimony to his core principles, rooted in his rural upbringing: his restless humanitarianism and his deep veneration for the natural world. Set against an informed conspectus of Mitchell’s life and times and incorporating substantive new source material, this study provides a comprehensive and searching analysis of the canon of a combative writer whose fame in recent years – as cultural nationalist, left-wing libertarian, proto-feminist, neo-romantic visionary and trailblazing modernist – has carried far beyond his native land. In tune with the intellectual climate of the inter-war years, Gibbon emerges as a passionate advocate of revolutionary political activism; in addition, as a profound believer in the overarching primacy of nature, he is represented as a supreme practitioner in the field of ecofiction. Coupled with his modernist experimentation with language and narrative, this firmly establishes him amongst the foremost fiction writers of the twentieth century – uniquely, a figure whose achievement has consistently won both critical and popular acclaim.
Claudena M. Skran
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273929
- eISBN:
- 9780191684081
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273929.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter provides an opportunity to describe the origins and dimensions of the major refugee groups of the inter-war years. All the refugees of inter-war Europe taken together constituted an ...
More
This chapter provides an opportunity to describe the origins and dimensions of the major refugee groups of the inter-war years. All the refugees of inter-war Europe taken together constituted an integral part of the political, economic, as well as social history of the period. The refugees emerged from every country and went to every other country in Europe and worldwide. Their presence affected both the host countries as well as the refugee producing countries. The chapter concludes that because of the recurrent surfacing of refugees the issue became an essential part of the domestic and international politics of the inter-war period.Less
This chapter provides an opportunity to describe the origins and dimensions of the major refugee groups of the inter-war years. All the refugees of inter-war Europe taken together constituted an integral part of the political, economic, as well as social history of the period. The refugees emerged from every country and went to every other country in Europe and worldwide. Their presence affected both the host countries as well as the refugee producing countries. The chapter concludes that because of the recurrent surfacing of refugees the issue became an essential part of the domestic and international politics of the inter-war period.
Annmarie Hughes
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748639816
- eISBN:
- 9780748653522
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748639816.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
This book offers a unique contribution to gender and Scottish history breaking new ground on several fronts: there is no history of inter-war women in Scotland, very little labour or popular ...
More
This book offers a unique contribution to gender and Scottish history breaking new ground on several fronts: there is no history of inter-war women in Scotland, very little labour or popular political history, and virtually nothing published on women, the home, and family. This book is a history of women in the period that integrates class and gender history as well as linking the public and private spheres. Using a gendered approach to history it transforms and shifts our knowledge of the Scottish past, unearthing the previously unexplored role that women played in inter-war socialist politics, the General Strike, and popular political protest. It re-evaluates these areas and demonstrates the ways in which gender shaped the experience of class and class struggle. Importantly, the book also explores the links between the public and private spheres and addresses the concept of masculinity as well as femininity and pays particular reference to domestic violence. The books illuminates the complex interconnections of culture and economic and social structure. Although the research is based on Scottish evidence, the book also uses material to address key debates in gender history and labour history that have wider relevance and will appeal to gender historians, labour historians, and social and cultural historians as well as social scientists.Less
This book offers a unique contribution to gender and Scottish history breaking new ground on several fronts: there is no history of inter-war women in Scotland, very little labour or popular political history, and virtually nothing published on women, the home, and family. This book is a history of women in the period that integrates class and gender history as well as linking the public and private spheres. Using a gendered approach to history it transforms and shifts our knowledge of the Scottish past, unearthing the previously unexplored role that women played in inter-war socialist politics, the General Strike, and popular political protest. It re-evaluates these areas and demonstrates the ways in which gender shaped the experience of class and class struggle. Importantly, the book also explores the links between the public and private spheres and addresses the concept of masculinity as well as femininity and pays particular reference to domestic violence. The books illuminates the complex interconnections of culture and economic and social structure. Although the research is based on Scottish evidence, the book also uses material to address key debates in gender history and labour history that have wider relevance and will appeal to gender historians, labour historians, and social and cultural historians as well as social scientists.
Helen Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719077500
- eISBN:
- 9781781701607
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719077500.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This book offers an analysis of the problem of the authority of the state in democracies. Unlike many discussions of democracy that treat authority as a problem primarily of domestic politics or ...
More
This book offers an analysis of the problem of the authority of the state in democracies. Unlike many discussions of democracy that treat authority as a problem primarily of domestic politics or normative values, it puts the international economy at the centre of the analysis. The book shows how changes in the international economy from the inter-war years to the end of the twentieth century impacted upon the success and failures of democracy. It makes the argument by considering a range of different cases, and traces the success and failure of democracies over the past century. The book includes detailed studies of democracies in both developed and developing countries, and offers a comparative analysis of their fate.Less
This book offers an analysis of the problem of the authority of the state in democracies. Unlike many discussions of democracy that treat authority as a problem primarily of domestic politics or normative values, it puts the international economy at the centre of the analysis. The book shows how changes in the international economy from the inter-war years to the end of the twentieth century impacted upon the success and failures of democracy. It makes the argument by considering a range of different cases, and traces the success and failure of democracies over the past century. The book includes detailed studies of democracies in both developed and developing countries, and offers a comparative analysis of their fate.
W. Mark Fruin
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288985
- eISBN:
- 9780191596285
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288980.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter focuses on the inter‐war years in Japan and argues that the focal factories, unitary, specialized firms, and interfirm networks that fully define the Japanese enterprise system appeared ...
More
This chapter focuses on the inter‐war years in Japan and argues that the focal factories, unitary, specialized firms, and interfirm networks that fully define the Japanese enterprise system appeared at this time. As a result, when Japan recovered economically after the Pacific War, the business organizations of the post‐war era not surprisingly mirrored those of the pre‐war period. The different sections of the chapter look at large modern corporations from 1918 to 1954 (their size and organizational complexity, evolving structures, and strategies), present a typology of inter‐war enterprises (using the same three categories as ch. 4 – zaibatsu, independent urban, independent rural firms), and look towards the emergence of large, modern enterprises.Less
This chapter focuses on the inter‐war years in Japan and argues that the focal factories, unitary, specialized firms, and interfirm networks that fully define the Japanese enterprise system appeared at this time. As a result, when Japan recovered economically after the Pacific War, the business organizations of the post‐war era not surprisingly mirrored those of the pre‐war period. The different sections of the chapter look at large modern corporations from 1918 to 1954 (their size and organizational complexity, evolving structures, and strategies), present a typology of inter‐war enterprises (using the same three categories as ch. 4 – zaibatsu, independent urban, independent rural firms), and look towards the emergence of large, modern enterprises.
W. Mark Fruin
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288985
- eISBN:
- 9780191596285
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288980.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter looks at the evolving enterprise system from the 1950s to the 1980s. It argues that the inter‐organizational model of focal factories, unitary firms, and interfirm networks remained the ...
More
This chapter looks at the evolving enterprise system from the 1950s to the 1980s. It argues that the inter‐organizational model of focal factories, unitary firms, and interfirm networks remained the dominant industrial organization model in spite of significant changes in industrial relations, ownership, government policies, and sources of technology. The different sections of the chapter look at large modern corporations from 1954 to 1987, social transformation and shop‐floor reformation, the adaptive as opposed to the innovative enterprise, structural change, and the post‐war strategy of Matsushita and Hitachi, organizational interdependence (enterprise groups) in post‐war Japan (the six main types of interfirm groupings, and new enterprise groups), the utility of interfirm networks, and the modern corporation and enterprise system.Less
This chapter looks at the evolving enterprise system from the 1950s to the 1980s. It argues that the inter‐organizational model of focal factories, unitary firms, and interfirm networks remained the dominant industrial organization model in spite of significant changes in industrial relations, ownership, government policies, and sources of technology. The different sections of the chapter look at large modern corporations from 1954 to 1987, social transformation and shop‐floor reformation, the adaptive as opposed to the innovative enterprise, structural change, and the post‐war strategy of Matsushita and Hitachi, organizational interdependence (enterprise groups) in post‐war Japan (the six main types of interfirm groupings, and new enterprise groups), the utility of interfirm networks, and the modern corporation and enterprise system.
Charles Forsdick
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199258291
- eISBN:
- 9780191698538
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258291.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
Henri Michaux, a Belgian sailor and traveller, was able to coin a new phrase during his travels: the ‘voyager contre’, which means ‘travelling against’. This concept of Michaux's may be the main ...
More
Henri Michaux, a Belgian sailor and traveller, was able to coin a new phrase during his travels: the ‘voyager contre’, which means ‘travelling against’. This concept of Michaux's may be the main reason why many of his contemporaries made inter-war journeys. This chapter discusses the growing dissatisfaction that was examined previously in Chapter 1, with both uses of the term ‘exoticism’ in postcolonial criticism and with the tendency to conflate colonial and postcolonial uses of the term. It also attempts to place the notion of a specifically colonial exoticism within a much wider contextual frame.Less
Henri Michaux, a Belgian sailor and traveller, was able to coin a new phrase during his travels: the ‘voyager contre’, which means ‘travelling against’. This concept of Michaux's may be the main reason why many of his contemporaries made inter-war journeys. This chapter discusses the growing dissatisfaction that was examined previously in Chapter 1, with both uses of the term ‘exoticism’ in postcolonial criticism and with the tendency to conflate colonial and postcolonial uses of the term. It also attempts to place the notion of a specifically colonial exoticism within a much wider contextual frame.
Geoffrey Tweedale
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198288664
- eISBN:
- 9780191684623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198288664.003.0080
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
Although the 1920s and the 1930s are often presented as black decades for the cutlery and tool trades of the Sheffield steel industries, increased international competition, trade depressions, ...
More
Although the 1920s and the 1930s are often presented as black decades for the cutlery and tool trades of the Sheffield steel industries, increased international competition, trade depressions, changing consumer preferences and demand, the erosion of craft skills, and other such negative trends for the industry were compensated with various developments that brought about new opportunities. Aside from how the inter-war period marked a significant period in the history of the cutlery industry, it was in this period in which the modern knife — which was machine-produced, stainless, and heavily advertised and distributed on a massive scale — was introduced. This chapter attempts to look into how Sheffield was able to respond to such trends, particularly to how they were able to incorporate individualism in spite of the mass production of tools and cutlery.Less
Although the 1920s and the 1930s are often presented as black decades for the cutlery and tool trades of the Sheffield steel industries, increased international competition, trade depressions, changing consumer preferences and demand, the erosion of craft skills, and other such negative trends for the industry were compensated with various developments that brought about new opportunities. Aside from how the inter-war period marked a significant period in the history of the cutlery industry, it was in this period in which the modern knife — which was machine-produced, stainless, and heavily advertised and distributed on a massive scale — was introduced. This chapter attempts to look into how Sheffield was able to respond to such trends, particularly to how they were able to incorporate individualism in spite of the mass production of tools and cutlery.
Norman Ingram
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198222958
- eISBN:
- 9780191678547
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198222958.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book examines the history of pacifism in inter-war France. The author sets out to define the contours of the French peace movement, to explore its organization, tactics, and intellectual ...
More
This book examines the history of pacifism in inter-war France. The author sets out to define the contours of the French peace movement, to explore its organization, tactics, and intellectual content, and to place it in the broader context of French political culture in the years between the two world wars. The book traces the development of French pacifism from its 19th-century roots. It analyses the intertwining of three strands of dissent: over the origins of the First World War and the thesis of unique German war guilt; over the nature of contemporary French political society; and over the belief that another war would spell the end of western civilization. The book also explores the nature and development of feminist pacifism in the inter-war period. The book's analysis reveals that, unlike the primarily ethical or religious thinking which underpinned the Anglo-American peace movement, the nature of French pacifism was essentially political, with some elements prepared even to accept violence as a means to a desirable end, especially in response to the threat of incipient fascism.Less
This book examines the history of pacifism in inter-war France. The author sets out to define the contours of the French peace movement, to explore its organization, tactics, and intellectual content, and to place it in the broader context of French political culture in the years between the two world wars. The book traces the development of French pacifism from its 19th-century roots. It analyses the intertwining of three strands of dissent: over the origins of the First World War and the thesis of unique German war guilt; over the nature of contemporary French political society; and over the belief that another war would spell the end of western civilization. The book also explores the nature and development of feminist pacifism in the inter-war period. The book's analysis reveals that, unlike the primarily ethical or religious thinking which underpinned the Anglo-American peace movement, the nature of French pacifism was essentially political, with some elements prepared even to accept violence as a means to a desirable end, especially in response to the threat of incipient fascism.
Étienne Fouilloux
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199552870
- eISBN:
- 9780191731037
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199552870.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This essay seeks to indicate the existence of an original and fruitful school of Catholic thought in inter‐war Lyon. Its stated social Catholicism stopped it from condoning Charles Maurras’ Action ...
More
This essay seeks to indicate the existence of an original and fruitful school of Catholic thought in inter‐war Lyon. Its stated social Catholicism stopped it from condoning Charles Maurras’ Action française in any way. Its Blondelian or Bergsonian spirituality challenged the rationalism of state universities with the restored Thomism of Roman intransigence in a single movement.Less
This essay seeks to indicate the existence of an original and fruitful school of Catholic thought in inter‐war Lyon. Its stated social Catholicism stopped it from condoning Charles Maurras’ Action française in any way. Its Blondelian or Bergsonian spirituality challenged the rationalism of state universities with the restored Thomism of Roman intransigence in a single movement.
Daniel Ritschel
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206477
- eISBN:
- 9780191677151
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206477.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Economic History
The idea of ‘economic planning’ was a central theme of the radical economic policy debate in the 1930s. Born of the inter-war economic crisis, the call for the reconstruction of the economy according ...
More
The idea of ‘economic planning’ was a central theme of the radical economic policy debate in the 1930s. Born of the inter-war economic crisis, the call for the reconstruction of the economy according to a ‘plan’ of one kind or another spanned practically the entire spectrum of the politics of the day. The fashion for planning is often seen as the seedbed of the Keynesian revolution and the ‘Butskellite’ consensus of the next decade. Yet ‘planning’ was neither uniformly Keynesian nor, in fact, indicative of political agreement over economic policy. Beneath the shared language of planning, the radical economic debate was riven by the same ideological rifts which dominated the more conventional political scene. The book traces the many interpretations of planning, and examines the process of ideological construction and dissemination of the new economic ideas. He finishes with an explanation of the planners' retreat, late in the decade, from the divisive economics of planning towards the less ambitious but also far less contentious alternative of the ‘middle way’ of Keynesian economics.Less
The idea of ‘economic planning’ was a central theme of the radical economic policy debate in the 1930s. Born of the inter-war economic crisis, the call for the reconstruction of the economy according to a ‘plan’ of one kind or another spanned practically the entire spectrum of the politics of the day. The fashion for planning is often seen as the seedbed of the Keynesian revolution and the ‘Butskellite’ consensus of the next decade. Yet ‘planning’ was neither uniformly Keynesian nor, in fact, indicative of political agreement over economic policy. Beneath the shared language of planning, the radical economic debate was riven by the same ideological rifts which dominated the more conventional political scene. The book traces the many interpretations of planning, and examines the process of ideological construction and dissemination of the new economic ideas. He finishes with an explanation of the planners' retreat, late in the decade, from the divisive economics of planning towards the less ambitious but also far less contentious alternative of the ‘middle way’ of Keynesian economics.
Geoffrey Jones
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206026
- eISBN:
- 9780191676925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206026.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter discusses the conditions of several British multinational banks during the inter-war years. During this period, multinational banks were faced with declining competitive advantages. ...
More
This chapter discusses the conditions of several British multinational banks during the inter-war years. During this period, multinational banks were faced with declining competitive advantages. Nonetheless, these banks retained their substantial first-mover advantages and they successfully survived the major crises of this period. In Australasia and South Africa, strong banking cartels were in operation which blocked new entrants and eliminated competition between existing banks. Moreover, British banks showed flexibility in their banking strategies and this allowed them to maintain their market share. They had always adjusted to host economy conditions and continued this tradition in the inter-war years. Generally, the policy of the banks in this period can be characterized as ‘sticking to the knitting’ which is a sensible business strategy, especially for the uncertainties of the inter-war years.Less
This chapter discusses the conditions of several British multinational banks during the inter-war years. During this period, multinational banks were faced with declining competitive advantages. Nonetheless, these banks retained their substantial first-mover advantages and they successfully survived the major crises of this period. In Australasia and South Africa, strong banking cartels were in operation which blocked new entrants and eliminated competition between existing banks. Moreover, British banks showed flexibility in their banking strategies and this allowed them to maintain their market share. They had always adjusted to host economy conditions and continued this tradition in the inter-war years. Generally, the policy of the banks in this period can be characterized as ‘sticking to the knitting’ which is a sensible business strategy, especially for the uncertainties of the inter-war years.
DEREK MATTHEWS, MALCOLM ANDERSON, and JOHN RICHARD EDWARDS
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289609
- eISBN:
- 9780191684753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289609.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking, Business History
The chapter discusses the effect of the wars on the situation of accountants. During the inter-war years, the British economy was unstable. Old traditional industries such as coal mining and the ...
More
The chapter discusses the effect of the wars on the situation of accountants. During the inter-war years, the British economy was unstable. Old traditional industries such as coal mining and the production of cotton textiles continued to decline while ‘new industries’ such as motor manufacturing benefitted from the war. Changes among professional accountants were witnessed during the wars, particularly the First World War. Some accountants were asked to work for the government departments to help in management. Some big accounting firms were asked by the government to help, advise, and resolve difficult problems. The broadening role of professional accountants was noticed and recognized by the society. Also, there were professional accountants who moved from public practice to industries. Some held higher and more prominent positions after the wars.Less
The chapter discusses the effect of the wars on the situation of accountants. During the inter-war years, the British economy was unstable. Old traditional industries such as coal mining and the production of cotton textiles continued to decline while ‘new industries’ such as motor manufacturing benefitted from the war. Changes among professional accountants were witnessed during the wars, particularly the First World War. Some accountants were asked to work for the government departments to help in management. Some big accounting firms were asked by the government to help, advise, and resolve difficult problems. The broadening role of professional accountants was noticed and recognized by the society. Also, there were professional accountants who moved from public practice to industries. Some held higher and more prominent positions after the wars.
Claudena Skran
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273929
- eISBN:
- 9780191684081
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273929.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book examines the refugee phenomenon, specifically refugees in inter-war Europe, and international responses to that phenomenon. In Part I the causes and consequences of refugee movements ...
More
This book examines the refugee phenomenon, specifically refugees in inter-war Europe, and international responses to that phenomenon. In Part I the causes and consequences of refugee movements throughout this century are explored. In Part II international responses to European refugee movements from 1919 until 1939 are presented and analysed. In Part III the impact of international efforts on government policy towards refugees is evaluated. The major argument of this book is that international assistance efforts of the inter-war era composed an international regime, and this regime had—and continues to have—a significant impact on refugee policy.Less
This book examines the refugee phenomenon, specifically refugees in inter-war Europe, and international responses to that phenomenon. In Part I the causes and consequences of refugee movements throughout this century are explored. In Part II international responses to European refugee movements from 1919 until 1939 are presented and analysed. In Part III the impact of international efforts on government policy towards refugees is evaluated. The major argument of this book is that international assistance efforts of the inter-war era composed an international regime, and this regime had—and continues to have—a significant impact on refugee policy.
Mariel Grant
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204442
- eISBN:
- 9780191676284
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204442.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This is a study of government publicity activities in Britain between the wars. The book focuses on the development of a public relations bureaux and information services in Whitehall. It shows how ...
More
This is a study of government publicity activities in Britain between the wars. The book focuses on the development of a public relations bureaux and information services in Whitehall. It shows how during the inter-war period publicity came to be regarded as a legitimate and necessary task of democratic government, and that although government departments pursued propaganda activities with different motives and divergent perspectives, they adopted a similar approach to both the tool and their audience. The book explores a variety of different issues and campaigns, including the Post Office's attempts to make the public ‘telephone conscious’, the Ministry of Health's sex education efforts, and the multi-departmental and protracted ‘Drink More Milk’ campaign. It shows how the experiences and developments of the 1920s and 1930s contributed to the decision in 1939 to establish the propaganda ministry, designed to manage wartime publicity and shape public opinion. The book offers insights into the nature of propaganda and its management, and contributes to our understanding of the changing role of the state in modern British society.Less
This is a study of government publicity activities in Britain between the wars. The book focuses on the development of a public relations bureaux and information services in Whitehall. It shows how during the inter-war period publicity came to be regarded as a legitimate and necessary task of democratic government, and that although government departments pursued propaganda activities with different motives and divergent perspectives, they adopted a similar approach to both the tool and their audience. The book explores a variety of different issues and campaigns, including the Post Office's attempts to make the public ‘telephone conscious’, the Ministry of Health's sex education efforts, and the multi-departmental and protracted ‘Drink More Milk’ campaign. It shows how the experiences and developments of the 1920s and 1930s contributed to the decision in 1939 to establish the propaganda ministry, designed to manage wartime publicity and shape public opinion. The book offers insights into the nature of propaganda and its management, and contributes to our understanding of the changing role of the state in modern British society.
Norman Ingram
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198222958
- eISBN:
- 9780191678547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198222958.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Pacifism was not born in France after the Great War, rather it has a long and respectable history in the chronicles of 19th and 20th century France. The earliest French peace society dates back to ...
More
Pacifism was not born in France after the Great War, rather it has a long and respectable history in the chronicles of 19th and 20th century France. The earliest French peace society dates back to 1821. In the 19th century, under the Second Empire, Victor Hugo was a fore runner of pacifism. The Third Republic saw a plethora of French peace societies, twenty-seven new peace societies were formed and the years from 1899 to 1901 represented the heydays of pacifism in France. This chapter discusses the evolution of pacifist movements in inter-war France. The focus is centred on the Association de la paix par le driot or APD, the most important and influential peace movement, formed in 1887. This existed for more than half a century and dissolved after the Second World War. In addition to the organizational legacy of APD, the chapter also discusses the position of the APD during the interwar period based on the parameters of old-style pacifism and the intimate relations between the Association and the official world of French politics.Less
Pacifism was not born in France after the Great War, rather it has a long and respectable history in the chronicles of 19th and 20th century France. The earliest French peace society dates back to 1821. In the 19th century, under the Second Empire, Victor Hugo was a fore runner of pacifism. The Third Republic saw a plethora of French peace societies, twenty-seven new peace societies were formed and the years from 1899 to 1901 represented the heydays of pacifism in France. This chapter discusses the evolution of pacifist movements in inter-war France. The focus is centred on the Association de la paix par le driot or APD, the most important and influential peace movement, formed in 1887. This existed for more than half a century and dissolved after the Second World War. In addition to the organizational legacy of APD, the chapter also discusses the position of the APD during the interwar period based on the parameters of old-style pacifism and the intimate relations between the Association and the official world of French politics.
