PETER JACKSON
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208341
- eISBN:
- 9780191677984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208341.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the intelligence services in Germany and its decision making process. The most important characteristic of the intelligence community is that it was dominated by the military. ...
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This chapter discusses the intelligence services in Germany and its decision making process. The most important characteristic of the intelligence community is that it was dominated by the military. The intelligence services were located within the army, naval, and air force general staffs and were staffed by officers from these services. Intelligence was not integrated into the decision making process and this has been endorsed by historians of French intelligence. Intelligence became marginalized in the process of decision making.Less
This chapter discusses the intelligence services in Germany and its decision making process. The most important characteristic of the intelligence community is that it was dominated by the military. The intelligence services were located within the army, naval, and air force general staffs and were staffed by officers from these services. Intelligence was not integrated into the decision making process and this has been endorsed by historians of French intelligence. Intelligence became marginalized in the process of decision making.
W. G. Runciman
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263297
- eISBN:
- 9780191734519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263297.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter discusses the information provided by the Hutton Report and the Butler Report concerning the bases of the British government's decision to join the U.S. in overturning Saddam Hussein for ...
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This chapter discusses the information provided by the Hutton Report and the Butler Report concerning the bases of the British government's decision to join the U.S. in overturning Saddam Hussein for his alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). It suggests that nothing revealed in the reports could bring an agreement to whether British Prime Minister Tony Blair was right in his decision, but those who have read the reports could surely conclude that the government, the intelligence services, and the BBC fell short of what have been expected of them at a time when Britain was on the brink of being taken into a war. It discusses the similarities between the Iraq War and the Suez Canal conflict.Less
This chapter discusses the information provided by the Hutton Report and the Butler Report concerning the bases of the British government's decision to join the U.S. in overturning Saddam Hussein for his alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). It suggests that nothing revealed in the reports could bring an agreement to whether British Prime Minister Tony Blair was right in his decision, but those who have read the reports could surely conclude that the government, the intelligence services, and the BBC fell short of what have been expected of them at a time when Britain was on the brink of being taken into a war. It discusses the similarities between the Iraq War and the Suez Canal conflict.
Klemens von Klemperer
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205517
- eISBN:
- 9780191676659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205517.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Military History
While the operations of intelligence departments involve a great deal of both adventure and wit, and although these may be attributed to certain functions, such activity is likely to find itself ...
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While the operations of intelligence departments involve a great deal of both adventure and wit, and although these may be attributed to certain functions, such activity is likely to find itself diverted from the political purpose it supposedly serves. As such, this notion can evidently be applied to the intelligence services of the two parties involved during the Second World War. The chiefs of such services had reason to believe that they were one way or another involved in a certain ‘war behind the war’. This chapter observes how Sir Stewart Menzies, the head of the British Secret Intelligence Service, General William J. Donovan, the American OSS’s director, and Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, or the chief of the Abwehr, were all involved in a relatively deadly venture in which they still treated each other with a certain degree of respect.Less
While the operations of intelligence departments involve a great deal of both adventure and wit, and although these may be attributed to certain functions, such activity is likely to find itself diverted from the political purpose it supposedly serves. As such, this notion can evidently be applied to the intelligence services of the two parties involved during the Second World War. The chiefs of such services had reason to believe that they were one way or another involved in a certain ‘war behind the war’. This chapter observes how Sir Stewart Menzies, the head of the British Secret Intelligence Service, General William J. Donovan, the American OSS’s director, and Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, or the chief of the Abwehr, were all involved in a relatively deadly venture in which they still treated each other with a certain degree of respect.
PETER JACKSON
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208341
- eISBN:
- 9780191677984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208341.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on the Munich Agreement which has served as a touchstone for historians who argue that French leaders surrendered to drift and indecision before the Second World War. This ...
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This chapter focuses on the Munich Agreement which has served as a touchstone for historians who argue that French leaders surrendered to drift and indecision before the Second World War. This interpretation of Munich is based on two assumptions: that decision makers did not understand the nature of the threat of the Nazis, and that going to war with either Germany or Czechoslovakia was the right decision to make. However, these assumptions do not stand up to careful analysis. Most were convinced that France could not go into war against Germany in 1938. Central to the Munich policy of France was the picture of the balance of power presented to decision makers by the intelligence services.Less
This chapter focuses on the Munich Agreement which has served as a touchstone for historians who argue that French leaders surrendered to drift and indecision before the Second World War. This interpretation of Munich is based on two assumptions: that decision makers did not understand the nature of the threat of the Nazis, and that going to war with either Germany or Czechoslovakia was the right decision to make. However, these assumptions do not stand up to careful analysis. Most were convinced that France could not go into war against Germany in 1938. Central to the Munich policy of France was the picture of the balance of power presented to decision makers by the intelligence services.
Richard Morgan
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190458072
- eISBN:
- 9780190458102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190458072.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Comparative Law
This chapter analyzes the components of the intelligence communities of the Five Eyes countries and describes the ways in which their forms and functions have converged over time. It argues ...
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This chapter analyzes the components of the intelligence communities of the Five Eyes countries and describes the ways in which their forms and functions have converged over time. It argues specifically that the allied countries have structured and organized their intelligence services in similar ways, and regulated them with similar oversight mechanisms, outlining a theory of institutional convergence that explains this phenomenon. Four main processes gave rise to this phenomenon: competition, coercion, normative persuasion, and acculturation. The chapter examines the consequences of institutional convergence for rights protection and intelligence cooperation and recommends areas for further investigation before suggesting how the Five Eyes model of the oversight and structure of intelligence agencies might become the international norm.Less
This chapter analyzes the components of the intelligence communities of the Five Eyes countries and describes the ways in which their forms and functions have converged over time. It argues specifically that the allied countries have structured and organized their intelligence services in similar ways, and regulated them with similar oversight mechanisms, outlining a theory of institutional convergence that explains this phenomenon. Four main processes gave rise to this phenomenon: competition, coercion, normative persuasion, and acculturation. The chapter examines the consequences of institutional convergence for rights protection and intelligence cooperation and recommends areas for further investigation before suggesting how the Five Eyes model of the oversight and structure of intelligence agencies might become the international norm.
F. H. Hinsley
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206262
- eISBN:
- 9780191677052
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206262.003.0024
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Political History
Winston Churchill was exceptional among British statesmen of his time for his familiarity with intelligence and his consuming interest in it. This familiarity began before the First World War. Having ...
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Winston Churchill was exceptional among British statesmen of his time for his familiarity with intelligence and his consuming interest in it. This familiarity began before the First World War. Having served as First Lord of the Admiralty from 1911 to 1915 and as Secretary of State for War and Air from 1918 to 1921, Churchill had been involved in the creation of the British intelligence system in its modern form from 1909 and in its reorganization between 1919 and 1921. Special intelligence played a major role for Britain by throwing some light on Germany's intentions, establishing at the end of 1940 that the country was extending its infiltration of the Balkans to Bulgaria. The British Cabinet had already authorized an attempt to bring Turkey into the war on the British side before the decrypts confirmed rumours from the embassies and the Secret Intelligence Service that Adolf Hitler planned a considerable offensive through Bulgaria to Greece.Less
Winston Churchill was exceptional among British statesmen of his time for his familiarity with intelligence and his consuming interest in it. This familiarity began before the First World War. Having served as First Lord of the Admiralty from 1911 to 1915 and as Secretary of State for War and Air from 1918 to 1921, Churchill had been involved in the creation of the British intelligence system in its modern form from 1909 and in its reorganization between 1919 and 1921. Special intelligence played a major role for Britain by throwing some light on Germany's intentions, establishing at the end of 1940 that the country was extending its infiltration of the Balkans to Bulgaria. The British Cabinet had already authorized an attempt to bring Turkey into the war on the British side before the decrypts confirmed rumours from the embassies and the Secret Intelligence Service that Adolf Hitler planned a considerable offensive through Bulgaria to Greece.
Andrew T. McDonald and Verlaine Stoner McDonald
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813176079
- eISBN:
- 9780813176109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813176079.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
Chapter 4 describes Rusch’s experience from the time of his repatriation to the United States to his service as a personnel officer for the Military Intelligence Service Language School. Rusch’s task ...
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Chapter 4 describes Rusch’s experience from the time of his repatriation to the United States to his service as a personnel officer for the Military Intelligence Service Language School. Rusch’s task was to recruit Japanese Americans for the U.S. Army, where they would learn Japanese to serve the war effort. Rusch was also part of a speaker’s bureau, through which he would appear at public functions to discuss Japan’s military capabilities. On some occasions, before audiences of the Protestant Episcopal Church, Rusch spoke against America’s policy of interning Japanese Americans. But more often than not, Rusch’s remarks mirrored American policy and sentiments of the day, calling for the fiery destruction of Japan’s militarist regime, which he acknowledged would require the killing of Japanese civilians. At other times, Rusch used his position to implore army officers to treat Nisei soldiers as individuals, not as members of another race. Occasionally, Rusch spoke of World War II in terms of a race war, of Japanese leaders bent on expelling Caucasians from Asia, casting Americans in the role of the fearless pioneers who fought off Native Americans to secure their westward expansion. Rusch remained committed to returning to help Japan rebuild after the war.Less
Chapter 4 describes Rusch’s experience from the time of his repatriation to the United States to his service as a personnel officer for the Military Intelligence Service Language School. Rusch’s task was to recruit Japanese Americans for the U.S. Army, where they would learn Japanese to serve the war effort. Rusch was also part of a speaker’s bureau, through which he would appear at public functions to discuss Japan’s military capabilities. On some occasions, before audiences of the Protestant Episcopal Church, Rusch spoke against America’s policy of interning Japanese Americans. But more often than not, Rusch’s remarks mirrored American policy and sentiments of the day, calling for the fiery destruction of Japan’s militarist regime, which he acknowledged would require the killing of Japanese civilians. At other times, Rusch used his position to implore army officers to treat Nisei soldiers as individuals, not as members of another race. Occasionally, Rusch spoke of World War II in terms of a race war, of Japanese leaders bent on expelling Caucasians from Asia, casting Americans in the role of the fearless pioneers who fought off Native Americans to secure their westward expansion. Rusch remained committed to returning to help Japan rebuild after the war.
Parvis Ghassem-Fachandi
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151762
- eISBN:
- 9781400842599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151762.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter illustrates how a paradigmatic structure emerged in the news coverage of February 28, 2002 and the following days, in which the depth of a story is constructed not through certainty of ...
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This chapter illustrates how a paradigmatic structure emerged in the news coverage of February 28, 2002 and the following days, in which the depth of a story is constructed not through certainty of fact or evidence but through allusion and accumulated suggestion. One person's suggestion is supplemented by another person's insinuation that, in turn, results in a tale without closure told repeatedly. The word imagery throughout Sandesh is generally one of sacrifice, blood, revenge, and martyrdom. While pretending to describe violence, the paper is actually mobilizing for it through word suggestions and evocations. The chapter looks at the overlapping of three discrete themes: the fear of terrorism (the ISI, or Pakistani intelligence services), traditional ritual practices and butchering, and the register of the supernatural.Less
This chapter illustrates how a paradigmatic structure emerged in the news coverage of February 28, 2002 and the following days, in which the depth of a story is constructed not through certainty of fact or evidence but through allusion and accumulated suggestion. One person's suggestion is supplemented by another person's insinuation that, in turn, results in a tale without closure told repeatedly. The word imagery throughout Sandesh is generally one of sacrifice, blood, revenge, and martyrdom. While pretending to describe violence, the paper is actually mobilizing for it through word suggestions and evocations. The chapter looks at the overlapping of three discrete themes: the fear of terrorism (the ISI, or Pakistani intelligence services), traditional ritual practices and butchering, and the register of the supernatural.
Daniel W. B. Lomas
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780719099144
- eISBN:
- 9781526120922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099144.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
Chapter Two looks at Ministerial use of, and attitude towards, intelligence after Labour’s 1945 Election victory, drawing on the papers of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC). While it has been ...
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Chapter Two looks at Ministerial use of, and attitude towards, intelligence after Labour’s 1945 Election victory, drawing on the papers of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC). While it has been argued that Attlee, a committed internationalist, was opposed to any hostility towards the Soviet Union, the chapter shows that he was kept fully aware of Soviet interests and intentions despite his commitment to renewed Anglo-Soviet relations. In addition to highlighting the role of intelligence in early Cold War crises, particularly the Berlin Blockade, it also looks at Ministerial doubts about the intelligence community, particularly those of Attlee himself. By 1949, he had grown increasingly critical of the intelligence services and, a year later, ordered a review of the intelligence community by the Cabinet Secretary, Sir Norman Brook, which is explored here for the first time.Less
Chapter Two looks at Ministerial use of, and attitude towards, intelligence after Labour’s 1945 Election victory, drawing on the papers of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC). While it has been argued that Attlee, a committed internationalist, was opposed to any hostility towards the Soviet Union, the chapter shows that he was kept fully aware of Soviet interests and intentions despite his commitment to renewed Anglo-Soviet relations. In addition to highlighting the role of intelligence in early Cold War crises, particularly the Berlin Blockade, it also looks at Ministerial doubts about the intelligence community, particularly those of Attlee himself. By 1949, he had grown increasingly critical of the intelligence services and, a year later, ordered a review of the intelligence community by the Cabinet Secretary, Sir Norman Brook, which is explored here for the first time.
Christopher Baxter and Keith Jeffery
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780748646272
- eISBN:
- 9780748684496
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748646272.003.0017
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter reviews the place of intelligence in post-Second World War Official Histories (and some analogous productions) and the current ‘state of the art’, as represented by the recent Official ...
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This chapter reviews the place of intelligence in post-Second World War Official Histories (and some analogous productions) and the current ‘state of the art’, as represented by the recent Official (or ‘authorised’) Histories of the Security Service (MI5) and the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). It concludes that Official Histories should only be a starting point, a kind of brush-clearing exercise, upon which others can build and which others can use to apply more sophisticated (and less theoretically impoverished) analyses of the matters concerned.Less
This chapter reviews the place of intelligence in post-Second World War Official Histories (and some analogous productions) and the current ‘state of the art’, as represented by the recent Official (or ‘authorised’) Histories of the Security Service (MI5) and the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). It concludes that Official Histories should only be a starting point, a kind of brush-clearing exercise, upon which others can build and which others can use to apply more sophisticated (and less theoretically impoverished) analyses of the matters concerned.
Ashley Deeks
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190458072
- eISBN:
- 9780190458102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190458072.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Comparative Law
This chapter introduces the idea of “peer constraints” in intelligence oversight. Peer constraints are an important component of an increasingly thick transnational legal ecosystem that constrains ...
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This chapter introduces the idea of “peer constraints” in intelligence oversight. Peer constraints are an important component of an increasingly thick transnational legal ecosystem that constrains intelligence services. Peer constraints describe the limitations imposed on an intelligence service in excess of those imposed by the intelligence service’s own laws, which arise because of the need for cooperation to mitigate common threats. Through various mechanisms—formal and informal, public and private—one state’s intelligence service affects how a peer service conducts interrogation, detention, and surveillance; the amount and type of intelligence the other service receives; and, less tangibly, the way in which the other service views its own legal obligations. These constraints complement the more public, transparent, and expected sources of oversight and offer unique benefits, including a granular understanding of operations and ability to minimize the politicization that frequently accompanies intelligence critiques. Because of leaks, litigation, and a growing volume of domestic laws and regulations, peer constraints are leading Western democracies towards more rights-protective intelligence practices.Less
This chapter introduces the idea of “peer constraints” in intelligence oversight. Peer constraints are an important component of an increasingly thick transnational legal ecosystem that constrains intelligence services. Peer constraints describe the limitations imposed on an intelligence service in excess of those imposed by the intelligence service’s own laws, which arise because of the need for cooperation to mitigate common threats. Through various mechanisms—formal and informal, public and private—one state’s intelligence service affects how a peer service conducts interrogation, detention, and surveillance; the amount and type of intelligence the other service receives; and, less tangibly, the way in which the other service views its own legal obligations. These constraints complement the more public, transparent, and expected sources of oversight and offer unique benefits, including a granular understanding of operations and ability to minimize the politicization that frequently accompanies intelligence critiques. Because of leaks, litigation, and a growing volume of domestic laws and regulations, peer constraints are leading Western democracies towards more rights-protective intelligence practices.
Matthew M. Briones
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691129488
- eISBN:
- 9781400842216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691129488.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines how the resettlement of West Coast Japanese Americans in the Midwest and Northeast after internment irrevocably transformed the population of Japanese Chicagoans. As both Allan ...
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This chapter examines how the resettlement of West Coast Japanese Americans in the Midwest and Northeast after internment irrevocably transformed the population of Japanese Chicagoans. As both Allan Austin and Gary Okihiro have demonstrated, many young Nisei managed to leave the camps earlier than expected by filing education waivers. They matriculated predominantly at midwestern and East Coast schools, and some of their campmates were recruited for Japanese-language immersion at the Military Intelligence Service Language School, based at Camp Savage, Minnesota. Yet residual delinquency among Nisei bachelors and the lack of children's playgrounds still made the North Side area less than appealing to Nisei families; hence, another critical mass of Japanese Americans congregated on the South Side.Less
This chapter examines how the resettlement of West Coast Japanese Americans in the Midwest and Northeast after internment irrevocably transformed the population of Japanese Chicagoans. As both Allan Austin and Gary Okihiro have demonstrated, many young Nisei managed to leave the camps earlier than expected by filing education waivers. They matriculated predominantly at midwestern and East Coast schools, and some of their campmates were recruited for Japanese-language immersion at the Military Intelligence Service Language School, based at Camp Savage, Minnesota. Yet residual delinquency among Nisei bachelors and the lack of children's playgrounds still made the North Side area less than appealing to Nisei families; hence, another critical mass of Japanese Americans congregated on the South Side.
Edward Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780859898676
- eISBN:
- 9781781387283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780859898676.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter focuses on Kim Philby's role in the British Secret Intelligence Service's (SIS) campaign against communism as well as his contribution to the struggle against Axis espionage. It ...
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This chapter focuses on Kim Philby's role in the British Secret Intelligence Service's (SIS) campaign against communism as well as his contribution to the struggle against Axis espionage. It considers Philby's dealings with Frank Roberts, head of the Central Department of Britain's Foreign Office, on such matters as German ships in the harbours of Spain. The chapter also looks at the SIS practice of withholding ISOS (Intelligence Service Oliver Strachey) to protect the security of its codes or agents. Furthermore, it analyses the defection of Igor Gouzenko, a cipher officer at the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa, to Canada with documents on the Soviet Union's espionage in the country. Finally, the chapter assesses Philby's treachery during his time as head of anti-communist and counter-intelligence sections in SIS.Less
This chapter focuses on Kim Philby's role in the British Secret Intelligence Service's (SIS) campaign against communism as well as his contribution to the struggle against Axis espionage. It considers Philby's dealings with Frank Roberts, head of the Central Department of Britain's Foreign Office, on such matters as German ships in the harbours of Spain. The chapter also looks at the SIS practice of withholding ISOS (Intelligence Service Oliver Strachey) to protect the security of its codes or agents. Furthermore, it analyses the defection of Igor Gouzenko, a cipher officer at the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa, to Canada with documents on the Soviet Union's espionage in the country. Finally, the chapter assesses Philby's treachery during his time as head of anti-communist and counter-intelligence sections in SIS.
Nige West and Oleg Tsarev
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300123470
- eISBN:
- 9780300156416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300123470.003.0040
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter focuses on Elena Modrzhinskaya's report, which revealed that shortly before the German attack on the Soviet Union, “intelligence services” (IS) circles began to turn their minds to a ...
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This chapter focuses on Elena Modrzhinskaya's report, which revealed that shortly before the German attack on the Soviet Union, “intelligence services” (IS) circles began to turn their minds to a possible Anglo-Soviet war. In that connection, a special IS bureau was set up to study the situation in the Caucasus, the Ukraine, and Bessarabia. The Russian Bureau staff included such British intelligence experts on Russia as Clively (Head of the Russian Section of the British Ministry of Economic Warfare's Intelligence organization); David Roberts (who had worked in British Intelligence against the USSR since 1926 and who was Air Attaché in the [British Embassy in the] USSR); Allen, a specialist on the Caucasus; and others. According to agents' reports, in his instructions to Cripps in the first months of the war, Eden suggested that steps be taken to set up British consulates in Baku, Tbilisi, Astrakhan, Novosibirsk, and Vladivostok.Less
This chapter focuses on Elena Modrzhinskaya's report, which revealed that shortly before the German attack on the Soviet Union, “intelligence services” (IS) circles began to turn their minds to a possible Anglo-Soviet war. In that connection, a special IS bureau was set up to study the situation in the Caucasus, the Ukraine, and Bessarabia. The Russian Bureau staff included such British intelligence experts on Russia as Clively (Head of the Russian Section of the British Ministry of Economic Warfare's Intelligence organization); David Roberts (who had worked in British Intelligence against the USSR since 1926 and who was Air Attaché in the [British Embassy in the] USSR); Allen, a specialist on the Caucasus; and others. According to agents' reports, in his instructions to Cripps in the first months of the war, Eden suggested that steps be taken to set up British consulates in Baku, Tbilisi, Astrakhan, Novosibirsk, and Vladivostok.
Frederic Wakeman
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520234079
- eISBN:
- 9780520928763
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520234079.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines Dai Li's rise in the intelligence services of the National Revolutionary Army of China. After serving under the command of Hu Zongnan, Dai Li was later appointed to become head ...
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This chapter examines Dai Li's rise in the intelligence services of the National Revolutionary Army of China. After serving under the command of Hu Zongnan, Dai Li was later appointed to become head of a special communications and intelligence unit that was set up in January 1928 at the instruction of Chiang Kai-shek. This chapter discusses Dai Li's relationship with Deng Wenyi and his role in strengthening Chiang Kai-shek's in-formal secret service organization by establishing a Special Services Department. It also highlights the appointment of Dai Li as head of the intelligence or espionage divisions where he was given special authority to train backbone cadres for special services work.Less
This chapter examines Dai Li's rise in the intelligence services of the National Revolutionary Army of China. After serving under the command of Hu Zongnan, Dai Li was later appointed to become head of a special communications and intelligence unit that was set up in January 1928 at the instruction of Chiang Kai-shek. This chapter discusses Dai Li's relationship with Deng Wenyi and his role in strengthening Chiang Kai-shek's in-formal secret service organization by establishing a Special Services Department. It also highlights the appointment of Dai Li as head of the intelligence or espionage divisions where he was given special authority to train backbone cadres for special services work.
Edward Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780859898676
- eISBN:
- 9781781387283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780859898676.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines how Kim Philby turned from a secret agent for the Soviet Union into a British intelligence officer. Before discussing how Philby infiltrated the British Secret Intelligence ...
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This chapter examines how Kim Philby turned from a secret agent for the Soviet Union into a British intelligence officer. Before discussing how Philby infiltrated the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), it first describes the agency and some of its most influential figures, including Brigadier Stewart Menzies and intelligence officer Claude Dansey. The chapter then considers Dansey's derision for counter-espionage and the importance of the German Enigma encoding machine known as Ultra. It also analyses Philby's work at SIS, including teaching subversive propaganda and devising propaganda techniques for Britain, and Soviet intelligence's resumption of contact with Philby from December 1940 after a break of nearly a year. Finally, the chapter looks at the incarceration in, and eventual deportation from, India of Philby's father Harry St John Bridger Philby and how it helped Kim's career as a spy.Less
This chapter examines how Kim Philby turned from a secret agent for the Soviet Union into a British intelligence officer. Before discussing how Philby infiltrated the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), it first describes the agency and some of its most influential figures, including Brigadier Stewart Menzies and intelligence officer Claude Dansey. The chapter then considers Dansey's derision for counter-espionage and the importance of the German Enigma encoding machine known as Ultra. It also analyses Philby's work at SIS, including teaching subversive propaganda and devising propaganda techniques for Britain, and Soviet intelligence's resumption of contact with Philby from December 1940 after a break of nearly a year. Finally, the chapter looks at the incarceration in, and eventual deportation from, India of Philby's father Harry St John Bridger Philby and how it helped Kim's career as a spy.
Edward Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780859898676
- eISBN:
- 9781781387283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780859898676.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter focuses on Section V of the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) and its task of obtaining counter-espionage information from the Iberian peninsula. It first considers the expansion ...
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This chapter focuses on Section V of the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) and its task of obtaining counter-espionage information from the Iberian peninsula. It first considers the expansion of Section V and the role of Kim Philby in helping it provide more intelligence on Axis spies in Spain and Portugal. The chapter then examines Philby's appointment as head of a SIS sub-section that formed part of Section V, as well as his responsibility for counter-espionage in Portuguese East Africa or Mozambique and his work against the extensive German espionage networks in Portugal. It also describes the three main Axis espionage agencies in Lisbon: Italian intelligence, the intelligence service of the Nazi Party, and the Kriegs Organisation Portugal of the Abwehr. Finally, the chapter discusses Philby's role in channelling the results of Britain's counterintelligence concerning Portugal to the Foreign Office.Less
This chapter focuses on Section V of the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) and its task of obtaining counter-espionage information from the Iberian peninsula. It first considers the expansion of Section V and the role of Kim Philby in helping it provide more intelligence on Axis spies in Spain and Portugal. The chapter then examines Philby's appointment as head of a SIS sub-section that formed part of Section V, as well as his responsibility for counter-espionage in Portuguese East Africa or Mozambique and his work against the extensive German espionage networks in Portugal. It also describes the three main Axis espionage agencies in Lisbon: Italian intelligence, the intelligence service of the Nazi Party, and the Kriegs Organisation Portugal of the Abwehr. Finally, the chapter discusses Philby's role in channelling the results of Britain's counterintelligence concerning Portugal to the Foreign Office.
Simon Chesterman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- February 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199674954
- eISBN:
- 9780191803703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199674954.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines the political and legal status of Britain's intelligence services. More specifically, it assesses the formalization of the nation's intelligence services and their powers. The ...
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This chapter examines the political and legal status of Britain's intelligence services. More specifically, it assesses the formalization of the nation's intelligence services and their powers. The chapter first looks at the case of James Malone on the issue of wiretapping before turning to a discussion of the notion that the representatives of Britain's intelligence services were just ‘ordinary citizens’. It then considers some of the problems associated with the legal regime on intelligence and the limitations of law in regulating closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras as an approach to surveillance. The chapter also looks at the remedies available to citizens who experience abuse of powers by the intelligence services and the privacy implications of CCTV before concluding with a comparison of Britain's approach to CCTV with those in Canada and the United States.Less
This chapter examines the political and legal status of Britain's intelligence services. More specifically, it assesses the formalization of the nation's intelligence services and their powers. The chapter first looks at the case of James Malone on the issue of wiretapping before turning to a discussion of the notion that the representatives of Britain's intelligence services were just ‘ordinary citizens’. It then considers some of the problems associated with the legal regime on intelligence and the limitations of law in regulating closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras as an approach to surveillance. The chapter also looks at the remedies available to citizens who experience abuse of powers by the intelligence services and the privacy implications of CCTV before concluding with a comparison of Britain's approach to CCTV with those in Canada and the United States.
Kent Roach
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190458072
- eISBN:
- 9780190458102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190458072.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Comparative Law
This chapter argues that Canada’s national security activities have significantly outpaced its infrastructure of intelligence oversight and review. These growing accountability gaps risk compromising ...
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This chapter argues that Canada’s national security activities have significantly outpaced its infrastructure of intelligence oversight and review. These growing accountability gaps risk compromising human rights, national security, and Canada’s international stature. The gaps originate, in many respects, in Canada’s limited system of legislative review of intelligence activities that does not give legislators access to secret information. Canadian courts and public inquiries have partially have stepped into this voId. Although all three branches are necessary for intelligence oversight, executive watchdog review should play the most important part. The chapter concludes by proposing that Canada’s future oversight and review processes should expand the role of institutions such as the Security Intelligence Review Committee so that it has a whole of government mandate. The chapter also explores the possibility of transnational oversight structures.Less
This chapter argues that Canada’s national security activities have significantly outpaced its infrastructure of intelligence oversight and review. These growing accountability gaps risk compromising human rights, national security, and Canada’s international stature. The gaps originate, in many respects, in Canada’s limited system of legislative review of intelligence activities that does not give legislators access to secret information. Canadian courts and public inquiries have partially have stepped into this voId. Although all three branches are necessary for intelligence oversight, executive watchdog review should play the most important part. The chapter concludes by proposing that Canada’s future oversight and review processes should expand the role of institutions such as the Security Intelligence Review Committee so that it has a whole of government mandate. The chapter also explores the possibility of transnational oversight structures.
Simon Chesterman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- February 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199674954
- eISBN:
- 9780191803703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199674954.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines the most appropriate structures to ensure the accountability of intelligence services. More specifically, it outlines the possibilities of structural accountability that are ...
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This chapter examines the most appropriate structures to ensure the accountability of intelligence services. More specifically, it outlines the possibilities of structural accountability that are applicable to intelligence services, namely, mechanisms of control, oversight, and review. The chapter first considers the nature and purpose of accountability before turning to a discussion of structural issues that must be resolved in any accountability regime. It then highlights the influence of culture on the behaviour of intelligence agencies before concluding with an analysis of auxiliary precautions as a means to ensure accountability.Less
This chapter examines the most appropriate structures to ensure the accountability of intelligence services. More specifically, it outlines the possibilities of structural accountability that are applicable to intelligence services, namely, mechanisms of control, oversight, and review. The chapter first considers the nature and purpose of accountability before turning to a discussion of structural issues that must be resolved in any accountability regime. It then highlights the influence of culture on the behaviour of intelligence agencies before concluding with an analysis of auxiliary precautions as a means to ensure accountability.
