Molly C. Haslam
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780823239405
- eISBN:
- 9780823239443
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823239405.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This book asks, on behalf of individuals with profound intellectual disabilities, what it means to be human. That question has traditionally been answered with an emphasis on an intellectual ...
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This book asks, on behalf of individuals with profound intellectual disabilities, what it means to be human. That question has traditionally been answered with an emphasis on an intellectual capacity—the ability to employ concepts or to make moral choices—and has ignored the value of individuals who lack such intellectual capacities. The book suggests, rather, that human beings be understood in terms of participation in relationships of mutual responsiveness, which includes but is not limited to intellectual forms of communicating. The book supports its argument by developing a phenomenology of how an individual with a profound intellectual disability relates, drawn from clinical experience as a physical therapist. The book thereby demonstrates that these individuals participate in relationships of mutual responsiveness, though in nonsymbolic, bodily ways. To be human, to image God, it argues, is to respond to the world around us in any number of ways, bodily or symbolically. Such an understanding does not exclude people with intellectual disabilities but rather includes them among those who participate in the image of God.Less
This book asks, on behalf of individuals with profound intellectual disabilities, what it means to be human. That question has traditionally been answered with an emphasis on an intellectual capacity—the ability to employ concepts or to make moral choices—and has ignored the value of individuals who lack such intellectual capacities. The book suggests, rather, that human beings be understood in terms of participation in relationships of mutual responsiveness, which includes but is not limited to intellectual forms of communicating. The book supports its argument by developing a phenomenology of how an individual with a profound intellectual disability relates, drawn from clinical experience as a physical therapist. The book thereby demonstrates that these individuals participate in relationships of mutual responsiveness, though in nonsymbolic, bodily ways. To be human, to image God, it argues, is to respond to the world around us in any number of ways, bodily or symbolically. Such an understanding does not exclude people with intellectual disabilities but rather includes them among those who participate in the image of God.
Kim Fong Poon-McBrayer and Philip McBrayer
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9789622098725
- eISBN:
- 9789882207134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098725.003.0009
- Subject:
- Education, Secondary Education
This chapter principally focuses on Confucianism. It starts by reviewing Confucius’ fundamental perspectives on education and disabilities, and their influence in China and other Chinese societies. ...
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This chapter principally focuses on Confucianism. It starts by reviewing Confucius’ fundamental perspectives on education and disabilities, and their influence in China and other Chinese societies. It then describes the general basics of the field in terms of definitions, causes, and learning characteristics. The development of educational provision for children with intellectual disabilities in Hong Kong is then examined. Lastly, the chapter discusses the education of these students alongside the education reform in Hong Kong, and the influence of Confucian ideas on Hong Kong’s educational future.Less
This chapter principally focuses on Confucianism. It starts by reviewing Confucius’ fundamental perspectives on education and disabilities, and their influence in China and other Chinese societies. It then describes the general basics of the field in terms of definitions, causes, and learning characteristics. The development of educational provision for children with intellectual disabilities in Hong Kong is then examined. Lastly, the chapter discusses the education of these students alongside the education reform in Hong Kong, and the influence of Confucian ideas on Hong Kong’s educational future.
Kelley Johnson, Jan Walmsley, and Marie Wolfe
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420695
- eISBN:
- 9781447302940
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420695.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This concluding chapter reviews the philosophical ideas that support people's relationships with each other as citizens. It presents the argument that there is a need to move beyond an inward-looking ...
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This concluding chapter reviews the philosophical ideas that support people's relationships with each other as citizens. It presents the argument that there is a need to move beyond an inward-looking approach towards disability in order to be ready to explore ideas and theories from outside the field. This would help in informing new ways of working and of viewing the nature of intellectual disability.Less
This concluding chapter reviews the philosophical ideas that support people's relationships with each other as citizens. It presents the argument that there is a need to move beyond an inward-looking approach towards disability in order to be ready to explore ideas and theories from outside the field. This would help in informing new ways of working and of viewing the nature of intellectual disability.
Michael Gill
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816682973
- eISBN:
- 9781452950679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816682973.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
The introduction provides examples of persons with disabilities and their respective sexual encounters. The issues discussed should provoke discussion about what we think about intellectual ...
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The introduction provides examples of persons with disabilities and their respective sexual encounters. The issues discussed should provoke discussion about what we think about intellectual disability, what it means to be sexual, and how all types of individuals can express their sexuality without fear of reprisal and oversight. This work addresses intellectual disability and sexuality, but also attends to larger issues around sexuality for all individuals, regardless of intellectual ability or diagnosis. Sexual ableism as a theory articulates how different types of bodies, regardless of labels of intellectual disability, experience oversight and regulation of sexual and reproductive behaviors.Less
The introduction provides examples of persons with disabilities and their respective sexual encounters. The issues discussed should provoke discussion about what we think about intellectual disability, what it means to be sexual, and how all types of individuals can express their sexuality without fear of reprisal and oversight. This work addresses intellectual disability and sexuality, but also attends to larger issues around sexuality for all individuals, regardless of intellectual ability or diagnosis. Sexual ableism as a theory articulates how different types of bodies, regardless of labels of intellectual disability, experience oversight and regulation of sexual and reproductive behaviors.
Michael Gill
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816682973
- eISBN:
- 9781452950679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816682973.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
The strength of this chapter lies in an examination of pity and competence as thoroughly unhelpful constructs that perceive individuals who experience sexual abuse as deserving of pity and unable to ...
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The strength of this chapter lies in an examination of pity and competence as thoroughly unhelpful constructs that perceive individuals who experience sexual abuse as deserving of pity and unable to consent to sexual activities. The chapter deconstructs the complicated notions of competence and assessments of competence as denying individuals legal recognition of their capacity for sexual expression.Less
The strength of this chapter lies in an examination of pity and competence as thoroughly unhelpful constructs that perceive individuals who experience sexual abuse as deserving of pity and unable to consent to sexual activities. The chapter deconstructs the complicated notions of competence and assessments of competence as denying individuals legal recognition of their capacity for sexual expression.
Michael Gill
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816682973
- eISBN:
- 9781452950679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816682973.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
Characters with intellectual disabilities largely act as metaphors to facilitate unification of heterosexual family units. A character often symbolizes constructs of love, devotion, and family to ...
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Characters with intellectual disabilities largely act as metaphors to facilitate unification of heterosexual family units. A character often symbolizes constructs of love, devotion, and family to others. An individual’s sexual agency is secondary to their ability to inspire their family members and friends to overcome their own personal crises and conflicts.Less
Characters with intellectual disabilities largely act as metaphors to facilitate unification of heterosexual family units. A character often symbolizes constructs of love, devotion, and family to others. An individual’s sexual agency is secondary to their ability to inspire their family members and friends to overcome their own personal crises and conflicts.
Sue Read
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199644155
- eISBN:
- 9780191749094
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644155.003.0008
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine Research, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter explores action research involving people with intellectual disabilities (ID). It will describe the author's journey of discovery from conducting research on people with ID to working ...
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This chapter explores action research involving people with intellectual disabilities (ID). It will describe the author's journey of discovery from conducting research on people with ID to working alongside with people with ID as part of the emancipator element of the participatory action research (PAR) approach. The chapter introduces a number of PAR studies that were developed from practice, embedded in practice and produced a product (a manual, booklet, electronic tool) that would ultimately feed back into practice. Such collaborative efforts, which systematically build clinician feedback into their development and dissemination will make the resources more effective, flexible, more dynamic and more likely to be used. Research provided in this chapter demonstrates well that PAR was an excellent tool to engage with people with ID as well as a range of clinicians, academics, volunteers, and parents, promoting empowerment and acting as the catalyst for the sharing of personal experiences.Less
This chapter explores action research involving people with intellectual disabilities (ID). It will describe the author's journey of discovery from conducting research on people with ID to working alongside with people with ID as part of the emancipator element of the participatory action research (PAR) approach. The chapter introduces a number of PAR studies that were developed from practice, embedded in practice and produced a product (a manual, booklet, electronic tool) that would ultimately feed back into practice. Such collaborative efforts, which systematically build clinician feedback into their development and dissemination will make the resources more effective, flexible, more dynamic and more likely to be used. Research provided in this chapter demonstrates well that PAR was an excellent tool to engage with people with ID as well as a range of clinicians, academics, volunteers, and parents, promoting empowerment and acting as the catalyst for the sharing of personal experiences.
Michael Gill
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816682973
- eISBN:
- 9781452950679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816682973.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
Sex education materials are prescriptive (or normalizing) in their sanctioned approach of sexuality for people with intellectual disabilities, even though individuals express their sexuality in ways ...
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Sex education materials are prescriptive (or normalizing) in their sanctioned approach of sexuality for people with intellectual disabilities, even though individuals express their sexuality in ways that are not the “approved” or “sanctioned.” These sex education materials adopt what I call a “harm reduction” approach to sexuality. The almost totalizing focus on reducing harms can distract from equally compelling efforts to equip individuals with sexual knowledge that can facilitate obtaining pleasure and satisfaction from sexuality.Less
Sex education materials are prescriptive (or normalizing) in their sanctioned approach of sexuality for people with intellectual disabilities, even though individuals express their sexuality in ways that are not the “approved” or “sanctioned.” These sex education materials adopt what I call a “harm reduction” approach to sexuality. The almost totalizing focus on reducing harms can distract from equally compelling efforts to equip individuals with sexual knowledge that can facilitate obtaining pleasure and satisfaction from sexuality.
Patrick McDonagh, C. F. Goodey, and Tim Stainton
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526125316
- eISBN:
- 9781526136213
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526125316.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Intellectual disability is an unstable concept, and its fundamental instability is magnified when we track its history and relation to other concepts. This introductory chapter explores some of the ...
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Intellectual disability is an unstable concept, and its fundamental instability is magnified when we track its history and relation to other concepts. This introductory chapter explores some of the challenges of investigating the forces shaping the concept of intellectual disability in Europe and Britain across the centuries: not only those generated by shifting language and terminology, but also the demands imposed by the interdisciplinary nature of this project, which takes us through histories of literature, religion, law, education, philosophy, psychology and medicine, in addition to engaging with cultural and social history. Further, the fundamental slipperiness of the idea of intellectual disability raises the question of whether it could even be said to exist in forms similar to that which it assumes today. This introduction also includes a review of literature exploring the history of intellectual disability, and an overview of the chapters to follow.Less
Intellectual disability is an unstable concept, and its fundamental instability is magnified when we track its history and relation to other concepts. This introductory chapter explores some of the challenges of investigating the forces shaping the concept of intellectual disability in Europe and Britain across the centuries: not only those generated by shifting language and terminology, but also the demands imposed by the interdisciplinary nature of this project, which takes us through histories of literature, religion, law, education, philosophy, psychology and medicine, in addition to engaging with cultural and social history. Further, the fundamental slipperiness of the idea of intellectual disability raises the question of whether it could even be said to exist in forms similar to that which it assumes today. This introduction also includes a review of literature exploring the history of intellectual disability, and an overview of the chapters to follow.
Kelley Johnson, Jan Walmsley, and Marie Wolfe
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420695
- eISBN:
- 9781447302940
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420695.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter introduces people with intellectual disabilities and the concept of ‘a good life’, which is the central theme of this book. The first section details the experiences of the authors in ...
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This chapter introduces people with intellectual disabilities and the concept of ‘a good life’, which is the central theme of this book. The first section details the experiences of the authors in beginning the book, and includes a table on the statistics and lives of people in England who have intellectual disabilities. It lists the different questions that have guided the discussions, and identifies the people who may find this book useful. The last two sections focus on the terms used in the book and provides a summary of the next ten chapters.Less
This chapter introduces people with intellectual disabilities and the concept of ‘a good life’, which is the central theme of this book. The first section details the experiences of the authors in beginning the book, and includes a table on the statistics and lives of people in England who have intellectual disabilities. It lists the different questions that have guided the discussions, and identifies the people who may find this book useful. The last two sections focus on the terms used in the book and provides a summary of the next ten chapters.
Michael Gill
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816682973
- eISBN:
- 9781452950679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816682973.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
This chapter investigates a recent court case in Illinois where a young adult woman with an intellectual disability petitioned the court to stop an involuntary sterilization procedure. The court ...
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This chapter investigates a recent court case in Illinois where a young adult woman with an intellectual disability petitioned the court to stop an involuntary sterilization procedure. The court ruled that permanent sterilization would cause psychological damage to the young woman even though the court was convinced she did not have the capacity to parent. Activists emboldened by the court case petitioned the State Legislature and Governor to pass a law preventing involuntary sterilization.Less
This chapter investigates a recent court case in Illinois where a young adult woman with an intellectual disability petitioned the court to stop an involuntary sterilization procedure. The court ruled that permanent sterilization would cause psychological damage to the young woman even though the court was convinced she did not have the capacity to parent. Activists emboldened by the court case petitioned the State Legislature and Governor to pass a law preventing involuntary sterilization.
Kelley Johnson, Jan Walmsley, and Marie Wolfe
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420695
- eISBN:
- 9781447302940
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420695.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter looks at the implications of how a good life has been represented in Western societies for those with intellectual disabilities. It explores the ways in which people's views of a good ...
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This chapter looks at the implications of how a good life has been represented in Western societies for those with intellectual disabilities. It explores the ways in which people's views of a good life seem to exclude some groups of people from the possibility of living one. The chapter investigates the way in which some groups are identified within society as outside the parameters of achieving ‘the good life’. It concludes that efforts to make ‘good lives’ through policy and practice are actually limited by the ways the very concept of a good life has been conceived in societies and by the ways people who have intellectual disability are seen by others.Less
This chapter looks at the implications of how a good life has been represented in Western societies for those with intellectual disabilities. It explores the ways in which people's views of a good life seem to exclude some groups of people from the possibility of living one. The chapter investigates the way in which some groups are identified within society as outside the parameters of achieving ‘the good life’. It concludes that efforts to make ‘good lives’ through policy and practice are actually limited by the ways the very concept of a good life has been conceived in societies and by the ways people who have intellectual disability are seen by others.
Ann Fudge Schormans
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447316510
- eISBN:
- 9781447316534
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447316510.003.0014
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
The practice of care–who is cared for, how, and by whom, typically reflects societal values and the (de)valuation of particular groups of people. For many disabled persons, care is an oppressive ...
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The practice of care–who is cared for, how, and by whom, typically reflects societal values and the (de)valuation of particular groups of people. For many disabled persons, care is an oppressive concept, associated with abuse, institutionalization, disempowerment, and loss of citizenship. Diverging scholarship on and against care reveals significant epistemic tensions among disability scholars and those engaged with a political ethic of care. This chapter shares some of the work done by a group of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) with public photographic representations of ID and care, in an inclusive research project. Their engagement and critique of one particular image demonstrates the complexity, pervasiveness, and primacy of care to people with ID. The representation and practice of care are visually re-imagined in ways that disrupt taken-for-granted ideas about ID and the giving and receiving of care, and frame care as both a private matter and a public concern.Less
The practice of care–who is cared for, how, and by whom, typically reflects societal values and the (de)valuation of particular groups of people. For many disabled persons, care is an oppressive concept, associated with abuse, institutionalization, disempowerment, and loss of citizenship. Diverging scholarship on and against care reveals significant epistemic tensions among disability scholars and those engaged with a political ethic of care. This chapter shares some of the work done by a group of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) with public photographic representations of ID and care, in an inclusive research project. Their engagement and critique of one particular image demonstrates the complexity, pervasiveness, and primacy of care to people with ID. The representation and practice of care are visually re-imagined in ways that disrupt taken-for-granted ideas about ID and the giving and receiving of care, and frame care as both a private matter and a public concern.
Kelley Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420695
- eISBN:
- 9781447302940
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420695.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
What does it mean to live a good life? Why has it proved so difficult for people with intellectual disabilities to live one? What happens when we make a good life the centre of our consideration of ...
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What does it mean to live a good life? Why has it proved so difficult for people with intellectual disabilities to live one? What happens when we make a good life the centre of our consideration of people with intellectual disabilities? This book explores these questions through a re-examination of ideas from philosophy and social theory, and through personal life stories. It provides an analysis and critique of current policies and underpinning ideologies in relation to people with intellectual disabilities, and explores ways in which a good life may be made more attainable.Less
What does it mean to live a good life? Why has it proved so difficult for people with intellectual disabilities to live one? What happens when we make a good life the centre of our consideration of people with intellectual disabilities? This book explores these questions through a re-examination of ideas from philosophy and social theory, and through personal life stories. It provides an analysis and critique of current policies and underpinning ideologies in relation to people with intellectual disabilities, and explores ways in which a good life may be made more attainable.
Michael Gill
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816682973
- eISBN:
- 9781452950679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816682973.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
This chapter explores the ways in which reproductive capabilities of women with intellectual disabilities are understood and represented while remaining mindful of the discourses of control lodged at ...
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This chapter explores the ways in which reproductive capabilities of women with intellectual disabilities are understood and represented while remaining mindful of the discourses of control lodged at a multiplicity of women’s bodies. In addition, the coalitional potential between reproductive justice and disability rights is discussed.Less
This chapter explores the ways in which reproductive capabilities of women with intellectual disabilities are understood and represented while remaining mindful of the discourses of control lodged at a multiplicity of women’s bodies. In addition, the coalitional potential between reproductive justice and disability rights is discussed.
Olivia Caldeira
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781496804259
- eISBN:
- 9781496804297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496804259.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Mythology and Folklore
Folklorist William Hugh Jansen’s (1959) classic work on esoteric and exoteric folklore has frequently been used to understand how groups identify themselves and others, but this classification ...
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Folklorist William Hugh Jansen’s (1959) classic work on esoteric and exoteric folklore has frequently been used to understand how groups identify themselves and others, but this classification becomes complicated when working with individuals with intellectual disabilities who may or may not self-identify as “disabled” or understand disability as something that applies to them because it hinges on relational conceptions of normalcy. In chapter 2, “Exploring Esoteric and Exoteric Definitions of Disability: Inclusion, Segregation, and Kinship in a Special Olympics Group,” Olivia Caldeira revisits Jansen’s concept of esoteric/emic and exoteric/etic and expands on Shuman’s preceding discussion of stigma and individuals with intellectual disabilities. Drawing from fieldwork with a group of Special Olympics athletes, Caldeira applies Richard Bauman’s (1971) concept of differential identity to emphasize how disability is commonly used to describe others but not oneself. In doing so, she investigates new ways of understanding the concept of disability as a fluid term that is more about understanding deviance rather than static notions of normalcy.Less
Folklorist William Hugh Jansen’s (1959) classic work on esoteric and exoteric folklore has frequently been used to understand how groups identify themselves and others, but this classification becomes complicated when working with individuals with intellectual disabilities who may or may not self-identify as “disabled” or understand disability as something that applies to them because it hinges on relational conceptions of normalcy. In chapter 2, “Exploring Esoteric and Exoteric Definitions of Disability: Inclusion, Segregation, and Kinship in a Special Olympics Group,” Olivia Caldeira revisits Jansen’s concept of esoteric/emic and exoteric/etic and expands on Shuman’s preceding discussion of stigma and individuals with intellectual disabilities. Drawing from fieldwork with a group of Special Olympics athletes, Caldeira applies Richard Bauman’s (1971) concept of differential identity to emphasize how disability is commonly used to describe others but not oneself. In doing so, she investigates new ways of understanding the concept of disability as a fluid term that is more about understanding deviance rather than static notions of normalcy.
Michael Gill
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816682973
- eISBN:
- 9781452950679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816682973.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
I explore a long history of masturbation training in the field of intellectual disability as one of the ways that individuals are taught to be sexual, effectively making expressions of sexuality a ...
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I explore a long history of masturbation training in the field of intellectual disability as one of the ways that individuals are taught to be sexual, effectively making expressions of sexuality a solitary act seen to reduce behavioral issues in the group home and institution. I argue in this chapter that the discourse around masturbation reveals the ways in which the sexuality of certain populations continues to be regulated as deviant and dangerous as well as inappropriate to reproduce.Less
I explore a long history of masturbation training in the field of intellectual disability as one of the ways that individuals are taught to be sexual, effectively making expressions of sexuality a solitary act seen to reduce behavioral issues in the group home and institution. I argue in this chapter that the discourse around masturbation reveals the ways in which the sexuality of certain populations continues to be regulated as deviant and dangerous as well as inappropriate to reproduce.
Cliff Sloan and Lauryn Fraas
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780190937232
- eISBN:
- 9780197541562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190937232.003.0014
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
This chapter introduces the reader to key cases analyzing claims of intellectual disability, describes the current clinical definition and diagnosis, and provides an overview of recurring issues in ...
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This chapter introduces the reader to key cases analyzing claims of intellectual disability, describes the current clinical definition and diagnosis, and provides an overview of recurring issues in capital litigation. In 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that individuals with intellectual disability may not be executed. The Court subsequently clarified that current medical standards must be used in assessing claims of intellectual disability in capital cases. The clinical diagnosis requires assessing three factors: (a) deficits in intellectual functioning; (b) deficits in adaptive behavior; and (c) the onset of deficits during the developmental period. Courts must be informed by current medical standards regarding issues that arise, including the standard error of measurement in IQ scores, the problems of offsetting weaknesses in adaptive behavior with perceived strengths, and other clinical topics. The principle that the death penalty must not be imposed on individuals with intellectual disability signals important responsibilities for social work practitioners.Less
This chapter introduces the reader to key cases analyzing claims of intellectual disability, describes the current clinical definition and diagnosis, and provides an overview of recurring issues in capital litigation. In 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that individuals with intellectual disability may not be executed. The Court subsequently clarified that current medical standards must be used in assessing claims of intellectual disability in capital cases. The clinical diagnosis requires assessing three factors: (a) deficits in intellectual functioning; (b) deficits in adaptive behavior; and (c) the onset of deficits during the developmental period. Courts must be informed by current medical standards regarding issues that arise, including the standard error of measurement in IQ scores, the problems of offsetting weaknesses in adaptive behavior with perceived strengths, and other clinical topics. The principle that the death penalty must not be imposed on individuals with intellectual disability signals important responsibilities for social work practitioners.
Jan Walmsley and Simon Jarrett (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447344575
- eISBN:
- 9781447344629
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447344575.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This book provides a transnational perspective on intellectual disability in the twentieth century with contributions from distinguished authors in 14 countries across 5 continents. Each chapter ...
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This book provides a transnational perspective on intellectual disability in the twentieth century with contributions from distinguished authors in 14 countries across 5 continents. Each chapter outlines policies and practice from the featured nation. Life stories illustrate their impact on people with intellectual disabilities and their families. The book brings together accounts of how intellectual disability was viewed, managed and experienced in countries across the globe. It examines the origins and nature of contemporary attitudes, policy and practice; and sheds light on the challenges of implementing the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCPRD).Less
This book provides a transnational perspective on intellectual disability in the twentieth century with contributions from distinguished authors in 14 countries across 5 continents. Each chapter outlines policies and practice from the featured nation. Life stories illustrate their impact on people with intellectual disabilities and their families. The book brings together accounts of how intellectual disability was viewed, managed and experienced in countries across the globe. It examines the origins and nature of contemporary attitudes, policy and practice; and sheds light on the challenges of implementing the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCPRD).
Jane Abraham and Auberon Jaleel Odoom
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447344575
- eISBN:
- 9781447344629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447344575.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter recounts, for the first time, the twentieth-century history of intellectual disability in Ghana. the first sub-Saharan British colony to achieve independence in 1957. It outlines the ...
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This chapter recounts, for the first time, the twentieth-century history of intellectual disability in Ghana. the first sub-Saharan British colony to achieve independence in 1957. It outlines the stark clash between the relative recently introduced beliefs of Western individuality and the long-standing beliefs of a more community-based society. In traditional rural Ghanaian society, the mildly or moderately intellectually disabled persons could integrate with relative ease into a labour-intensive agricultural economy, where literacy was not at a premium. For the severely or profoundly disabled person, life was less predictable. Seclusion or even infanticide could arise from both spiritual beliefs about the influence of evil forces or punishment from the gods, and the view that such an individual might not be fully human. Additional factors were economic concerns about families bearing the load of an unproductive person, allocating precious financial resources to the education of a person seen as unlikely to benefit from it, and anxieties about employment and marriageability. Current life stories indicate how some people with intellectual disabilities in Ghana are learning to manage and resist these cultural complexities and assert their own humanity.Less
This chapter recounts, for the first time, the twentieth-century history of intellectual disability in Ghana. the first sub-Saharan British colony to achieve independence in 1957. It outlines the stark clash between the relative recently introduced beliefs of Western individuality and the long-standing beliefs of a more community-based society. In traditional rural Ghanaian society, the mildly or moderately intellectually disabled persons could integrate with relative ease into a labour-intensive agricultural economy, where literacy was not at a premium. For the severely or profoundly disabled person, life was less predictable. Seclusion or even infanticide could arise from both spiritual beliefs about the influence of evil forces or punishment from the gods, and the view that such an individual might not be fully human. Additional factors were economic concerns about families bearing the load of an unproductive person, allocating precious financial resources to the education of a person seen as unlikely to benefit from it, and anxieties about employment and marriageability. Current life stories indicate how some people with intellectual disabilities in Ghana are learning to manage and resist these cultural complexities and assert their own humanity.
