Roger Scully
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199284320
- eISBN:
- 9780191603365
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199284326.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Contemporary political science assumes that ‘institutions matter’. But the governing institutions of the European Union are widely presumed to matter more than most. A commonplace assumption about ...
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Contemporary political science assumes that ‘institutions matter’. But the governing institutions of the European Union are widely presumed to matter more than most. A commonplace assumption about the EU is that those working within European institutions are subject to a pervasive tendency to become socialised into progressively more pro-integration attitudes and behaviours. This assumption has been integral to many accounts of European integration, and is also central to how scholars study individual EU institutions. However, the theoretical and empirical adequacy of this assumption has never been properly investigated. This study examines this question in the context of an increasingly important EU institution, the European Parliament. The book integrates new theoretical arguments with a substantial amount of original empirical research. It develops a coherent understanding, based on simple rationalist principles, of when and why institutional socialisation is effective. This theoretical argument explains the main empirical findings of the book. Drawing on several sources of evidence on MEPs’ attitudes and behaviour, and deploying advanced empirical techniques, the empirical analysis shows the commonplace assumption about EU institutions to be false. European Parliamentarians do not become more pro-integration as they are socialised into the institution. The findings of the study generate some highly important conclusions. They indicate that institutional socialisation of political elites should be given a much more limited and conditional role in understanding European integration than it is accorded in many accounts. They suggest that MEPs remain largely national politicians in their attitudes, loyalties and much of their activities, and that traditional classifications of the European Parliament as a ‘supra-national’ institution are misleading. Finally, the study offers broader lessons about the circumstances in which institutions effectively socialise those working within them.Less
Contemporary political science assumes that ‘institutions matter’. But the governing institutions of the European Union are widely presumed to matter more than most. A commonplace assumption about the EU is that those working within European institutions are subject to a pervasive tendency to become socialised into progressively more pro-integration attitudes and behaviours. This assumption has been integral to many accounts of European integration, and is also central to how scholars study individual EU institutions. However, the theoretical and empirical adequacy of this assumption has never been properly investigated. This study examines this question in the context of an increasingly important EU institution, the European Parliament. The book integrates new theoretical arguments with a substantial amount of original empirical research. It develops a coherent understanding, based on simple rationalist principles, of when and why institutional socialisation is effective. This theoretical argument explains the main empirical findings of the book. Drawing on several sources of evidence on MEPs’ attitudes and behaviour, and deploying advanced empirical techniques, the empirical analysis shows the commonplace assumption about EU institutions to be false. European Parliamentarians do not become more pro-integration as they are socialised into the institution. The findings of the study generate some highly important conclusions. They indicate that institutional socialisation of political elites should be given a much more limited and conditional role in understanding European integration than it is accorded in many accounts. They suggest that MEPs remain largely national politicians in their attitudes, loyalties and much of their activities, and that traditional classifications of the European Parliament as a ‘supra-national’ institution are misleading. Finally, the study offers broader lessons about the circumstances in which institutions effectively socialise those working within them.
Alec Stone Sweet
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199257409
- eISBN:
- 9780191600951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925740X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Assesses the interaction between developments in EU law and the politics of integration, and is primarily concerned with the impacts of the courts on the evolution of EU institutions (rules and ...
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Assesses the interaction between developments in EU law and the politics of integration, and is primarily concerned with the impacts of the courts on the evolution of EU institutions (rules and procedures). It gives a broad‐gauge overview of the development of the legal system and considers the impact of adjudicating European law on EU political developments. Stone Sweet then relates both European integration theory and methodology, identifying if, how, and why these theories can help understanding of the evolution of the EU legal system. Proceeds as follows: the first section, Integration and the Courts, examines the sources and consequences of the constitutionalization of the legal system; the second and third sections (The Evolution of the Treaty of Rome, and The Legislative Process) evaluate the role of the courts in the institutional evolution of the EU, and the impact of that evolution on the treaty revision and legislative processes; the Conclusion briefly considers the Europeanization of the law, an important phenomenon implicated in various ways throughout the chapter.Less
Assesses the interaction between developments in EU law and the politics of integration, and is primarily concerned with the impacts of the courts on the evolution of EU institutions (rules and procedures). It gives a broad‐gauge overview of the development of the legal system and considers the impact of adjudicating European law on EU political developments. Stone Sweet then relates both European integration theory and methodology, identifying if, how, and why these theories can help understanding of the evolution of the EU legal system. Proceeds as follows: the first section, Integration and the Courts, examines the sources and consequences of the constitutionalization of the legal system; the second and third sections (The Evolution of the Treaty of Rome, and The Legislative Process) evaluate the role of the courts in the institutional evolution of the EU, and the impact of that evolution on the treaty revision and legislative processes; the Conclusion briefly considers the Europeanization of the law, an important phenomenon implicated in various ways throughout the chapter.
Alec Stone Sweet
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199275533
- eISBN:
- 9780191602009
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019927553X.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The law and politics of European integration have been inseparable since the 1960s, when the European Court of Justice rendered a set of foundational decisions that gradually served to ...
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The law and politics of European integration have been inseparable since the 1960s, when the European Court of Justice rendered a set of foundational decisions that gradually served to ‘constitutionalize’ the Treaty of Rome. In this book, the author, one of the world's foremost social scientists and legal scholars, blends deductive theory, quantitative analysis of aggregate data, and qualitative case studies to explain the dynamics of European integration and institutional change in the European Union (EU) since 1959. He shows that the activities of market actors, lobbyists, legislators, litigators, and judges became connected to one another in various ways, giving the EU its fundamentally expansionary character. The first chapter, ‘The European Court and Integration’, provides an introduction to the book. The second, written with Thomas Brunell, assesses the impact of Europe's unique legal system on the evolution of supranational governance. The following three chapters trace the outcomes in three policy domains: free movement of goods (written with Margaret McCown), sex equality (written with Rachel Cichowski), and environmental protection (written with Markus Gehring). There is also a concluding chapter. The book integrates diverse themes, including: the testing of hypotheses derived from regional integration theory; the ‘judicialization’ of legislative processes; the path dependence of precedent and legal argumentation; the triumph of the ‘rights revolution’ in the EU; delegation, agency, and trusteeship; balancing as a technique of judicial rulemaking and governance; and why national administration and justice have been steadily ‘Europeanized’.Less
The law and politics of European integration have been inseparable since the 1960s, when the European Court of Justice rendered a set of foundational decisions that gradually served to ‘constitutionalize’ the Treaty of Rome. In this book, the author, one of the world's foremost social scientists and legal scholars, blends deductive theory, quantitative analysis of aggregate data, and qualitative case studies to explain the dynamics of European integration and institutional change in the European Union (EU) since 1959. He shows that the activities of market actors, lobbyists, legislators, litigators, and judges became connected to one another in various ways, giving the EU its fundamentally expansionary character. The first chapter, ‘The European Court and Integration’, provides an introduction to the book. The second, written with Thomas Brunell, assesses the impact of Europe's unique legal system on the evolution of supranational governance. The following three chapters trace the outcomes in three policy domains: free movement of goods (written with Margaret McCown), sex equality (written with Rachel Cichowski), and environmental protection (written with Markus Gehring). There is also a concluding chapter. The book integrates diverse themes, including: the testing of hypotheses derived from regional integration theory; the ‘judicialization’ of legislative processes; the path dependence of precedent and legal argumentation; the triumph of the ‘rights revolution’ in the EU; delegation, agency, and trusteeship; balancing as a technique of judicial rulemaking and governance; and why national administration and justice have been steadily ‘Europeanized’.
James A. Caporaso and Alec Stone Sweet
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199247967
- eISBN:
- 9780191601088
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924796X.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This concluding chapter examines the use that is made in the book of institutionalist theory to address the question of European integration, a use that is described as not typical in the study of ...
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This concluding chapter examines the use that is made in the book of institutionalist theory to address the question of European integration, a use that is described as not typical in the study of the European Union, which is usually approached via international relations and integration theory. Issues that result from taking this institutional approach (i.e. analysing European political integration as institutionalization rather than as international relations) are briefly discussed, before going on to see how the Europe of the last half of the twentieth century has provided social scientists with rich opportunities for evaluating how new political systems evolve and emerge. Some of the aspects examined are: the concept of institutions; the impact of institutions; feedback effects (feedback loops liking actors to organizations, to institutions, and back again); institutional coherence; institutions and society; and the demand for, and supply of, institutions.Less
This concluding chapter examines the use that is made in the book of institutionalist theory to address the question of European integration, a use that is described as not typical in the study of the European Union, which is usually approached via international relations and integration theory. Issues that result from taking this institutional approach (i.e. analysing European political integration as institutionalization rather than as international relations) are briefly discussed, before going on to see how the Europe of the last half of the twentieth century has provided social scientists with rich opportunities for evaluating how new political systems evolve and emerge. Some of the aspects examined are: the concept of institutions; the impact of institutions; feedback effects (feedback loops liking actors to organizations, to institutions, and back again); institutional coherence; institutions and society; and the demand for, and supply of, institutions.
Nicolas Jabko and Craig Parsons (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199283958
- eISBN:
- 9780191603297
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199283958.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Since 1945, two major projects have dominated European worldviews: the transatlantic partnership and “integration” in the European Union. Neither is fundamentally at risk today, but both have entered ...
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Since 1945, two major projects have dominated European worldviews: the transatlantic partnership and “integration” in the European Union. Neither is fundamentally at risk today, but both have entered uncharted territory. President Bush has asked bluntly if Europeans are “with us or against us,” and most lean toward the latter. The EU’s original road map for integration culminated in monetary union, and its future agenda is vague. This introduction and the book that follows chart the many trends of change that carried Europe to this crossroads. It aims for accessibility for European and American students, avoiding theoretical jargon and mapping European trends in comparison to American policies and institutions.Less
Since 1945, two major projects have dominated European worldviews: the transatlantic partnership and “integration” in the European Union. Neither is fundamentally at risk today, but both have entered uncharted territory. President Bush has asked bluntly if Europeans are “with us or against us,” and most lean toward the latter. The EU’s original road map for integration culminated in monetary union, and its future agenda is vague. This introduction and the book that follows chart the many trends of change that carried Europe to this crossroads. It aims for accessibility for European and American students, avoiding theoretical jargon and mapping European trends in comparison to American policies and institutions.
Berthold Rittberger
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199273423
- eISBN:
- 9780191602764
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199273421.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Why have national governments of EU member states created and, over the past fifty years, successively endowed the European Parliament with supervisory, budgetary, and legislative powers? This book ...
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Why have national governments of EU member states created and, over the past fifty years, successively endowed the European Parliament with supervisory, budgetary, and legislative powers? This book presents a three-staged argument to explain how the European Parliament acquired this power ‘trias’. First, it is argued that the construction of a supranational polity induces political elites in the member states to reflect on the implications posed by transfers of national sovereignty for domestic processes of democratic accountability and interest representation. It is shown empirically that there exists a strong correlation between national governments’ decisions to transfer sovereignty and political elites’ perception of a ‘democratic legitimacy deficit’ that triggers a search for institutional solutions for its remedy. In a second step, it is argued that political elites, first and foremost, domestic political parties, advance different proposals to alleviate the perceived ‘legitimacy deficit’. These proposals are derived from ‘legitimating beliefs’ that vary cross-nationally and across political parties. Consequently, the creation and empowerment of a supranational parliamentary institution plays a prominent but not exclusive role as potential remedy to the ‘democratic legitimacy deficit’. Third, the book illuminates the mechanisms through which ‘legitimating beliefs’ expressed by political elites and the behaviour of national governments who negotiate and decide on the creation and potential empowerment of the European Parliament are linked. What logic of action best captures national governments’ decisions to empower the European Parliament? The explanatory power of the theoretical argument will be explored by looking at three landmark cases in the European Parliament’s history: its creation as ‘Common Assembly’ of the ECSC Treaty and the concomitant acquisition of supervisory powers vis-à-vis the High Authority, the acquisition of budgetary powers (Treaty of Luxembourg of 1970) and of legislative powers (Single European Act signed in 1986). The developments ranging from the Maastricht Treaty to the adoption of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe will also be analysed in the light of the theory.Less
Why have national governments of EU member states created and, over the past fifty years, successively endowed the European Parliament with supervisory, budgetary, and legislative powers? This book presents a three-staged argument to explain how the European Parliament acquired this power ‘trias’. First, it is argued that the construction of a supranational polity induces political elites in the member states to reflect on the implications posed by transfers of national sovereignty for domestic processes of democratic accountability and interest representation. It is shown empirically that there exists a strong correlation between national governments’ decisions to transfer sovereignty and political elites’ perception of a ‘democratic legitimacy deficit’ that triggers a search for institutional solutions for its remedy. In a second step, it is argued that political elites, first and foremost, domestic political parties, advance different proposals to alleviate the perceived ‘legitimacy deficit’. These proposals are derived from ‘legitimating beliefs’ that vary cross-nationally and across political parties. Consequently, the creation and empowerment of a supranational parliamentary institution plays a prominent but not exclusive role as potential remedy to the ‘democratic legitimacy deficit’. Third, the book illuminates the mechanisms through which ‘legitimating beliefs’ expressed by political elites and the behaviour of national governments who negotiate and decide on the creation and potential empowerment of the European Parliament are linked. What logic of action best captures national governments’ decisions to empower the European Parliament? The explanatory power of the theoretical argument will be explored by looking at three landmark cases in the European Parliament’s history: its creation as ‘Common Assembly’ of the ECSC Treaty and the concomitant acquisition of supervisory powers vis-à-vis the High Authority, the acquisition of budgetary powers (Treaty of Luxembourg of 1970) and of legislative powers (Single European Act signed in 1986). The developments ranging from the Maastricht Treaty to the adoption of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe will also be analysed in the light of the theory.
Kenneth A. Armstrong
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199257409
- eISBN:
- 9780191600951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925740X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Armstrong links macro structures to the micro level (individual action) by providing a critical analysis of the institutionalization of new modes of governance and their impact on civil society and ...
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Armstrong links macro structures to the micro level (individual action) by providing a critical analysis of the institutionalization of new modes of governance and their impact on civil society and democratic politics. The argument is presented with respect to a particular new mode of governance, the open method of co‐ordination (or OMC), which is seen as posing challenges for integration theories that assume that law and courts would be central to understanding EU governance. OMC does not rest on the instrumental usage of EU law to achieve its goal and triggers law‐production at the national rather than the EU level. Focussing on the application of the OMC to the fight against poverty and social exclusion, Armstrong elaborates the tension (and potential pitfalls and promise) this new mode of governance presents for EU democracy. The six sections of the chapter are: Introduction; OMC and Integration Theory; Institutional Context and Change: Systemic Discourses, Rules and Norms—an analysis of the systemic context of OMC inclusion policy; The Organizational, Procedural, and Substantive Levels of Policy Development; Mobilizing Actors—the roles of civil society actors at national/subnational and transnational levels in the OMC inclusion process; and Conclusions.Less
Armstrong links macro structures to the micro level (individual action) by providing a critical analysis of the institutionalization of new modes of governance and their impact on civil society and democratic politics. The argument is presented with respect to a particular new mode of governance, the open method of co‐ordination (or OMC), which is seen as posing challenges for integration theories that assume that law and courts would be central to understanding EU governance. OMC does not rest on the instrumental usage of EU law to achieve its goal and triggers law‐production at the national rather than the EU level. Focussing on the application of the OMC to the fight against poverty and social exclusion, Armstrong elaborates the tension (and potential pitfalls and promise) this new mode of governance presents for EU democracy. The six sections of the chapter are: Introduction; OMC and Integration Theory; Institutional Context and Change: Systemic Discourses, Rules and Norms—an analysis of the systemic context of OMC inclusion policy; The Organizational, Procedural, and Substantive Levels of Policy Development; Mobilizing Actors—the roles of civil society actors at national/subnational and transnational levels in the OMC inclusion process; and Conclusions.
Pierre Pouget, Jason Arita, and Geoffrey F. Woodman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195334654
- eISBN:
- 9780199933167
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334654.003.0019
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter discusses four theories of attention and how studies of visual processing and attentional selection in primates have largely shaped these theories. The first theory is the ...
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This chapter discusses four theories of attention and how studies of visual processing and attentional selection in primates have largely shaped these theories. The first theory is the feature-integration theory of Treisman and colleagues. It then describes its offspring (the guided-search model and the ambiguity-resolution theory). Finally, it discusses the biased-competition account of selection and the premotor theory of attention.Less
This chapter discusses four theories of attention and how studies of visual processing and attentional selection in primates have largely shaped these theories. The first theory is the feature-integration theory of Treisman and colleagues. It then describes its offspring (the guided-search model and the ambiguity-resolution theory). Finally, it discusses the biased-competition account of selection and the premotor theory of attention.
Heinrich Best, György Lengyel, and Luca Verzichelli
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199602315
- eISBN:
- 9780191738951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602315.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Comparative Politics
This chapter defines the volume’s key concepts and introduces the main research questions addressed in the following chapters. Following a review of literature dealing with the challenges of European ...
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This chapter defines the volume’s key concepts and introduces the main research questions addressed in the following chapters. Following a review of literature dealing with the challenges of European integration, it focuses on the emergence of various forms of Euroscepticism, Europhobia, and Europhilia among different sectors of the national elites. The notion of Europeanness is introduced as a manifold and compound concept used to analyse differences among the national elites surveyed in this study. Three dimensions of Europeanness appear: emotive, cognitive, and projective. Finally, the chapter introduces the explicit empirical questions addressed by the various chapters: from the question of the career perspective in a supranational scenario, to the problems of European socialization of national representatives and economic stakeholders; from the question of the elite–masses gap to changes in the domestic political discourse of party elite. The methodological and theoretical approaches utilized in the different chapters are also discussed.Less
This chapter defines the volume’s key concepts and introduces the main research questions addressed in the following chapters. Following a review of literature dealing with the challenges of European integration, it focuses on the emergence of various forms of Euroscepticism, Europhobia, and Europhilia among different sectors of the national elites. The notion of Europeanness is introduced as a manifold and compound concept used to analyse differences among the national elites surveyed in this study. Three dimensions of Europeanness appear: emotive, cognitive, and projective. Finally, the chapter introduces the explicit empirical questions addressed by the various chapters: from the question of the career perspective in a supranational scenario, to the problems of European socialization of national representatives and economic stakeholders; from the question of the elite–masses gap to changes in the domestic political discourse of party elite. The methodological and theoretical approaches utilized in the different chapters are also discussed.
Donna Jo Napoli and Rachel Sutton-Spence
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199732548
- eISBN:
- 9780199866359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732548.003.0013
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Applied Linguistics and Pedagogy
This chapter offers evidence consistent with the proposal that sign languages preceded spoken languages in the evolution of language. Using conceptual integration theory, the authors argue that what ...
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This chapter offers evidence consistent with the proposal that sign languages preceded spoken languages in the evolution of language. Using conceptual integration theory, the authors argue that what may be considered “just a funny story in British Sign Language” contains the human singularities needed to create novel mappings and compressions between pre-existing conventional cognitive parts and conventionally structured cognitive parts that make up human language. While it is arguable that spoken language could do without analogy, framing, and the like (though it would be vastly impoverished), it is entirely impossible for sign language to do so. Thus the fact that these human singularities emerged at roughly the same time as language makes sense if the first human language was signed.Less
This chapter offers evidence consistent with the proposal that sign languages preceded spoken languages in the evolution of language. Using conceptual integration theory, the authors argue that what may be considered “just a funny story in British Sign Language” contains the human singularities needed to create novel mappings and compressions between pre-existing conventional cognitive parts and conventionally structured cognitive parts that make up human language. While it is arguable that spoken language could do without analogy, framing, and the like (though it would be vastly impoverished), it is entirely impossible for sign language to do so. Thus the fact that these human singularities emerged at roughly the same time as language makes sense if the first human language was signed.
Gary Orfield
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780520274730
- eISBN:
- 9780520955103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520274730.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
This chapter explores the dominant theory of unregulated market—oriented choice and shows the way in which the requirements for a true market do not exist. It also discusses the consequences of these ...
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This chapter explores the dominant theory of unregulated market—oriented choice and shows the way in which the requirements for a true market do not exist. It also discusses the consequences of these faulty ideological assumptions for the educational opportunity and school systems.Less
This chapter explores the dominant theory of unregulated market—oriented choice and shows the way in which the requirements for a true market do not exist. It also discusses the consequences of these faulty ideological assumptions for the educational opportunity and school systems.
Robert Van Gulick
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029346
- eISBN:
- 9780262330213
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029346.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Robert Van Gulick explains how integration and unity play an important role in a number of current theories and models of consciousness. Normal consciousness is unified in a variety of ways but many ...
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Robert Van Gulick explains how integration and unity play an important role in a number of current theories and models of consciousness. Normal consciousness is unified in a variety of ways but many disorders of disunity can also occur. What can we learn from them about consciousness and unity? What theories of consciousness might help us better understand the nature and basis of such disorders? Van Gulick first surveys the diverse types of conscious unity. He then briefly describes five theories of consciousness that involve integration, that is, Baars’s Global Workspace Theory (GWT), Tononi's Integrated Information Theory (IIT), Jesse Prinz's AIR theory (Attended Intermediate Representation), Tim Bayne's Phenomenal Unity thesis, and the combination of his own HOGS (Higher-order Global States) model with Virtual Self Realism (VSR). In that context, he discusses three specific pathologies of disunity -- neglect and extinction, dissociative identity disorder, and split-brains–and each is considered in relation to the integration based theories of consciousness.Less
Robert Van Gulick explains how integration and unity play an important role in a number of current theories and models of consciousness. Normal consciousness is unified in a variety of ways but many disorders of disunity can also occur. What can we learn from them about consciousness and unity? What theories of consciousness might help us better understand the nature and basis of such disorders? Van Gulick first surveys the diverse types of conscious unity. He then briefly describes five theories of consciousness that involve integration, that is, Baars’s Global Workspace Theory (GWT), Tononi's Integrated Information Theory (IIT), Jesse Prinz's AIR theory (Attended Intermediate Representation), Tim Bayne's Phenomenal Unity thesis, and the combination of his own HOGS (Higher-order Global States) model with Virtual Self Realism (VSR). In that context, he discusses three specific pathologies of disunity -- neglect and extinction, dissociative identity disorder, and split-brains–and each is considered in relation to the integration based theories of consciousness.
Gerda Falkner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199596225
- eISBN:
- 9780191729140
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199596225.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, International Relations and Politics
The introductory chapter outlines the conceptual tools used throughout the volume. It presents, in brief, the original model of the joint-decision trap and the developments that ensued after its ...
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The introductory chapter outlines the conceptual tools used throughout the volume. It presents, in brief, the original model of the joint-decision trap and the developments that ensued after its conception. It extends the realm of the debate by highlighting further forms of EU decision traps, working outside the joint-decision mode under the Community method, such as in intergovernmental negotiations or supranational-hierarchical decisions. As a basis for the subsequent cross-policy study, various mechanisms to exit decision traps or to countervail their effects are discussed in depth. The chapter concludes by highlighting the overall importance of such analyses for European integration theory and outlining the research design and the chapter arrangement of the book.Less
The introductory chapter outlines the conceptual tools used throughout the volume. It presents, in brief, the original model of the joint-decision trap and the developments that ensued after its conception. It extends the realm of the debate by highlighting further forms of EU decision traps, working outside the joint-decision mode under the Community method, such as in intergovernmental negotiations or supranational-hierarchical decisions. As a basis for the subsequent cross-policy study, various mechanisms to exit decision traps or to countervail their effects are discussed in depth. The chapter concludes by highlighting the overall importance of such analyses for European integration theory and outlining the research design and the chapter arrangement of the book.
Gary Orfield and Erica Frankenberg
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780520274730
- eISBN:
- 9780520955103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520274730.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
This chapter summarizes the book and argues that market—theory choice actually increases inequality and segregation, while substantial controls on the market aimed at diversity and equity can ...
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This chapter summarizes the book and argues that market—theory choice actually increases inequality and segregation, while substantial controls on the market aimed at diversity and equity can actually provide alternatives that are better for all students in some key ways and far more equitable to disadvantaged students.Less
This chapter summarizes the book and argues that market—theory choice actually increases inequality and segregation, while substantial controls on the market aimed at diversity and equity can actually provide alternatives that are better for all students in some key ways and far more equitable to disadvantaged students.
John M. Findlay
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198524793
- eISBN:
- 9780191711817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524793.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter is concerned with the process of finding a visual target amongst other distractor items. It starts with a discussion of traditional theories of visual search, including Feature ...
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This chapter is concerned with the process of finding a visual target amongst other distractor items. It starts with a discussion of traditional theories of visual search, including Feature Integration Theory, Guided Search, and the late-selection model of Duncan and Humphreys. It is argued that all these models are inadequate because they do not account for, or integrate eye movements into the search process. The chapter reviews evidence demonstrating that saccades are a ubiquitous characteristic of search, and then discusses what determines where saccades go in search and what determines when they are generated. The following sections discuss ocular capture and the characteristics of search scanpaths. Finally, the physiology of visual search is reviewed. The chapter argues that the consideration of saccadic behaviour must be at the centre of any model or description of the search process.Less
This chapter is concerned with the process of finding a visual target amongst other distractor items. It starts with a discussion of traditional theories of visual search, including Feature Integration Theory, Guided Search, and the late-selection model of Duncan and Humphreys. It is argued that all these models are inadequate because they do not account for, or integrate eye movements into the search process. The chapter reviews evidence demonstrating that saccades are a ubiquitous characteristic of search, and then discusses what determines where saccades go in search and what determines when they are generated. The following sections discuss ocular capture and the characteristics of search scanpaths. Finally, the physiology of visual search is reviewed. The chapter argues that the consideration of saccadic behaviour must be at the centre of any model or description of the search process.
Sebastiaan Princen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199604104
- eISBN:
- 9780191741531
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604104.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter assesses the contribution of agenda-setting theory to analysing the changing distribution of policy-making powers between the EU and its member states. Based on the agenda-setting ...
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This chapter assesses the contribution of agenda-setting theory to analysing the changing distribution of policy-making powers between the EU and its member states. Based on the agenda-setting literature, the chapter specifies a number of factors that lead to the entrance of issues on the EU agenda. This theoretical framework is then used to outline two pathways to the EU agenda: one in which issues suddenly hit the EU agenda after a major event and one in which impetus for dealing with an issue at the EU-level is gradually built up. Finally, the insights from agenda-setting theory are compared with those from integration theory. It is argued that agenda-setting theory can help us formulate a more specific and nuanced set of conditions that determine whether or not issues will make it to the EU agenda, thus advancing our understanding of policy shifts between member states and the process of European integration more generally.Less
This chapter assesses the contribution of agenda-setting theory to analysing the changing distribution of policy-making powers between the EU and its member states. Based on the agenda-setting literature, the chapter specifies a number of factors that lead to the entrance of issues on the EU agenda. This theoretical framework is then used to outline two pathways to the EU agenda: one in which issues suddenly hit the EU agenda after a major event and one in which impetus for dealing with an issue at the EU-level is gradually built up. Finally, the insights from agenda-setting theory are compared with those from integration theory. It is argued that agenda-setting theory can help us formulate a more specific and nuanced set of conditions that determine whether or not issues will make it to the EU agenda, thus advancing our understanding of policy shifts between member states and the process of European integration more generally.
Gerda Falkner
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199604104
- eISBN:
- 9780191741531
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604104.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The EU’s founding fathers had the protection of the EU’s constituent units as a key concern and set up significant hurdles to policy innovation in the absence of unanimous governmental agreement. ...
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The EU’s founding fathers had the protection of the EU’s constituent units as a key concern and set up significant hurdles to policy innovation in the absence of unanimous governmental agreement. Over time, these institutional design features were somewhat eroded but not removed. Nonetheless, the problem of how to innovate has, at times, been overcome through eclectic means. There are indeed some well known and quite visible practices as well as some less expected and more obscure strategies that have propelled the EU’s policy system beyond what has for a long time been expected from a situation of ‘joint-decision trap’. This chapter argues that there are two strategic moves the European Commission and, at times, other actors such as the European Court of Justice can use to actively overcome member state opposition: first, sidelining some or even all national governments; and, second, manipulating relevant policy preferences. These two basic strategies can be seen to interconnect the diverging basic assumptions of intergovernmentalism and classic neofunctionalism as ‘passerelles’.Less
The EU’s founding fathers had the protection of the EU’s constituent units as a key concern and set up significant hurdles to policy innovation in the absence of unanimous governmental agreement. Over time, these institutional design features were somewhat eroded but not removed. Nonetheless, the problem of how to innovate has, at times, been overcome through eclectic means. There are indeed some well known and quite visible practices as well as some less expected and more obscure strategies that have propelled the EU’s policy system beyond what has for a long time been expected from a situation of ‘joint-decision trap’. This chapter argues that there are two strategic moves the European Commission and, at times, other actors such as the European Court of Justice can use to actively overcome member state opposition: first, sidelining some or even all national governments; and, second, manipulating relevant policy preferences. These two basic strategies can be seen to interconnect the diverging basic assumptions of intergovernmentalism and classic neofunctionalism as ‘passerelles’.
Christopher J. Bickerton, Dermot Hodson, and Uwe Puetter
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198703617
- eISBN:
- 9780191772665
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703617.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The new intergovernmentalism is a novel theoretical framework for the study of European integration in the post-Maastricht era. European Union activity has increased since 1992 in ways that existing ...
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The new intergovernmentalism is a novel theoretical framework for the study of European integration in the post-Maastricht era. European Union activity has increased since 1992 in ways that existing theoretical approaches struggle to explain. Policy deliberation among member state governments, the complicity of supranational actors with the new mechanisms for intergovernmental policy coordination and problems in preference formation are key features of contemporary integration. Transformations in political economy and political representation are central to the understanding of these new dynamics of integration. This chapter puts forward six testable hypotheses that seek to elucidate, explain, and understand the implications of the integration paradox for contemporary EU integration. The six hypotheses are aimed at informing new empirical research about institutional change and the evolution of individual EU policy areas in the post-Maastricht period. They provide the main reference point for the other contributions in this volume.Less
The new intergovernmentalism is a novel theoretical framework for the study of European integration in the post-Maastricht era. European Union activity has increased since 1992 in ways that existing theoretical approaches struggle to explain. Policy deliberation among member state governments, the complicity of supranational actors with the new mechanisms for intergovernmental policy coordination and problems in preference formation are key features of contemporary integration. Transformations in political economy and political representation are central to the understanding of these new dynamics of integration. This chapter puts forward six testable hypotheses that seek to elucidate, explain, and understand the implications of the integration paradox for contemporary EU integration. The six hypotheses are aimed at informing new empirical research about institutional change and the evolution of individual EU policy areas in the post-Maastricht period. They provide the main reference point for the other contributions in this volume.
Philipp Genschel and Markus Jachtenfuchs (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199662821
- eISBN:
- 9780191756016
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662821.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Most EU-scholars conceive of the EU as a multilevel polity with strong powers to regulate economic policy externalities among the member states but little power to intervene in, let alone assume, ...
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Most EU-scholars conceive of the EU as a multilevel polity with strong powers to regulate economic policy externalities among the member states but little power to intervene in, let alone assume, core functions of sovereign government (‘core state powers’) such as foreign and defence policy, public finance, public administration, and the maintenance of law and order. This book challenges this view. Based on a systematic comparison of integration processes in military security, fiscal policy, and public administration, it finds steady progress in the integration of core state powers, although with substantial sectoral variation. But the EU is not heading towards state-building. In contrast to the historical experience of national federations, the European integration of core state powers proceeds mostly by regulating national capacities, not by creating European ones, and leads to territorial fragmentation rather than increased cohesiveness.Less
Most EU-scholars conceive of the EU as a multilevel polity with strong powers to regulate economic policy externalities among the member states but little power to intervene in, let alone assume, core functions of sovereign government (‘core state powers’) such as foreign and defence policy, public finance, public administration, and the maintenance of law and order. This book challenges this view. Based on a systematic comparison of integration processes in military security, fiscal policy, and public administration, it finds steady progress in the integration of core state powers, although with substantial sectoral variation. But the EU is not heading towards state-building. In contrast to the historical experience of national federations, the European integration of core state powers proceeds mostly by regulating national capacities, not by creating European ones, and leads to territorial fragmentation rather than increased cohesiveness.
Frank Schimmelfennig and Thomas Winzen
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- April 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198854333
- eISBN:
- 9780191888625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198854333.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter theorizes differentiated integration based on the major schools of thought in the study of European integration: liberal intergovernmentalism, neofunctionalism, and postfunctionalism. ...
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This chapter theorizes differentiated integration based on the major schools of thought in the study of European integration: liberal intergovernmentalism, neofunctionalism, and postfunctionalism. The chapter distinguishes differentiation from uniform integration and non-integration. It explains demand for differentiation on the basis of cross-national heterogeneity in member state preferences and capacities. It then explores the effects of externalities, decision rules, supranational actors, and integration norms on the supply of differentiated integration. Finally, the chapter distinguishes two logics of differentiation. Constitutional differentiation arises in the context of EU treaty reforms and is driven by resistance to the supranational integration of core state powers among the Union’s Eurosceptic and wealthy member states. Instrumental differentiation is predominantly a feature of enlargement negotiations and results from distributional conflicts and differences in governance capacity and wealth between existing and prospective member states.Less
This chapter theorizes differentiated integration based on the major schools of thought in the study of European integration: liberal intergovernmentalism, neofunctionalism, and postfunctionalism. The chapter distinguishes differentiation from uniform integration and non-integration. It explains demand for differentiation on the basis of cross-national heterogeneity in member state preferences and capacities. It then explores the effects of externalities, decision rules, supranational actors, and integration norms on the supply of differentiated integration. Finally, the chapter distinguishes two logics of differentiation. Constitutional differentiation arises in the context of EU treaty reforms and is driven by resistance to the supranational integration of core state powers among the Union’s Eurosceptic and wealthy member states. Instrumental differentiation is predominantly a feature of enlargement negotiations and results from distributional conflicts and differences in governance capacity and wealth between existing and prospective member states.