Ian Small
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198122418
- eISBN:
- 9780191671418
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122418.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature, Criticism/Theory
This book studies changes in the practice of literary criticism in the nineteenth century and locates those changes within wider movements in British intellectual culture. The growth of knowledge and ...
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This book studies changes in the practice of literary criticism in the nineteenth century and locates those changes within wider movements in British intellectual culture. The growth of knowledge and its subsequent institutionalization in universities produced new forms of intellectual authority. This book examines these processes in a wide variety of disciplines, including economics, historiography, sociology, psychology, and philosophical aesthetics, and explores their impact upon literary criticism. Its thesis is that the work of late nineteenth-century writers such as Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde can be best understood in terms of their engagement with, and reaction to, these general intellectual changes, a view which in its turn reveals the seriousness of their work.Less
This book studies changes in the practice of literary criticism in the nineteenth century and locates those changes within wider movements in British intellectual culture. The growth of knowledge and its subsequent institutionalization in universities produced new forms of intellectual authority. This book examines these processes in a wide variety of disciplines, including economics, historiography, sociology, psychology, and philosophical aesthetics, and explores their impact upon literary criticism. Its thesis is that the work of late nineteenth-century writers such as Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde can be best understood in terms of their engagement with, and reaction to, these general intellectual changes, a view which in its turn reveals the seriousness of their work.
Ian Small
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198122418
- eISBN:
- 9780191671418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122418.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter explains and examines the changes in the theory and practice of critical writing. It describes the nature of institutional and intellectual authority in critical discourse in the final ...
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This chapter explains and examines the changes in the theory and practice of critical writing. It describes the nature of institutional and intellectual authority in critical discourse in the final decades of the nineteenth century. It examines the sociology of knowledge in Britain from the 1870s to the 1890s. It argues that such a methodology might possess a general applicability, particularly for understanding the practice of literary criticism at the present time.Less
This chapter explains and examines the changes in the theory and practice of critical writing. It describes the nature of institutional and intellectual authority in critical discourse in the final decades of the nineteenth century. It examines the sociology of knowledge in Britain from the 1870s to the 1890s. It argues that such a methodology might possess a general applicability, particularly for understanding the practice of literary criticism at the present time.
Ahmad S. Dallal
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469641409
- eISBN:
- 9781469640365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469641409.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter examines the relationship between the intellectual projects of eighteenth century thinkers and political authorities. The chapter argues that, in almost all the examined cases, ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between the intellectual projects of eighteenth century thinkers and political authorities. The chapter argues that, in almost all the examined cases, eighteenth century thinkers conceived of their intellectual undertakings as subversive and dissenting ones, both in relation to political authorities and to established corporate intellectual authorities. This chapter extends the analysis from the intellectual/cultural sphere to the social/political one. The primary example examined in this chapter is the career of Shawkani and his complex relationship to power.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between the intellectual projects of eighteenth century thinkers and political authorities. The chapter argues that, in almost all the examined cases, eighteenth century thinkers conceived of their intellectual undertakings as subversive and dissenting ones, both in relation to political authorities and to established corporate intellectual authorities. This chapter extends the analysis from the intellectual/cultural sphere to the social/political one. The primary example examined in this chapter is the career of Shawkani and his complex relationship to power.
Arnoud S. Q. Visser
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199765935
- eISBN:
- 9780199895168
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765935.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This book explores the reception of Augustine of Hippo in the European Reformations. In this religious revolution Augustine was a highly contested authority, with different parties assimilating his ...
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This book explores the reception of Augustine of Hippo in the European Reformations. In this religious revolution Augustine was a highly contested authority, with different parties assimilating his thought in contrasting ways. This flexible reception raises fundamental questions about the significance of Augustine's thought in the Reformation period. It can also illuminate the relationship between religious change and the new intellectual culture of Renaissance humanism, with its famous claim to return to the classical sources. Based on a variety of printed and manuscript sources, this study seeks to break new ground on three levels. It systematically grounds the reception of ideas in the history of reading and the material culture of books and manuscripts. Second, it is not restricted to particular confessional parties or geographic boundaries, but offers a cross-confessional account of Augustine's appropriation in early modern Europe. Third, on a conceptual level, this book contributes to a more advanced understanding of the nature of intellectual authority in the early modern period. The book is organized around the production, circulation and consumption of Augustine's works. It studies the impact of print, humanist scholarship and confessional divisions on Augustine's reception. It examines how editors managed patristic knowledge through search tools and anthologies. It illuminates how individual readers used their copies, and how they applied their knowledge in public debates. All this shows that the emerging confessional pressures did not just restrict, but also promote intellectual life. It furthermore reveals that humanism, despite its claim to return to the sources, continued to facilitate selective, purposeful reading styles.Less
This book explores the reception of Augustine of Hippo in the European Reformations. In this religious revolution Augustine was a highly contested authority, with different parties assimilating his thought in contrasting ways. This flexible reception raises fundamental questions about the significance of Augustine's thought in the Reformation period. It can also illuminate the relationship between religious change and the new intellectual culture of Renaissance humanism, with its famous claim to return to the classical sources. Based on a variety of printed and manuscript sources, this study seeks to break new ground on three levels. It systematically grounds the reception of ideas in the history of reading and the material culture of books and manuscripts. Second, it is not restricted to particular confessional parties or geographic boundaries, but offers a cross-confessional account of Augustine's appropriation in early modern Europe. Third, on a conceptual level, this book contributes to a more advanced understanding of the nature of intellectual authority in the early modern period. The book is organized around the production, circulation and consumption of Augustine's works. It studies the impact of print, humanist scholarship and confessional divisions on Augustine's reception. It examines how editors managed patristic knowledge through search tools and anthologies. It illuminates how individual readers used their copies, and how they applied their knowledge in public debates. All this shows that the emerging confessional pressures did not just restrict, but also promote intellectual life. It furthermore reveals that humanism, despite its claim to return to the sources, continued to facilitate selective, purposeful reading styles.
Anthony Quinton
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694556
- eISBN:
- 9780191731938
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694556.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter focuses on the life and works of Dr John Radcliffe. Medical practice in the seventeenth century was essentially a craft to be acquired by close study of the work of an adept. Formal ...
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This chapter focuses on the life and works of Dr John Radcliffe. Medical practice in the seventeenth century was essentially a craft to be acquired by close study of the work of an adept. Formal qualifications were an ornamental addition to, rather than a functional part of, a medical practitioner's professional equipment. Radcliffe's temperament, his bluff, commonsensical self-confidence, made him very much at home in such circumstances. Radcliffe was a product of Locke's Oxford, which was also the Oxford of Boyle and Christopher Wren, of Sydenham and Willis. The official intellectual life of the place was ossified. In Oxford, as everywhere else, the Protestant Reformation failed to supplant the philosophico-scientific system of knowledge associated with it. Locke was at one with Bacon and Hobbes and all the enquiring minds of the age in rejecting the despotic rule of Aristotelian scholasticism. In his own, comparatively inarticulate fashion, Radcliffe was part of this general movement away from a tradition of intellectual authority.Less
This chapter focuses on the life and works of Dr John Radcliffe. Medical practice in the seventeenth century was essentially a craft to be acquired by close study of the work of an adept. Formal qualifications were an ornamental addition to, rather than a functional part of, a medical practitioner's professional equipment. Radcliffe's temperament, his bluff, commonsensical self-confidence, made him very much at home in such circumstances. Radcliffe was a product of Locke's Oxford, which was also the Oxford of Boyle and Christopher Wren, of Sydenham and Willis. The official intellectual life of the place was ossified. In Oxford, as everywhere else, the Protestant Reformation failed to supplant the philosophico-scientific system of knowledge associated with it. Locke was at one with Bacon and Hobbes and all the enquiring minds of the age in rejecting the despotic rule of Aristotelian scholasticism. In his own, comparatively inarticulate fashion, Radcliffe was part of this general movement away from a tradition of intellectual authority.
Laura Frances Callahan and Timothy O’Connor
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- June 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199672158
- eISBN:
- 9780191751264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672158.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter begins by discussing the recent turn toward virtue epistemologies, which emphasize longer-term processes of belief formation (in addition to ‘snapshot’ evidential relations), ...
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This chapter begins by discussing the recent turn toward virtue epistemologies, which emphasize longer-term processes of belief formation (in addition to ‘snapshot’ evidential relations), intellectual traits and dispositions (including affections), and targets of evaluation other than propositional belief (e.g., understanding and experiential acquaintance). The introduction indicates issues and options for theorists developing virtue-based accounts of various epistemic properties and goods. It also discusses the rise of social epistemology, which takes seriously the pervasive social distribution of evidence gathering and the resulting necessary roles of trust, testimony, and intellectual authorities. The chapter then provides a roadmap that connects these general epistemological themes to religious faith and locates recent work on the epistemology of faith on it. Emphasis is given to questions concerning entrenched disagreement and trust.Less
This chapter begins by discussing the recent turn toward virtue epistemologies, which emphasize longer-term processes of belief formation (in addition to ‘snapshot’ evidential relations), intellectual traits and dispositions (including affections), and targets of evaluation other than propositional belief (e.g., understanding and experiential acquaintance). The introduction indicates issues and options for theorists developing virtue-based accounts of various epistemic properties and goods. It also discusses the rise of social epistemology, which takes seriously the pervasive social distribution of evidence gathering and the resulting necessary roles of trust, testimony, and intellectual authorities. The chapter then provides a roadmap that connects these general epistemological themes to religious faith and locates recent work on the epistemology of faith on it. Emphasis is given to questions concerning entrenched disagreement and trust.
Joshua Teplitsky
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780300234909
- eISBN:
- 9780300241136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300234909.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This introductory chapter provides a background of David Oppenheim and his Jewish library. At the core of Oppenheim's identity and activity as a rabbi, intellectual, and communal leader stood his ...
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This introductory chapter provides a background of David Oppenheim and his Jewish library. At the core of Oppenheim's identity and activity as a rabbi, intellectual, and communal leader stood his library. His library gained renown among Jewish colleagues and Christian contemporaries. It thus informed the decisions of local courts and distant decisors. He possessed highbrow scholarly material alongside popular pamphlets and broadsides, and he preserved diplomatic exchanges and communal ordinances in manuscript—an archive of contemporary Jewish life. Oppenheim's intellectual authority made him a much-sought-after source for endorsements for newly written books. This book then tells the story of premodern Jewish life, politics, and intellectual culture through an exploration of a book collection, the man who assembled it, and the circles of individuals who brought it into being and made use of it.Less
This introductory chapter provides a background of David Oppenheim and his Jewish library. At the core of Oppenheim's identity and activity as a rabbi, intellectual, and communal leader stood his library. His library gained renown among Jewish colleagues and Christian contemporaries. It thus informed the decisions of local courts and distant decisors. He possessed highbrow scholarly material alongside popular pamphlets and broadsides, and he preserved diplomatic exchanges and communal ordinances in manuscript—an archive of contemporary Jewish life. Oppenheim's intellectual authority made him a much-sought-after source for endorsements for newly written books. This book then tells the story of premodern Jewish life, politics, and intellectual culture through an exploration of a book collection, the man who assembled it, and the circles of individuals who brought it into being and made use of it.
Gloria Origgi
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691196329
- eISBN:
- 9781400888597
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691196329.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter includes case studies of the way reputations are built in the wine market. It explains that wine provides a paradigm for the role played by reputation in introducing novices to a new ...
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This chapter includes case studies of the way reputations are built in the wine market. It explains that wine provides a paradigm for the role played by reputation in introducing novices to a new domain of taste. It observes adult novices in encountering for the first time a new cultural sphere that requires them to make value judgments. By restricting the discussion of newcomers to adults, the chapter avoids the kind of biases associated with deference to intellectual authority in the education of children. Adults being schooled for the first time in the world of wines find themselves facing a cultural domain strongly structured by landmarks about which they initially know nothing.Less
This chapter includes case studies of the way reputations are built in the wine market. It explains that wine provides a paradigm for the role played by reputation in introducing novices to a new domain of taste. It observes adult novices in encountering for the first time a new cultural sphere that requires them to make value judgments. By restricting the discussion of newcomers to adults, the chapter avoids the kind of biases associated with deference to intellectual authority in the education of children. Adults being schooled for the first time in the world of wines find themselves facing a cultural domain strongly structured by landmarks about which they initially know nothing.
Ben Clift
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198813088
- eISBN:
- 9780191851070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198813088.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
After addressing the scope and limits of Fund autonomy, this chapter identifies the sources of the IMF’s power to speak with intellectual authority about economic policy. It then analyses conditions ...
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After addressing the scope and limits of Fund autonomy, this chapter identifies the sources of the IMF’s power to speak with intellectual authority about economic policy. It then analyses conditions of possibility for the Fund’s exercising intellectual authority and influencing advanced economies. It finds that the institution’s ability to achieve this is contingent upon the Fund’s ability to frame policy advice in a way which resonates with policymakers, as well as its ability to mobilize its scientific expertise, knowledge bank, and mandate in a given policy context. Between 2007 and 2009, the Fund’s crisis (and crisis legacy) narrative resonated widely with national authorities. Yet from 2010 onwards the Fund proved something of an outlier in contemporary fiscal policy thinking. Many advanced economies chose not to take up the growth-supporting fiscal policy opportunities the Fund sought to carve out.Less
After addressing the scope and limits of Fund autonomy, this chapter identifies the sources of the IMF’s power to speak with intellectual authority about economic policy. It then analyses conditions of possibility for the Fund’s exercising intellectual authority and influencing advanced economies. It finds that the institution’s ability to achieve this is contingent upon the Fund’s ability to frame policy advice in a way which resonates with policymakers, as well as its ability to mobilize its scientific expertise, knowledge bank, and mandate in a given policy context. Between 2007 and 2009, the Fund’s crisis (and crisis legacy) narrative resonated widely with national authorities. Yet from 2010 onwards the Fund proved something of an outlier in contemporary fiscal policy thinking. Many advanced economies chose not to take up the growth-supporting fiscal policy opportunities the Fund sought to carve out.
George Levine
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226475363
- eISBN:
- 9780226475387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226475387.003.0012
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This chapter covers the literary and critical works of Karl Pearson and Walter Pater. Pater and Pearson are separated philosophically not by any combat about realism, nor by the thoroughness of their ...
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This chapter covers the literary and critical works of Karl Pearson and Walter Pater. Pater and Pearson are separated philosophically not by any combat about realism, nor by the thoroughness of their commitment to science and scientific method. The voices of science and of art speak from within consciousnesses they describe as closed off from the realities of the world around them. Pearson has to defend the claims of science to intellectual authority. The Grammar of Science is the culmination of the journey undertaken by Arthur. Pearson's theories of causation, scientific law, and empirical perception are threatened by the problem of the particularity of subjectivities. The resort to the language of science is neither accidental nor gratuitous. Positivism becomes a shadow child of romanticism.Less
This chapter covers the literary and critical works of Karl Pearson and Walter Pater. Pater and Pearson are separated philosophically not by any combat about realism, nor by the thoroughness of their commitment to science and scientific method. The voices of science and of art speak from within consciousnesses they describe as closed off from the realities of the world around them. Pearson has to defend the claims of science to intellectual authority. The Grammar of Science is the culmination of the journey undertaken by Arthur. Pearson's theories of causation, scientific law, and empirical perception are threatened by the problem of the particularity of subjectivities. The resort to the language of science is neither accidental nor gratuitous. Positivism becomes a shadow child of romanticism.
Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197529171
- eISBN:
- 9780197529201
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197529171.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This introduction gives an overview of Zagzebski’s work in epistemology during the last twenty-five years, introducing the papers included in the collection. The subject areas of most of contemporary ...
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This introduction gives an overview of Zagzebski’s work in epistemology during the last twenty-five years, introducing the papers included in the collection. The subject areas of most of contemporary epistemology are included in these chapters: (1) knowledge and understanding, (2) intellectual virtue, (3) epistemic value, (4) virtue in religious epistemology, (5) intellectual autonomy and authority, and (6) skepticism and the Gettier problem. Some chapters are among the earliest works published on a given topic—e.g., understanding, intellectual virtue, the value problem for knowledge, intellectual authority. Others take a novel approach to an old problem—Gettier, virtue in religious epistemology, a new transcendental argument against skepticism.Less
This introduction gives an overview of Zagzebski’s work in epistemology during the last twenty-five years, introducing the papers included in the collection. The subject areas of most of contemporary epistemology are included in these chapters: (1) knowledge and understanding, (2) intellectual virtue, (3) epistemic value, (4) virtue in religious epistemology, (5) intellectual autonomy and authority, and (6) skepticism and the Gettier problem. Some chapters are among the earliest works published on a given topic—e.g., understanding, intellectual virtue, the value problem for knowledge, intellectual authority. Others take a novel approach to an old problem—Gettier, virtue in religious epistemology, a new transcendental argument against skepticism.
Inmaculada de Melo-Martín and Kristen Intemann
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190869229
- eISBN:
- 9780190869236
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190869229.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter assesses whether focusing on rules of engagement for fruitful discussions about competing scientific views provides a good strategy for reliably identifying normatively inappropriate ...
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This chapter assesses whether focusing on rules of engagement for fruitful discussions about competing scientific views provides a good strategy for reliably identifying normatively inappropriate dissent (NID). It discusses some of the rules for effective criticism dominant in the philosophy of science literature: shared standards, uptake, and expertise. It shows that although all these criteria appear eminently reasonable as requirements for transformative criticism, what they actually involve is not straightforward. Some of the interpretations of these criteria are likely to identify as inappropriate dissent that is actually epistemically valuable, while other interpretations of these criteria would fail to pinpoint the very cases of dissent that some consider paradigm cases of NID.Less
This chapter assesses whether focusing on rules of engagement for fruitful discussions about competing scientific views provides a good strategy for reliably identifying normatively inappropriate dissent (NID). It discusses some of the rules for effective criticism dominant in the philosophy of science literature: shared standards, uptake, and expertise. It shows that although all these criteria appear eminently reasonable as requirements for transformative criticism, what they actually involve is not straightforward. Some of the interpretations of these criteria are likely to identify as inappropriate dissent that is actually epistemically valuable, while other interpretations of these criteria would fail to pinpoint the very cases of dissent that some consider paradigm cases of NID.
Inmaculada de Melo-Martín and Kristen Intemann
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190869229
- eISBN:
- 9780190869236
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190869229.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter offers an overview of the ways in which dissent from a scientific consensus is epistemically valuable. It contends that dissent furthers scientific progress in various ways, including ...
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This chapter offers an overview of the ways in which dissent from a scientific consensus is epistemically valuable. It contends that dissent furthers scientific progress in various ways, including correcting false empirical assumptions, providing alternative ways of conceiving phenomena, and challenging value judgments. Dissent can also strengthen the justification for consensus views as such views are more likely to be reliable when they survive critical scrutiny, than if they go unchallenged. Similarly, dissent can foster warranted public trust in science because it can assure the public that scientific inquiry is an open and critical process. The chapter also points out that because dissent has these benefits, it imposes epistemic obligations on scientific communities.Less
This chapter offers an overview of the ways in which dissent from a scientific consensus is epistemically valuable. It contends that dissent furthers scientific progress in various ways, including correcting false empirical assumptions, providing alternative ways of conceiving phenomena, and challenging value judgments. Dissent can also strengthen the justification for consensus views as such views are more likely to be reliable when they survive critical scrutiny, than if they go unchallenged. Similarly, dissent can foster warranted public trust in science because it can assure the public that scientific inquiry is an open and critical process. The chapter also points out that because dissent has these benefits, it imposes epistemic obligations on scientific communities.