Rachel A. Cichowski and Tanja A. Börzel
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199257409
- eISBN:
- 9780191600951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925740X.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Provides an introduction to the book, giving a general overview of the evolution of EU law and politics with emphasis on the growing intersection between these two disciplines. The first section ...
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Provides an introduction to the book, giving a general overview of the evolution of EU law and politics with emphasis on the growing intersection between these two disciplines. The first section describes the approach taken (use of the dynamic interaction between law, politics, and society as a starting point to think critically about recent developments and future innovations in European integration and EU studies), and the objectives. These are: to provide an overview of key events of 2000–2002 in the EU, while illuminating how these institutional (formal legal) developments are linked to an ongoing interaction between law, politics, and society; to illuminate why the key events since 2000 are also distinct from previous trends; and to provide a unique and interdisciplinary approach to studying the EU by bringing together both legal scholars and political scientists. The second section looks at law, politics, and society as a process of institutional change, and outlines the varying approaches taken in the different chapters. The last section provides an overview of the book by part and chapter.Less
Provides an introduction to the book, giving a general overview of the evolution of EU law and politics with emphasis on the growing intersection between these two disciplines. The first section describes the approach taken (use of the dynamic interaction between law, politics, and society as a starting point to think critically about recent developments and future innovations in European integration and EU studies), and the objectives. These are: to provide an overview of key events of 2000–2002 in the EU, while illuminating how these institutional (formal legal) developments are linked to an ongoing interaction between law, politics, and society; to illuminate why the key events since 2000 are also distinct from previous trends; and to provide a unique and interdisciplinary approach to studying the EU by bringing together both legal scholars and political scientists. The second section looks at law, politics, and society as a process of institutional change, and outlines the varying approaches taken in the different chapters. The last section provides an overview of the book by part and chapter.
Tanja A. Börzel and Rachel A. Cichowski (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199257409
- eISBN:
- 9780191600951
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925740X.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This is the sixth volume in the biennial series State of the European Union, which was launched in 1991 and is produced under the auspices of the European Union Studies Association (EUSA). It takes ...
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This is the sixth volume in the biennial series State of the European Union, which was launched in 1991 and is produced under the auspices of the European Union Studies Association (EUSA). It takes the dynamic interaction between law, politics, and society as a starting point to think critically about recent developments and future innovations in European integration and EU studies. The book provides an overview of recent key events in the EU, while illuminating how these institutional (formal legal) developments impact on ordinary individuals and EU politics. For example, it examines the European Convention with the possibility of an EU constitution, and asks what impact the creation of judicially enforceable rights may have on Europeans and European integration, and how the opportunity for new rights claims alters the balance of power between individuals and EU organizations (such as the European Court of Justice vis‐á‐vis national governments in EU policy expansion). The book also seeks to provide a unique and interdisciplinary approach to studying the EU by bringing together legal scholars and political scientists. Chapter contributors offer readers sophisticated theoretical and empirical accounts of new developments. Issues such as enlargement, immigration reform, and monetary union require a precise understanding of an increasingly complex set of formal legal rules (the domain of legal scholars), and, equally important, of the effects on ordinary citizens and political participation (the power struggles that concern political scientists). The volume seeks to integrate these two approaches and bridge the divide between them. It is arranged in eight parts: I, EU Law and Politics: The State of the Discipline (3 chapters concerned with broad changes, both theoretical and substantive, in the area of EU politics and law); II, Structures of Governance (3 chapters providing in‐depth analyses of new structures of governance and modes of decision making in the EU); III, EU Citizen Rights and Civil Society (2 chapters) and IV, EU Law in Action (3 chapters), which engage the many processes and recent developments characterizing the interactions between law, politics, and society in the EU; V, Innovation and Expansion (3 chapters analysing the salient policy innovations and expansion since 2000, from monetary to immigration policy); VI, Researching and Teaching the EU (2 chapters discussing cutting‐edge techniques, methodology, and resources for research and teaching in the area of EU studies); VII, References; and VIII, List of Contributors.Less
This is the sixth volume in the biennial series State of the European Union, which was launched in 1991 and is produced under the auspices of the European Union Studies Association (EUSA). It takes the dynamic interaction between law, politics, and society as a starting point to think critically about recent developments and future innovations in European integration and EU studies. The book provides an overview of recent key events in the EU, while illuminating how these institutional (formal legal) developments impact on ordinary individuals and EU politics. For example, it examines the European Convention with the possibility of an EU constitution, and asks what impact the creation of judicially enforceable rights may have on Europeans and European integration, and how the opportunity for new rights claims alters the balance of power between individuals and EU organizations (such as the European Court of Justice vis‐á‐vis national governments in EU policy expansion). The book also seeks to provide a unique and interdisciplinary approach to studying the EU by bringing together legal scholars and political scientists. Chapter contributors offer readers sophisticated theoretical and empirical accounts of new developments. Issues such as enlargement, immigration reform, and monetary union require a precise understanding of an increasingly complex set of formal legal rules (the domain of legal scholars), and, equally important, of the effects on ordinary citizens and political participation (the power struggles that concern political scientists). The volume seeks to integrate these two approaches and bridge the divide between them. It is arranged in eight parts: I, EU Law and Politics: The State of the Discipline (3 chapters concerned with broad changes, both theoretical and substantive, in the area of EU politics and law); II, Structures of Governance (3 chapters providing in‐depth analyses of new structures of governance and modes of decision making in the EU); III, EU Citizen Rights and Civil Society (2 chapters) and IV, EU Law in Action (3 chapters), which engage the many processes and recent developments characterizing the interactions between law, politics, and society in the EU; V, Innovation and Expansion (3 chapters analysing the salient policy innovations and expansion since 2000, from monetary to immigration policy); VI, Researching and Teaching the EU (2 chapters discussing cutting‐edge techniques, methodology, and resources for research and teaching in the area of EU studies); VII, References; and VIII, List of Contributors.
Axel Hadenius
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246663
- eISBN:
- 9780191599392
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246661.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The book contains two parts that have a broad theme in common. The aim in Part I is to contribute to the debate on democracy's preconditions. Drawing on a broad range of theories, the author ...
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The book contains two parts that have a broad theme in common. The aim in Part I is to contribute to the debate on democracy's preconditions. Drawing on a broad range of theories, the author specifies certain societal and institutional traits that can serve to further democracy. Democratic development in Africa, Latin America, and India is then compared. The conclusion is that democracy is not the product of social and economic forces first of all. To a greater extent, it is the consequence of prevailing institutional conditions, i.e. the nature of the stateThe historical development of state structures is the object of analysis in Part II. The focus is mainly on Europe. The prospects for democracy in modern times have been greatly affected, the author maintains, by varying paths of institutional development. Moreover, the differing modes of state have displayed a variable capacity for governance and economic development. The evolution of state structures thus has consequences across broad areas of political and social life.Less
The book contains two parts that have a broad theme in common. The aim in Part I is to contribute to the debate on democracy's preconditions. Drawing on a broad range of theories, the author specifies certain societal and institutional traits that can serve to further democracy. Democratic development in Africa, Latin America, and India is then compared. The conclusion is that democracy is not the product of social and economic forces first of all. To a greater extent, it is the consequence of prevailing institutional conditions, i.e. the nature of the state
The historical development of state structures is the object of analysis in Part II. The focus is mainly on Europe. The prospects for democracy in modern times have been greatly affected, the author maintains, by varying paths of institutional development. Moreover, the differing modes of state have displayed a variable capacity for governance and economic development. The evolution of state structures thus has consequences across broad areas of political and social life.
Scott Morgenstern and Luigi Manzetti
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199256372
- eISBN:
- 9780191602368
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256373.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter examines how similar institutions in 19th century Latin America and the United States took different paths in terms of their fight against corruption and development of oversight ...
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This chapter examines how similar institutions in 19th century Latin America and the United States took different paths in terms of their fight against corruption and development of oversight institutions by the end of the 20th century. The divergent paths taken by these two countries resulted from differences in their legislatures’ motives and the courts’ willingness to check and counter executive action. A long continuous period of democratic rule is also essential to developing institutions and attacking corruption. While this occurred in the US, Argentina’s turbulent democratic experience stunted the development of a professional legislature capable of restraining executive abuses and corruption.Less
This chapter examines how similar institutions in 19th century Latin America and the United States took different paths in terms of their fight against corruption and development of oversight institutions by the end of the 20th century. The divergent paths taken by these two countries resulted from differences in their legislatures’ motives and the courts’ willingness to check and counter executive action. A long continuous period of democratic rule is also essential to developing institutions and attacking corruption. While this occurred in the US, Argentina’s turbulent democratic experience stunted the development of a professional legislature capable of restraining executive abuses and corruption.
Franz Traxler, Sabine Blaschke, and Bernhard Kittel
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198295549
- eISBN:
- 9780191685132
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295549.003.0018
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR, Political Economy
Convergence and path dependency are competing hypotheses for explaining the institutional developments and their effects on performance, through views on the interplay of markets, institutional ...
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Convergence and path dependency are competing hypotheses for explaining the institutional developments and their effects on performance, through views on the interplay of markets, institutional change, and performance. Path dependency may result from the existence of functional equivalents that allow countries to adapt to various market pressures or from institutional lock-ins that deter such pressures. Path dependency occurs when the distinct dimensions of labour relations co-vary in their level or organization. This chapter presents findings regarding the effect of the distinct dimensions of labour relations on development and performance which can aid in a better understanding of how path dependency is related to economic internationalization.Less
Convergence and path dependency are competing hypotheses for explaining the institutional developments and their effects on performance, through views on the interplay of markets, institutional change, and performance. Path dependency may result from the existence of functional equivalents that allow countries to adapt to various market pressures or from institutional lock-ins that deter such pressures. Path dependency occurs when the distinct dimensions of labour relations co-vary in their level or organization. This chapter presents findings regarding the effect of the distinct dimensions of labour relations on development and performance which can aid in a better understanding of how path dependency is related to economic internationalization.
Alec Stone Sweet
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256488
- eISBN:
- 9780191600234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256489.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This paper is the first part of a much longer version (co-authored by Maragaret McCown) that was presented at the Colloquium on Law, Economics, and Politics, at the Law School, New York University, ...
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This paper is the first part of a much longer version (co-authored by Maragaret McCown) that was presented at the Colloquium on Law, Economics, and Politics, at the Law School, New York University, in October 2000; it is one of two that examine some of the problems posed by the method of law-making that is associated with the rule of precedent and the common law doctrine of stare decisis. Stone Sweet provides explicit theoretical foundations for the path dependence of legal institutions, and an argument as to why this should matter to social scientists and to lawyers. The paper elaborates a model of adjudication in which institutional development and decision-making are linked through highly organized discursive choice-contexts – meso structures called ‘argumentation frameworks’, which are curated by judges as legal precedents. Litigants and judges are assumed to be rational utility-maximizers, but they are also actors who pursue their self-interest in discursive ways, through argumentation and analogic reasoning, and sustained, precedent-based adjudication leads to outcomes that are both indeterminate and incremental: i.e. they are path dependent. The paper concludes by addressing various implications of the argument which, taken together, define an agenda for research.Less
This paper is the first part of a much longer version (co-authored by Maragaret McCown) that was presented at the Colloquium on Law, Economics, and Politics, at the Law School, New York University, in October 2000; it is one of two that examine some of the problems posed by the method of law-making that is associated with the rule of precedent and the common law doctrine of stare decisis. Stone Sweet provides explicit theoretical foundations for the path dependence of legal institutions, and an argument as to why this should matter to social scientists and to lawyers. The paper elaborates a model of adjudication in which institutional development and decision-making are linked through highly organized discursive choice-contexts – meso structures called ‘argumentation frameworks’, which are curated by judges as legal precedents. Litigants and judges are assumed to be rational utility-maximizers, but they are also actors who pursue their self-interest in discursive ways, through argumentation and analogic reasoning, and sustained, precedent-based adjudication leads to outcomes that are both indeterminate and incremental: i.e. they are path dependent. The paper concludes by addressing various implications of the argument which, taken together, define an agenda for research.
Edward Brech, Andrew Thomson, and John F. Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541966
- eISBN:
- 9780191715433
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541966.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History, Strategy
The book reviews the career of Lyndall Urwick, the dominant figure in British management between the late 1920s and the early 1960s, both in terms of his writings and his passion in pursuit of ...
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The book reviews the career of Lyndall Urwick, the dominant figure in British management between the late 1920s and the early 1960s, both in terms of his writings and his passion in pursuit of management as a scientific and systematic activity rather than the rule‐of‐thumb approach to decision‐making all too prevalent in Britain. He was greatly influenced by his experiences in the First World War and at Rowntree's, before becoming Director of the International Management Institute (IMI) between 1928–33 and then forming a very influential management consultancy, Urwick Orr and Partners (UOP), which he chaired for the rest of his career. He was also deeply involved with almost all the institutional developments in British management up to the 1960s, including the Management Research Groups (MRGs), the Institute of Industrial Administration (IIA), the British Institute of Management (BIM), the Administrative Staff College (ASC), and the management education side of the Anglo‐American Council on Productivity (AACP). In pursuit of what he called his ‘mission at large’, he gave hundreds of talks in his lucid and charismatic style, many of which were published as articles or booklets. These talks were not only in Britain but in Australia as well after his emigration there in 1961, in America, where he became the best‐recognized foreign exponent of management, and in a range of countries around the world. But he will probably be best remembered for his writings, not only on organization theory, where he is recognized as a great synthesizer and leader in the classical school, but also on a wide range of other topics, including the history of management, leadership, marketing, and management education and development. Truly he was a man of many parts.Less
The book reviews the career of Lyndall Urwick, the dominant figure in British management between the late 1920s and the early 1960s, both in terms of his writings and his passion in pursuit of management as a scientific and systematic activity rather than the rule‐of‐thumb approach to decision‐making all too prevalent in Britain. He was greatly influenced by his experiences in the First World War and at Rowntree's, before becoming Director of the International Management Institute (IMI) between 1928–33 and then forming a very influential management consultancy, Urwick Orr and Partners (UOP), which he chaired for the rest of his career. He was also deeply involved with almost all the institutional developments in British management up to the 1960s, including the Management Research Groups (MRGs), the Institute of Industrial Administration (IIA), the British Institute of Management (BIM), the Administrative Staff College (ASC), and the management education side of the Anglo‐American Council on Productivity (AACP). In pursuit of what he called his ‘mission at large’, he gave hundreds of talks in his lucid and charismatic style, many of which were published as articles or booklets. These talks were not only in Britain but in Australia as well after his emigration there in 1961, in America, where he became the best‐recognized foreign exponent of management, and in a range of countries around the world. But he will probably be best remembered for his writings, not only on organization theory, where he is recognized as a great synthesizer and leader in the classical school, but also on a wide range of other topics, including the history of management, leadership, marketing, and management education and development. Truly he was a man of many parts.
Erin Metz McDonnell
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691197364
- eISBN:
- 9780691200064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691197364.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This concluding chapter examines how this study extends and reimagines a long scholarly tradition of state-building based on the European state experience, including ways the framework may help ...
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This concluding chapter examines how this study extends and reimagines a long scholarly tradition of state-building based on the European state experience, including ways the framework may help scholars fill in some of the mechanics of early European state-building that have been less well documented in the historical record because they affected public servants rather than elites. It also highlights contributions to the field of development sociology. The chapter points toward a fruitful new framework that opens new avenues of research for configurational approaches to understanding state capacity, interrogating the developmental consequences for where and how state capacity is situated within the varied administrative apparatus of central states. In addition, it highlights how the framework of the book may be of interest to organizational scholars more broadly, including identifying how the framework might also apply to private-sector organizations. The implications for development practitioners are also discussed. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the book's findings about the challenges of top-down institutional change and the importance of lived experience lay the foundation for a cognitive turn within institutional development scholarship that takes cognitive science more seriously in the way development interventions are designed.Less
This concluding chapter examines how this study extends and reimagines a long scholarly tradition of state-building based on the European state experience, including ways the framework may help scholars fill in some of the mechanics of early European state-building that have been less well documented in the historical record because they affected public servants rather than elites. It also highlights contributions to the field of development sociology. The chapter points toward a fruitful new framework that opens new avenues of research for configurational approaches to understanding state capacity, interrogating the developmental consequences for where and how state capacity is situated within the varied administrative apparatus of central states. In addition, it highlights how the framework of the book may be of interest to organizational scholars more broadly, including identifying how the framework might also apply to private-sector organizations. The implications for development practitioners are also discussed. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the book's findings about the challenges of top-down institutional change and the importance of lived experience lay the foundation for a cognitive turn within institutional development scholarship that takes cognitive science more seriously in the way development interventions are designed.
Richard R. Nelson
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198290964
- eISBN:
- 9780191596162
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198290969.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
There is a large intellectual discrepancy between most formal growth models described by economists and descriptions of growth in economic history. This paper draws on an evolutionary theory of ...
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There is a large intellectual discrepancy between most formal growth models described by economists and descriptions of growth in economic history. This paper draws on an evolutionary theory of economic growth that brings together appreciative theorizing regarding growth and formal theorizing. It aims to piece together a relatively coherent appreciative theoretical account of economic development at a sectoral level by laying out a story of the growth, and development, of a manufacturing sector, from birth to maturity, and perhaps until death, that seems to fit many cases and which can serve as a target for formalization. The paper first describes and tries to link two broad bodies of appreciative evolutionary theoretic writing: one proposes that a new technology develops along a relatively standard track from the time it is born, to its maturity, and that firm and industry structure ‘co‐evolve’ with the technology; the other is concerned with the development of institutions in response to changing economic conditions, incentives, and pressures. The matter of ‘punctuated equilibrium’ is then considered, before concluding with a consideration of two economic developmental implications that appear to flow from the analysis: the first concerns the pattern of change of productivity, of capital intensity, and relative variables associated with economic growth, as a technology and industry structure develop; the second is concerned with implicitly cross‐country comparisons, and is focused on how ‘comparative advantage’ develops in a new industry.Less
There is a large intellectual discrepancy between most formal growth models described by economists and descriptions of growth in economic history. This paper draws on an evolutionary theory of economic growth that brings together appreciative theorizing regarding growth and formal theorizing. It aims to piece together a relatively coherent appreciative theoretical account of economic development at a sectoral level by laying out a story of the growth, and development, of a manufacturing sector, from birth to maturity, and perhaps until death, that seems to fit many cases and which can serve as a target for formalization. The paper first describes and tries to link two broad bodies of appreciative evolutionary theoretic writing: one proposes that a new technology develops along a relatively standard track from the time it is born, to its maturity, and that firm and industry structure ‘co‐evolve’ with the technology; the other is concerned with the development of institutions in response to changing economic conditions, incentives, and pressures. The matter of ‘punctuated equilibrium’ is then considered, before concluding with a consideration of two economic developmental implications that appear to flow from the analysis: the first concerns the pattern of change of productivity, of capital intensity, and relative variables associated with economic growth, as a technology and industry structure develop; the second is concerned with implicitly cross‐country comparisons, and is focused on how ‘comparative advantage’ develops in a new industry.
Julian E. Zelizer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150734
- eISBN:
- 9781400841899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150734.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter explores the relationships between democracy, taxation, and state-building in the post-New Deal period. It discusses the tension that has existed between state-building and national ...
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This chapter explores the relationships between democracy, taxation, and state-building in the post-New Deal period. It discusses the tension that has existed between state-building and national resistance to federal taxation and how democracy has come to be at odds with state-building as it comes into conflict with strong anti-tax sentiment. It considers how politicians have struggled to find ways to work around the limitations imposed by the urgency of raising revenue and shows that fiscal restraint has not been an insurmountable barrier. In particular, it examines the emergence of mass income taxes and social-insurance tax systems as well as the substantial state presence achieved in all areas of life, including social welfare and highway construction. The chapter explains how the history of taxation offers insights into the areas in which public policy, institutional development, and political culture intersected.Less
This chapter explores the relationships between democracy, taxation, and state-building in the post-New Deal period. It discusses the tension that has existed between state-building and national resistance to federal taxation and how democracy has come to be at odds with state-building as it comes into conflict with strong anti-tax sentiment. It considers how politicians have struggled to find ways to work around the limitations imposed by the urgency of raising revenue and shows that fiscal restraint has not been an insurmountable barrier. In particular, it examines the emergence of mass income taxes and social-insurance tax systems as well as the substantial state presence achieved in all areas of life, including social welfare and highway construction. The chapter explains how the history of taxation offers insights into the areas in which public policy, institutional development, and political culture intersected.
Justin Yifu Lin and Célestin Monga
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691192338
- eISBN:
- 9781400884681
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691192338.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter refutes the linear and almost teleological approach in vogue in development economics on political and financial institutions. It briefly discusses the theoretical issues at hand and ...
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This chapter refutes the linear and almost teleological approach in vogue in development economics on political and financial institutions. It briefly discusses the theoretical issues at hand and suggests that policies take into account the requirements of both time and place, which emphasizes the importance of the development level. The chapter acknowledges that institutional development problems are indeed major impediments to economic growth. But contrary to conventional wisdom, it argues that they are often correlated with the level of economic development. Seen from that perspective, the well-known weaknesses in the governance and financial sectors of many poor countries today often reflect their low level of development and the results of failed state interventions and distortions originating from erroneous economic development strategies.Less
This chapter refutes the linear and almost teleological approach in vogue in development economics on political and financial institutions. It briefly discusses the theoretical issues at hand and suggests that policies take into account the requirements of both time and place, which emphasizes the importance of the development level. The chapter acknowledges that institutional development problems are indeed major impediments to economic growth. But contrary to conventional wisdom, it argues that they are often correlated with the level of economic development. Seen from that perspective, the well-known weaknesses in the governance and financial sectors of many poor countries today often reflect their low level of development and the results of failed state interventions and distortions originating from erroneous economic development strategies.
Luis Bértola and José Antonio Ocampo
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199662135
- eISBN:
- 9780191748950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662135.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History, International
The concluding chapter underscores four central themes of Latin America's economic history. The first is its early success in economic development but also its incapacity to steadily reduce the gaps ...
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The concluding chapter underscores four central themes of Latin America's economic history. The first is its early success in economic development but also its incapacity to steadily reduce the gaps that separate the region from the industrial world. The second is the economic instability associated with the region's patterns of international specialization, which evolve around natural resources, and unstable access to international financing. The third theme has been the slow pace at which the region has developed modern political and economic institutions and the high degree of variability in development paradigms that has gone along with this. The fourth is the high degree of inequality, which is presented as the greatest historical debt of Latin America.Less
The concluding chapter underscores four central themes of Latin America's economic history. The first is its early success in economic development but also its incapacity to steadily reduce the gaps that separate the region from the industrial world. The second is the economic instability associated with the region's patterns of international specialization, which evolve around natural resources, and unstable access to international financing. The third theme has been the slow pace at which the region has developed modern political and economic institutions and the high degree of variability in development paradigms that has gone along with this. The fourth is the high degree of inequality, which is presented as the greatest historical debt of Latin America.
Chris Wickham
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207047
- eISBN:
- 9780191677458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207047.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter examines the rural communes in the Lucca Plain in Tuscany, Italy during the 12th-century. These Lucchese rural communes included Moriano, S. ...
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This chapter examines the rural communes in the Lucca Plain in Tuscany, Italy during the 12th-century. These Lucchese rural communes included Moriano, S. Margherita, Tassignano, and Paganico. This proposes a possible pattern of institutional development in these villages which is not contradicted by the documents obtained for any commune in Lucchesia. It argues that the divergent interest of local leaders may have contributed to the strength and coherence or weakness of the developing commune.Less
This chapter examines the rural communes in the Lucca Plain in Tuscany, Italy during the 12th-century. These Lucchese rural communes included Moriano, S. Margherita, Tassignano, and Paganico. This proposes a possible pattern of institutional development in these villages which is not contradicted by the documents obtained for any commune in Lucchesia. It argues that the divergent interest of local leaders may have contributed to the strength and coherence or weakness of the developing commune.
Joseph Scholten
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520201873
- eISBN:
- 9780520916746
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520201873.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
Between 279 and 229 bc, the Aitolian koinon, a federation of mountain cantons in west central Greece, expanded to incorporate many of the neighboring lands and peoples lying between the Adriatic and ...
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Between 279 and 229 bc, the Aitolian koinon, a federation of mountain cantons in west central Greece, expanded to incorporate many of the neighboring lands and peoples lying between the Adriatic and Aegean Seas. This new political configuration contributed to the development of modern systems of federal democracy based on proportional representation. Despite these institutional advances, the Aitolians and their polity are reviled in the ancient historical tradition, which views them as backward, semi-barbarous brigands. This book examines the political history of the Aitolian koinon in its era of expansion. It presents a chronological reconstruction of the koinon's course of expansion, synthesizing a number of recent studies covering Aitolian topography, epigraphy, and institutional development that help to compensate for deficiencies in the ancient narrative record. The study asks how a people and a polity so detested by their contemporaries succeeded in making such fundamental contributions to their regional political culture. The author's investigation charts a middle course that neither whitewashes the Aitolians nor credulously accepts the biased ancient tradition. This balanced approach provides a fresh perspective on the Aitolians and their koinon, discussing the history of the ancient Aegean Greek world and the political, economic, and social history of the Hellenistic Era.Less
Between 279 and 229 bc, the Aitolian koinon, a federation of mountain cantons in west central Greece, expanded to incorporate many of the neighboring lands and peoples lying between the Adriatic and Aegean Seas. This new political configuration contributed to the development of modern systems of federal democracy based on proportional representation. Despite these institutional advances, the Aitolians and their polity are reviled in the ancient historical tradition, which views them as backward, semi-barbarous brigands. This book examines the political history of the Aitolian koinon in its era of expansion. It presents a chronological reconstruction of the koinon's course of expansion, synthesizing a number of recent studies covering Aitolian topography, epigraphy, and institutional development that help to compensate for deficiencies in the ancient narrative record. The study asks how a people and a polity so detested by their contemporaries succeeded in making such fundamental contributions to their regional political culture. The author's investigation charts a middle course that neither whitewashes the Aitolians nor credulously accepts the biased ancient tradition. This balanced approach provides a fresh perspective on the Aitolians and their koinon, discussing the history of the ancient Aegean Greek world and the political, economic, and social history of the Hellenistic Era.
G. BRUCE DOERN and STEPHEN WILKS
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198280620
- eISBN:
- 9780191684371
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198280620.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter focuses on political and institutional developments over the last decade centered on the enactment of the 1986 Competition Act. It examines the politics of Canada's competition policy ...
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This chapter focuses on political and institutional developments over the last decade centered on the enactment of the 1986 Competition Act. It examines the politics of Canada's competition policy institutions and the Canadian competition policy-making and decision-making process. The Canadian competition policy system also involves a set of other players both within the structure of the federal government and among provincial governments. The Canadian competition policy system suggests five overall conclusions, one of which is that the 1986 Competition Act, while a marked change from its predecessor legislation, is still much closer to a controlled system of discretionary case-based micro-economic governance than it is to a transparent rule-based regime for ensuring competition.Less
This chapter focuses on political and institutional developments over the last decade centered on the enactment of the 1986 Competition Act. It examines the politics of Canada's competition policy institutions and the Canadian competition policy-making and decision-making process. The Canadian competition policy system also involves a set of other players both within the structure of the federal government and among provincial governments. The Canadian competition policy system suggests five overall conclusions, one of which is that the 1986 Competition Act, while a marked change from its predecessor legislation, is still much closer to a controlled system of discretionary case-based micro-economic governance than it is to a transparent rule-based regime for ensuring competition.
Howard Stein
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226771670
- eISBN:
- 9780226771656
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226771656.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Despite massive investment of money and research aimed at ameliorating third-world poverty, the development strategies of the international financial institutions over the past few decades have been ...
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Despite massive investment of money and research aimed at ameliorating third-world poverty, the development strategies of the international financial institutions over the past few decades have been a profound failure. Under the tutelage of the World Bank, developing countries have experienced lower growth and rising inequality compared to previous periods. This book argues that the controversial institution is plagued by a myopic, neoclassical mindset that wrongly focuses on individual rationality and downplays the social and political contexts that can either facilitate or impede development. Drawing on the examples of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and transitional European economies, this volume proposes an alternative vision of institutional development with chapter-length applications to finance, state formation, and health care to provide a holistic, contextualized solution to the problems of developing nations.Less
Despite massive investment of money and research aimed at ameliorating third-world poverty, the development strategies of the international financial institutions over the past few decades have been a profound failure. Under the tutelage of the World Bank, developing countries have experienced lower growth and rising inequality compared to previous periods. This book argues that the controversial institution is plagued by a myopic, neoclassical mindset that wrongly focuses on individual rationality and downplays the social and political contexts that can either facilitate or impede development. Drawing on the examples of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and transitional European economies, this volume proposes an alternative vision of institutional development with chapter-length applications to finance, state formation, and health care to provide a holistic, contextualized solution to the problems of developing nations.
Mark Goodwin, Martin Jones, and Rhys Jones
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719076374
- eISBN:
- 9781781706060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719076374.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter examines the formation of new institutional structures of economic governance following devolution in each of the devolved territories. It then examines the economic development ...
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This chapter examines the formation of new institutional structures of economic governance following devolution in each of the devolved territories. It then examines the economic development strategies of the new institutions, to provide a comparative assessment of institutional and strategic development. The chapter explores the political pressures that has led the newly devolved administrations to seek to place their own stamp on policy development.Less
This chapter examines the formation of new institutional structures of economic governance following devolution in each of the devolved territories. It then examines the economic development strategies of the new institutions, to provide a comparative assessment of institutional and strategic development. The chapter explores the political pressures that has led the newly devolved administrations to seek to place their own stamp on policy development.
Sara Lorenzini
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691180151
- eISBN:
- 9780691185569
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691180151.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This concluding chapter argues that, during the Cold War, countries in the Global South had played the superpowers off each other, achieving almost unchecked aid during decolonization—but this ...
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This concluding chapter argues that, during the Cold War, countries in the Global South had played the superpowers off each other, achieving almost unchecked aid during decolonization—but this approach no longer worked. Economists and social scientists attacked the Cold War, claiming that the aid distributed then, while abundant, had been distorted by politics, with negative consequences for national economies. Cold War aid, they said, fostered inefficient distribution, thwarted institutional development in newly independent countries, propped up failed states, and nourished civil wars with weapons and ideology. The book reveals development's many expectations other than humanitarian motives: political loyalty, broader markets, and personal or group legitimacy. It also recounts a plural history, seeing the global history of development as made up of projects with worldwide aspirations but clearly framed for national purposes and within regional dimensions. The image of development as a single design, the concretization of a hegemonic view, a global faith, a center around which global polity is organized, is a simplified representation.Less
This concluding chapter argues that, during the Cold War, countries in the Global South had played the superpowers off each other, achieving almost unchecked aid during decolonization—but this approach no longer worked. Economists and social scientists attacked the Cold War, claiming that the aid distributed then, while abundant, had been distorted by politics, with negative consequences for national economies. Cold War aid, they said, fostered inefficient distribution, thwarted institutional development in newly independent countries, propped up failed states, and nourished civil wars with weapons and ideology. The book reveals development's many expectations other than humanitarian motives: political loyalty, broader markets, and personal or group legitimacy. It also recounts a plural history, seeing the global history of development as made up of projects with worldwide aspirations but clearly framed for national purposes and within regional dimensions. The image of development as a single design, the concretization of a hegemonic view, a global faith, a center around which global polity is organized, is a simplified representation.
Orfeo Fioretos
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449697
- eISBN:
- 9780801460715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449697.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter discusses the book's firm-centric approach to accounting for variations in institutional development and for behavioral institutionalism. It demonstrates how the integration of national ...
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This chapter discusses the book's firm-centric approach to accounting for variations in institutional development and for behavioral institutionalism. It demonstrates how the integration of national and multilateral institutions shape patterns of institutional development by focusing on how the ways in which governments settle the so-called design problem affect their ability to sustain domestic economic reform agendas. In the process of adding a layer of multilateral institutions to existing national ones, the modern market economy becomes an open system of governance. Governments come to rely on innovations in the international sphere through the expanded use of multilateralism. Multilateralism, depending on its form, can both serve to reinforce and implement reform agendas.Less
This chapter discusses the book's firm-centric approach to accounting for variations in institutional development and for behavioral institutionalism. It demonstrates how the integration of national and multilateral institutions shape patterns of institutional development by focusing on how the ways in which governments settle the so-called design problem affect their ability to sustain domestic economic reform agendas. In the process of adding a layer of multilateral institutions to existing national ones, the modern market economy becomes an open system of governance. Governments come to rely on innovations in the international sphere through the expanded use of multilateralism. Multilateralism, depending on its form, can both serve to reinforce and implement reform agendas.
Tomas Larsson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450815
- eISBN:
- 9780801464089
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450815.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This book explores the political and historical origins of formal property rights institutions by focusing on the case of Thailand. It examines the role of “security threats” as a cause of ...
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This book explores the political and historical origins of formal property rights institutions by focusing on the case of Thailand. It examines the role of “security threats” as a cause of institutional change by conceptualizing them as elements of securitization. It argues that securitization provides a powerful explanation for the trajectory of institutional development in Thailand. More specifically, it explains how the process of securitization led to an intentional underdevelopment of property rights institutions in Thailand in response to the nineteenth-century threat of colonization and how institutional underdevelopment contributed to the dramatic improvement in property rights institutions in the country in response to the twentieth-century threat of communism. Episodes in the Thai case are compared and contrasted with experiences in Japan, Burma, and the Philippines.Less
This book explores the political and historical origins of formal property rights institutions by focusing on the case of Thailand. It examines the role of “security threats” as a cause of institutional change by conceptualizing them as elements of securitization. It argues that securitization provides a powerful explanation for the trajectory of institutional development in Thailand. More specifically, it explains how the process of securitization led to an intentional underdevelopment of property rights institutions in Thailand in response to the nineteenth-century threat of colonization and how institutional underdevelopment contributed to the dramatic improvement in property rights institutions in the country in response to the twentieth-century threat of communism. Episodes in the Thai case are compared and contrasted with experiences in Japan, Burma, and the Philippines.
