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The changes in the prevalent postwar business systems of many OECD economies can be analysed by extending the analysis of the four ideal types of institutional regimes presented in Chapter 2 to incorporate two further features that affect the priorities and strategies of leading firms, and to identify the nature of the dominant coalitions that support these types. This chapter discusses these features of institutional regimes and the key groups associated with them, together with their impact on prevalent growth strategies.

This chapter focuses on the changing transnational governance of economic activities in the late 20th and early 21st century, and its likely effects on established patterns of economic organization. It summarizes the major principles of transnational business regulation that have become established since 1945. It discusses their most likely implications for the organization of economic coordination and control systems, then considers their likely impact on three ideal types of institutional regimes, and on relationships between key actors in societies dominated by them. The chapter then suggests how this general analysis could be applied to the developing institutions of the EU, which is the most elaborate and institutionally established example of transnational governance.

This chapter discusses how the framework exploring the connections between dominant institutions and the development of distinctive organizational capabilities outlined in earlier chapters could be extended to multinational companies (MNCs) by analysing how international companies from different kinds of market economy are likely to develop varied patterns of employer-employee commitment across national institutional regimes, and so generate different cross-border capabilities. The chapter first considers how MNCs from four ideal types of institutional regimes are likely to share authority with, and provide organizational careers for foreign managerial and skilled employees in the relatively weakly institutionalized international business environment. It then suggests how different kinds of MNCs that combine different degrees of transnational authority sharing and organizational careers develop different types of transnational organizational capabilities.

This chapter examines the key characteristics of innovation systems that stem from variations in how economic actors develop and diffuse innovations, and how these combine to form six distinct ideal types. How these six types of innovation systems are likely to become established in particular kinds of institutional regimes governing economic activities is discussed. The institutional conditions that can be expected to produce distinctive national innovation systems are then considered. It is argued that coherent and distinctive kinds of innovation systems only become established when strong and complementary institutions develop at transnational, national, or regional levels. In the case of the EU, this implies that the relative weakness, and often contradictory nature, of many European institutions and policies are likely to limit their impact on well-established national patterns of innovative activity and the development of a transnational European system of innovation.

This chapter discusses the four ideal types of states (arm's length, dominant developmental, business corporatist, and inclusive corporatist) that combine with particular features of allied institutions to constitute particular institutional regimes. It argues that the national specificity and distinctiveness of business systems depends on the extent to which characteristics of states and related institutions are complementary in their implications for firms and markets, as well as the active structuring and coordination of interest groups and their interrelationships with state agencies. As long as the nation state remains the primary unit of political competition and legitimacy, and the definer and upholder of private property rights, in addition to being the predominant influence on labour market institutions, many characteristics of business systems will continue to vary significantly across national boundaries.

This chapter considers the relationship between regime change and civil war in target states. It first situates regime change in the literature on the causes of civil war, then briefly recapitulates the arguments for how regime change can cause civil war and outlines specific hypotheses. The chapter also presents quantitative evidence from an analysis of a country–year dataset covering the years 1816 to 2008, which shows that outbreaks of civil conflict are significantly more likely in the years following regime change—particularly leadership regime change. Regime changes that simultaneously promote political institutions in addition to leaders have no overall effect on civil war onset but increase the risk in poor and ethnically diverse countries—that is, where institutional regime changes are likely to fail. The chapter offers evidence from six historical cases that illustrate the two causal mechanisms connecting regime change and civil war.

This chapter looks at the comparative systems approach to understanding the way in which different institutional regimes affect the governance of technological development. It focuses on four institutional constraints: market failure, government failure, corporate failure, and network failure. Each has the potential to impede or disconnect the linkage between the production of technology and the use or adoption of technology.

This chapter contains an in-depth definition of the aforementioned resource-based approach to public policy resources, which is usually used for analysing the institutional conditions for sustainable resource use in connection with the postulate of sustainable development. It exploits the concept of institutional resource regimes (IRR) rooted in constitutional and civil law, which is illustrated by the analysis of the governance of the resource ‘public documentary information’ (big data) conducted by Olgiati Pelet.

This chapter lays out in detail the definition of foreign-imposed regime change. It distinguishes regime change from related concepts such as the imposition of regimes in new states emerging from colonialism (often referred to as imposed polities); military occupation; annexation; and state death. The chapter then details the three principal ways in which regime change is carried out: compellent threats demanding leader change; invasion; and overt or covert interventions in which external forces work with domestic factions located inside the target or in a nearby state. The chapter presents a list of cases of regime change that took place between 1816 and 2011, then determines the most frequent interveners and targets of regime change. It also investigates trends in regime change over time and across regions of the world and distinguishes among three types of regime change—leadership, institutional, restoration.

This chapter returns to and explores the resource model in detail. It defines ten public action resources: Force, Law, Personnel, Money, Property, Information, Organization, Consensus, Time, Political Support. It also introduces a new resource-related definition of public action resources (based on the so-called institutional regimes for natural, manufactured, social and human resources as defined by the World Bank) and developed by the author and his colleagues. Finally, it also presents a new definition of the multiple functions of law (covering both institutions and specific public action resources).

This chapter provides some overall conclusions, including reflections on the strengths and weaknesses of the approach employed. It is intended to prompt researchers and practitioners working in the area of policy analysis and management to revisit the arguments presented, develop them further, complement them with other theoretical approaches, and apply them in actual analysis situations. It presents some reflections on the strengths and weaknesses of our theoretical concepts and their application in concrete cases. It describes two possible future directions for the development of policy analysis, that is, governance and institutional regimes.

Capacity building in water sector has to address three broad sets of concerns: institutional (directive) reforms; organizational strengthening; and human resource development. This chapter discusses the aims for capacity building in urban water supply sector. The various dimensions of capacity building are discussed. The various instruments for capacity building; frameworks for analyzing institutional capacity in water sector are then dealt with. The institutional reforms in urban water sector for ensuring sustainable urban water management, including the design principles and practices, are finally suggested. The new institutional regime suggested for improved urban water management are based on the following practices: separating out water resource management functions from water supply functions; creating an independent water pricing regulatory body; separating out water quality regulation from pollution control measures; and stakeholder involvement in urban water governance.