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Integrationist Values: Limiting Permissible Doxastic Venture

John Bishop

in Believing by Faith: An Essay in the Epistemology and Ethics of Religious Belief

This chapter deals with two versions of the objection that Jamesian fideism is too liberal. In response to the first — that it is arbitrary to permit supra-evidential yet reject irrational, ... More

This chapter deals with two versions of the objection that Jamesian fideism is too liberal. In response to the first — that it is arbitrary to permit supra-evidential yet reject irrational, counter-evidential, faith-ventures — it is argued that a defensible fideism must insist that faith-ventures be made with epistemic entitlement (i.e., through the right exercise of epistemic rationality). ‘Ethical suspension of the epistemic’, while not absolutely excluded, does not apply to religious faith-ventures. To meet the second objection — that fideism may endorse obviously morally objectionable faith-ventures — a further integrationist condition is added: both the content and the motivational character of a permissible faith-venture should cohere with correct morality. The chapter concludes by following Kierkegaard's example with a reflection on Abraham and Isaac, to illustrate how theistic faith-ventures should develop in tandem with evolving moral commitments.Less

Introduction

Phil Syrpis

in EU Intervention in Domestic Labour Law

This chapter introduces the theoretical framework used to examine the rationales for EU intervention in the labour law arena. The aims and objectives of intervention in labour law, and of the ... More

This chapter introduces the theoretical framework used to examine the rationales for EU intervention in the labour law arena. The aims and objectives of intervention in labour law, and of the European Union itself, are contested. The integrationist, economic, and social rationales for intervention are defined and distinguished, and their interconnections described. The nature of the evolving competence of the EU in the social sphere is outlined, with particular attention devoted to the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality. Intervention by the Court and the political institutions (via harmonization, mutual recognition and new modes of governance) are considered, and the structure of the remainder of the text is provided.Less

The Three Rationales for EU Intervention in Domestic Labour Law

Phil Syrpis

in EU Intervention in Domestic Labour Law

This chapter categorises the various objectives which EU intervention in domestic labour law may be thought to serve into three broad rationales, and draws out the implications which a commitment to ... More

This chapter categorises the various objectives which EU intervention in domestic labour law may be thought to serve into three broad rationales, and draws out the implications which a commitment to each of the integrationist, economic, and social rationale may, or must, entail. Much of the focus is on the integrationist rationale, and to a critique of the various actors' understanding of the elimination of barriers to free movement and distortions of competition. It is suggested that mere differences between national laws need not be seen as problematic from the perspective of market integration — contrary to the dominant strand of the Court of Justice's case law. The impact of EMU is considered as well as the relationships between the economic and social objectives which may underlie EU intervention, in the light of the evolution of the Lisbon Strategy.Less

Direct Action and the Search for “Freedom of Movement”

Brandon K. Winford

in John Hervey Wheeler, Black Banking, and the Economic Struggle for Civil Rights

Chapter 4 examines Wheeler’s activism during the direct-action phase of the civil rights movement. It pushes us to consider how a black businessman in Wheeler’s position could serve not as an ... More

Chapter 4 examines Wheeler’s activism during the direct-action phase of the civil rights movement. It pushes us to consider how a black businessman in Wheeler’s position could serve not as an obstacle to but as a steadfast advocate of alternative tactics during the 1960s. Despite the emergence of student-centered leadership with the 1960 sit-in movement, Wheeler did not take a sidelines position. Instead, he continued to operate behind the scenes while publicly and privately lending his support to student activists. Wheeler had a reputation for always being ahead of his time, and white leaders considered him to be a radical. His acceptance of young activists and his integrationist views represented a unique departure from many of his black business contemporaries. I argue that while direct action represented a shift away from strict reliance on legal tactics, as well as a generational shift in leadership, Wheeler recognized that ongoing civil disobedience meant that he was in a much better position than ever before to fulfill the ideals of New South prosperity through increased involvement in reform and policymaking at the local, state, and national levels.Less

The Promise and Perils of Mixed-Income Public Housing Transformation

Robert J. Chaskin and Mark L. Joseph

in Integrating the Inner City: The Promise and Perils of Mixed-Income Public Housing Transformation

In this final chapter, we draw some broad conclusions about mixed-income public housing reform in Chicago, explore what they suggest regarding the promise and perils of this approach as a response to ... More

In this final chapter, we draw some broad conclusions about mixed-income public housing reform in Chicago, explore what they suggest regarding the promise and perils of this approach as a response to concentrated urban poverty, and outline some of the implications of these findings for both policy and practice. While we have documented the physical transformation, emergent economic revitalization, and improved safety and stability in the targeted areas, we conclude that the Plan for Transformation has thus far fallen considerably short of its social goals of breaking down the barriers that have isolated public housing residents in disadvantage and integrating them into the physical, social, and economic fabric of the city. We briefly review the evidence regarding the effect of poverty deconcentration policies, through both dispersal and development, on their integrationist goals and anticipated outcomes for the poor and discuss some of the reasons for these outcomes in the context of mixed-income public housing reform. We then outline some of the implications and potential responses that might inform future phases of current efforts as well as future policy and implementation orientations toward housing policy and addressing urban poverty more broadly.Less

Waning Enthusiasm: Izraelita and the Moderate Integration Movement

Marcin Wodziński

in Haskalah and Hasidism in the Kingdom of Poland: A History of Conflict

This chapter assesses how the weekly Izraelita, which was established in 1866, carried on the traditions of Jutrzenka by employing the same journalists and by faithfully reproducing its ... More

This chapter assesses how the weekly Izraelita, which was established in 1866, carried on the traditions of Jutrzenka by employing the same journalists and by faithfully reproducing its integrationist ideals in a new period. This came about mainly due to the efforts of Samuel Henryk Peltyn, the founder and long-time editor-in-chief of Izraelita. Izraelita soon became the platform of the modernizing camp and Peltyn himself became its main ideologist and the undisputed leader of the moderate integrationists. Throughout his thirty years as a writer, Peltyn unceasingly promoted the idea of the social integration of Jews with Polish society and at the same time fought with the anti-religious tendencies of the radical supporters of assimilation. Naturally, the hasidic issue was also one of the themes he discussed. Of all Izraelita's plans to enlighten the hasidim, however, only one turned out to be truly original, proposed by Izrael Leon (Leib) Grosglik. With the publication of Grosglik's ‘Letters from a Young Ex-Hasid’ and with the interest in the hasidic issue peaking around 1869, Izraelita increasingly rarely published long editorials devoted to hasidism. An interesting expression of the ambivalence towards hasidism and ultimate disillusionment was that of Hilary (Hillel) Nussbaum, one of the most active members of the integration movement, who was also a contributor to Izraelita and an amateur historian.Less

Race, multiraciality, and the election of Barack Obama: toward a more perfect union?1

G. Reginald Daniel

in Obama and the Biracial Factor: The Battle for a New American Majority

An examination of the impact of the rule of hypodescent on racial politics in the U.S. and the role of President Obama's mixed-ethnic background on theories of assimilation & pluralism

‘On the Gallows’: The ‘Politics of Assimilation’ in Turn-of-the-Century Warsaw

Scott Ury

in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 20: Making Holocaust Memory

This chapter addresses the question of whether or not assimilation did exist amongst Jews in eastern Europe at the turn of the twentieth century, and in a city, Warsaw, that is usually not associated ... More

This chapter addresses the question of whether or not assimilation did exist amongst Jews in eastern Europe at the turn of the twentieth century, and in a city, Warsaw, that is usually not associated with integration during the revolution of 1905. It describes the state of Jewish political activity in turn-of-the-century Warsaw and evaluate fundamental and loaded historiographical terms, such as 'East European Jewry', 'assimilation', and 'modernity'. It also focuses on a circle of individuals that are considered the 'integrationist camp' of Warsaw Jewry, which are Jews that had already achieved a significant level of comfort within Polish culture and society. The chapter illustrates a composite image of a relatively exclusive group who still controlled Warsaw's central Jewish communal institution, the Gmina. It mentions the Great Synagogue on Tłomackie Street and the Polish-language paper Izraelita, which advocated Gmina's distinct vision of self and place.Less

Introduction: Bridging the Black-White Divide

Charles J. Ogletree Jr. and Austin Sarat

in Racial Reconciliation and the Healing of a Nation: Beyond Law and Rights

The introduction discusses how racial reconciliation has been thought about from Brown’s integrationist vision to imaginings of post-racialism that accompanied the election of Barack Obama. We ask ... More

The introduction discusses how racial reconciliation has been thought about from Brown’s integrationist vision to imaginings of post-racialism that accompanied the election of Barack Obama. We ask what we can learn about the conditions of racial reconciliation by examining that history. This chapter also provides an overview of the subsequent chapters in this book, showing how each helps illuminate the conditions that impede racial reconciliation and those that might facilitate it in the future.Less

The Position of the Jews in the Tsarist Empire, 1881–1905

Antony Polonsky

in The Jews in Poland and Russia: volume II 1881 to 1914

This chapter discusses how the years between 1881 and 1905 saw a significant deterioration in the situation of the Jews in the tsarist empire, who now constituted by far the largest Jewish community ... More

This chapter discusses how the years between 1881 and 1905 saw a significant deterioration in the situation of the Jews in the tsarist empire, who now constituted by far the largest Jewish community in the world. During this period the crisis caused by the deteriorating position of Russian Jewry was the motor that drove world Jewry. The crisis was partly the result of the growing disillusionment of the tsarist government with what it saw as the negative consequences of the ‘integrationist’ policies vis-à-vis the Jews, which it had pursued, particularly during the reign of Alexander II. Its leading bureaucrats, mainly noble in origin, with aristocratic and rural prejudices against Jews, became increasingly subject to an anti-Jewish psychosis, attributing all the ills of the empire to Jewish machinations. More and more they came to see the Jews, rather than the disruptive effects of industrialization and modernization, as the source of their difficulties.Less

The Twilight of the Haskalah and the Dawning of Integration

Marcin Wodziński

in Haskalah and Hasidism in the Kingdom of Poland: A History of Conflict

This chapter details how, with the growth of the modernizing camp in the 1850s and the 1860s, a clear division emerged within the camp. Three main groups were already distinguishable by the late ... More

This chapter details how, with the growth of the modernizing camp in the 1850s and the 1860s, a clear division emerged within the camp. Three main groups were already distinguishable by the late 1850s. The first of these groups was made up chiefly of maskilim who wrote mainly in Hebrew, had pro-German cultural tendencies, and rejected the dominant pro-Polish integrationist movement, seeking ideological allies among the Russian or Galician maskilim and the Russian authorities, rather than among the Polish Jewish proponents of modernization. At the other extreme, the representatives of the radical pro-Polish assimilation movement, who strove to obliterate all signs of Jewish separateness, were as far removed from the integrationists as were the offshoots of the Haskalah. The transformation of Jewish modernizing circles in Poland in the second half of the nineteenth century appears to have been mainly a result of the trend towards Polonization already observable among the first generation of maskilim in the Kingdom of Poland. The chapter then considers the growth in the significance of the Polish language to Jewish society and the emergence of Polish patriotism. It also discusses the attitude of the three basic groups — the traditional maskilim, assimilationists, and integrationists — towards hasidism.Less

Hatred or Solidarity? Jewish and Polish–Jewish Fraternity in the 1860s

Marcin Wodziński

in Haskalah and Hasidism in the Kingdom of Poland: A History of Conflict

This chapter focuses on the founding of Polish-language periodicals — first Jutrzenka (1861–3) and then Izraelita (1866–1915) — which was one of the most visible achievements of the new ... More

This chapter focuses on the founding of Polish-language periodicals — first Jutrzenka (1861–3) and then Izraelita (1866–1915) — which was one of the most visible achievements of the new integrationist movement. The most active members of this new group were Marcus Jastrow and Daniel Neufeld, who was editer-in-chief of Jutrzenka. Even though it was active only for a short time, Jutrzenka and the writers associated with it wielded considerable influence. Their influence extended to bringing about a realignment of the attitude of the modernizing camp towards the hasidim; in particular, it was not until the 1860s that hasidism was recognized as a major ideological problem and perceived to be the most serious enemy in the battle to emancipate and modernize Jews in Poland. Neufeld and other Jutrzenka writers argue that the hasidim needed to be educated and that learning would bring about the ultimate solution to the problem, i.e. the disappearance of hasidism. But, alongside the voices of criticism, Jutrzenka's writers increasingly expressed the positive features of hasidism, particularly their unrivalled unity, their caring for their families, their concern for religious education, and their wholehearted espousal of their ideology. Ultimately, the reassessment of attitudes towards the hasidic movement among the moderate integrationist camp brought immediate, direct results in the pre-uprising period of Polish–Jewish fraternity and had a lasting effect.Less

The Death of an Idea: Political, Historical, and Poetic Visions of Hasidism

Marcin Wodziński

in Haskalah and Hasidism in the Kingdom of Poland: A History of Conflict

This chapter addresses the ideological crisis among Polish Jewish integrationists at the start of the twentieth century. One of the signs of departure from the old ideological line was the rapidly ... More

This chapter addresses the ideological crisis among Polish Jewish integrationists at the start of the twentieth century. One of the signs of departure from the old ideological line was the rapidly changing attitude to hasidism. On the one hand, politically involved journalists such as Nachum Sokołów saw a new political threat in the hasidic movement and called for an alliance of all non-hasidic political forces against this group. On the other hand, from the mid-1890s, it became more and more common to idealize the hasidic past, to see the movement as the fascinating creation of folk mysticism, a depository of authentic Jewish folklore, and above all an excellent literary theme. These two attitudes, although they seemed contradictory, frequently coexisted. Usually, they were evident in the belief that the good and beautiful teachings of the fathers of hasidism were later distorted by the tsadikim and had led to the contemporary degenerate form of the political movement. The great interest in the origins of the movement was undoubtedly an attempt to escape contemporary reality and, at the same time, to escape the confrontational attitudes of the maskilim. This was obviously the result of changes in European writings that took place at the turn of the century in relation to the historiographic, philosophical, and literary portrayal of hasidism.Less

Between Marginalization, Demonization, and Nostalgia

Marcin Wodziński

in Haskalah and Hasidism in the Kingdom of Poland: A History of Conflict

This concluding chapter explains that the development of the attitude of the Haskalah to hasidism in the Congress Kingdom is important to understanding the history of Jewish society, not only in this ... More

This concluding chapter explains that the development of the attitude of the Haskalah to hasidism in the Congress Kingdom is important to understanding the history of Jewish society, not only in this part of Poland but in the whole of eastern Europe. The example of the Kingdom of Poland demonstrates that the struggle with the hasidic movement was not an obsession inherent to the entire east European Haskalah and an essential element of its ideology, but rather that it was the result of a confluence of many factors of an ideological and social, internal and external, nature. The breakthrough in attitudes towards hasidism associated with Eliezer Zweifel's views advocating reconciliation with the hasidic movement gains a completely new meaning in the context of similar declarations by Polish integrationists in the early 1860s. However, the significance of this breakthrough lies not so much in where it first occurred historically as in its usefulness as an analogy from which to draw lessons about the wider process taking place in modernizing Jewish circles in the Russian empire and the Kingdom of Poland. The similarities and differences in attitudes towards hasidism may be treated as a convenient starting point for more general studies of the Haskalah and hasidism in eastern Europe, the factors shaping them, and the characteristics that resulted from them. The chapter then summarises this book's findings.Less

Finding Capital in Diversity: The Creation of Racially Integrated Space

Abigail Perkiss

in Making Good Neighbors: Civil Rights, Liberalism, and Integration in Postwar Philadelphia

This chapter discusses the success of West Mount Airy residents and leaders in making their community economically stable and racially integrated. Throughout the 1950s, integrationist leaders guided ... More

This chapter discusses the success of West Mount Airy residents and leaders in making their community economically stable and racially integrated. Throughout the 1950s, integrationist leaders guided residents through the complicated process of developing an experiment in interracial living in northwest Philadelphia. In West Mount Airy, leaders created reform movements predicated on a strategy of grassroots moral liberalism that relied upon both individual persuasion and structural accountability. One of these movements was initiated by a group of Mount Airy homeowners, led by clergy from religious institutions from four areas. The group presented findings from census data, city charters, religious texts and other studies to support the idea that a racially mixed neighborhood was both sustainable and desirable.Less

Elusive Subjects and the Instability of Noble Society

Kelly O'Neill

in Claiming Crimea: A History of Catherine the Great's Southern Empire

This chapter focuses on one of the crucial mechanisms of empire building: the integration of elites. Previous scholars have presumed that the Crimean elite followed a path similar to that of their ... More

This chapter focuses on one of the crucial mechanisms of empire building: the integration of elites. Previous scholars have presumed that the Crimean elite followed a path similar to that of their Georgian and Ukrainian peers. According to the accepted narrative, officials offered the mirzas a role in facilitating the establishment of Russian rule, and they accepted. By the early nineteenth century, mirzas relinquished the reins of authority to Russian officials and landowners, thus removing any vestiges of local particularity in the Tavrida administration. Those who remained in positions of power did so only by forsaking their previous allegiances and becoming part of the Russian social and cultural fabric. In so doing, they left the Crimean Tatar population vulnerable to integrationist policies.Less

4 Racism or Power?: Explaining Perpetrator Motivation in Interethnic Cases

Jeannine Bell

in Hate Thy Neighbor: Move-In Violence and the Persistence of Racial Segregation in American Housing

This chapter highlights acts of anti-integrationist violence in Los Angeles to explain the roles of geography and neighborhood dominance in the construction of localized racial hierarchies. These ... More

This chapter highlights acts of anti-integrationist violence in Los Angeles to explain the roles of geography and neighborhood dominance in the construction of localized racial hierarchies. These violent acts involve crimes committed by Latinos against African Americans in Los Angeles. “Latinos,” and nothing more specific, is how the perpetrators are described in court cases, human rights organizations' materials, and press accounts. This is slightly problematic because the term “Latino” is a catchall phrase that encompasses people of Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican, Mexican, and South and Central American descent. This generic lumping under the term “Latino” of individuals from different countries with different national histories does not do justice to the complex relationship that Latinos from different regions have with African Americans. Less

5 When Class Trumps Race: Explaining Perpetrator Motivation in Interclass Cases

Jeannine Bell

in Hate Thy Neighbor: Move-In Violence and the Persistence of Racial Segregation in American Housing

This chapter examines anti-integrationist violence in context of socioeconomic status, or class. Many incidents of anti-integrationist violence had occurred in working-class white neighborhoods, ... More

This chapter examines anti-integrationist violence in context of socioeconomic status, or class. Many incidents of anti-integrationist violence had occurred in working-class white neighborhoods, such as Canarsie and Bensonhurst in Brooklyn, as well as in South Boston. Highly publicized incidents occurring in these neighborhoods raise the specter that working-class whites may be more likely to resist minorities moving in than those living in middle-class or upper-class white neighborhoods. The remainder of the chapter considers the socioeconomic class of minority people moving in, arguing that the perpetrators' actions are motivated by the targets' social class, or status, and not necessarily their race. Less