Sendhil Mullainathan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305197
- eISBN:
- 9780199783519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305191.003.0025
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
A growing number of researchers are studying how to integrate psychological insights into economic reasoning. In this perspective, people sometimes make bad choices, ones that they themselves would ...
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A growing number of researchers are studying how to integrate psychological insights into economic reasoning. In this perspective, people sometimes make bad choices, ones that they themselves would like to improve on. This perspective is opening up new ideas, such as how good institutions might help people improve their decisions. This essay discusses these insights using a few choice examples. The goal is to provide a glimpse of how radically different policy suggestions might be in 10 or 20 years as the integration of psychology and economics deepens.Less
A growing number of researchers are studying how to integrate psychological insights into economic reasoning. In this perspective, people sometimes make bad choices, ones that they themselves would like to improve on. This perspective is opening up new ideas, such as how good institutions might help people improve their decisions. This essay discusses these insights using a few choice examples. The goal is to provide a glimpse of how radically different policy suggestions might be in 10 or 20 years as the integration of psychology and economics deepens.
Robert Hanna
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199285549
- eISBN:
- 9780191713965
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285549.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter provides a general framework for properly understanding Kant's famous modal-epistemological slogan, ‘reason has insight only into what it self-produces according to its own design,’ in ...
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This chapter provides a general framework for properly understanding Kant's famous modal-epistemological slogan, ‘reason has insight only into what it self-produces according to its own design,’ in terms of active a priori knowledge and pure practical reason, while rejecting any appeal to strong transcendental idealism, and also effectively avoiding platonism, conventionalism, scientific essentialism, and modal scepticism alike. This framework will be supplied in four stages. First, Kant's theory of epistemic necessity and epistemic apriority is explicated. Then, this theory is exemplified with a case study: his account of conceptual insight into simple analytic truths. Third, some remarks are made about the special role of insight in Kant's overall conception of a priori knowledge. Finally, the concept of insight in terms of his notion of theoretical technique is briefly reexplicated.Less
This chapter provides a general framework for properly understanding Kant's famous modal-epistemological slogan, ‘reason has insight only into what it self-produces according to its own design,’ in terms of active a priori knowledge and pure practical reason, while rejecting any appeal to strong transcendental idealism, and also effectively avoiding platonism, conventionalism, scientific essentialism, and modal scepticism alike. This framework will be supplied in four stages. First, Kant's theory of epistemic necessity and epistemic apriority is explicated. Then, this theory is exemplified with a case study: his account of conceptual insight into simple analytic truths. Third, some remarks are made about the special role of insight in Kant's overall conception of a priori knowledge. Finally, the concept of insight in terms of his notion of theoretical technique is briefly reexplicated.
Jon Kolko
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199744336
- eISBN:
- 9780199894710
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744336.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures, Human-Technology Interaction
As the world deals with increasing complexity—in issues of sustainability, finance, culture, and technology—business and governments are searching for a form of problem solving that can deal with the ...
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As the world deals with increasing complexity—in issues of sustainability, finance, culture, and technology—business and governments are searching for a form of problem solving that can deal with the unprecedented levels of ambiguity and chaos. Traditional "linear thinking" has been disparaged by the popular media as being inadequate for dealing with the global economic crisis. Standard forms of marketing and product development have been rejected by businesses who need to find a way to stay competitive in a global economy. Yet little has been offered as an alternative. It is not enough to demand that someone "be more innovative" without giving him the tools to succeed. Design synthesis is a way of thinking about complicated, multifaceted problems of this scale with a repeatable degree of success. Design synthesis methods can be applied in business, with the goal of producing new and compelling products and services, and they can be applied in government, with the goal of changing culture and bettering society. In both contexts, however, there is a need for speed and for aggressive action. This text is immediately relevant, and is more relevant than ever, as we acknowledge and continually reference a feeling of an impending and massive change. Simply, this text is intended to act as a practitioner's guide to exposing the magic of design.Less
As the world deals with increasing complexity—in issues of sustainability, finance, culture, and technology—business and governments are searching for a form of problem solving that can deal with the unprecedented levels of ambiguity and chaos. Traditional "linear thinking" has been disparaged by the popular media as being inadequate for dealing with the global economic crisis. Standard forms of marketing and product development have been rejected by businesses who need to find a way to stay competitive in a global economy. Yet little has been offered as an alternative. It is not enough to demand that someone "be more innovative" without giving him the tools to succeed. Design synthesis is a way of thinking about complicated, multifaceted problems of this scale with a repeatable degree of success. Design synthesis methods can be applied in business, with the goal of producing new and compelling products and services, and they can be applied in government, with the goal of changing culture and bettering society. In both contexts, however, there is a need for speed and for aggressive action. This text is immediately relevant, and is more relevant than ever, as we acknowledge and continually reference a feeling of an impending and massive change. Simply, this text is intended to act as a practitioner's guide to exposing the magic of design.
Nick Zangwill
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261871
- eISBN:
- 9780191718670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261871.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
This chapter articulates and defends the view that a work of art is the intentional product of aesthetic creative thought. The view, roughly, is that someone has an insight into an ...
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This chapter articulates and defends the view that a work of art is the intentional product of aesthetic creative thought. The view, roughly, is that someone has an insight into an aesthetic/non-aesthetic dependency, and then intentionally endows something with aesthetic properties in virtue of the non-aesthetic properties. The chapter gives an account of aesthetic insight and aesthetic action. The account of aesthetic action is an instance of a familiar means-end model of rational deliberation. But the account of aesthetic creative insight is non-rational, and it coincides with traditional accounts of genius. The chapter defends the notion of creative genius against claims made by sociologists of art.Less
This chapter articulates and defends the view that a work of art is the intentional product of aesthetic creative thought. The view, roughly, is that someone has an insight into an aesthetic/non-aesthetic dependency, and then intentionally endows something with aesthetic properties in virtue of the non-aesthetic properties. The chapter gives an account of aesthetic insight and aesthetic action. The account of aesthetic action is an instance of a familiar means-end model of rational deliberation. But the account of aesthetic creative insight is non-rational, and it coincides with traditional accounts of genius. The chapter defends the notion of creative genius against claims made by sociologists of art.
Toni Erskine
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264379
- eISBN:
- 9780191734410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264379.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter discusses the promise and limits of an embedded cosmopolitanism position by placing it in the context of war. This is where popular particularist appeals to care and consensus have ...
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This chapter discusses the promise and limits of an embedded cosmopolitanism position by placing it in the context of war. This is where popular particularist appeals to care and consensus have obvious and practical limits. It makes a specific reference to two prominent norms that relate to the conduct of organized violence, namely the prohibition against torture and the principle of non-combatant immunity. The chapter illustrates two extremes of an embedded cosmopolitan position and highlights how embedded cosmopolitan insights can help identify and avoid ‘traps of membership’.Less
This chapter discusses the promise and limits of an embedded cosmopolitanism position by placing it in the context of war. This is where popular particularist appeals to care and consensus have obvious and practical limits. It makes a specific reference to two prominent norms that relate to the conduct of organized violence, namely the prohibition against torture and the principle of non-combatant immunity. The chapter illustrates two extremes of an embedded cosmopolitan position and highlights how embedded cosmopolitan insights can help identify and avoid ‘traps of membership’.
Richard Crouter
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195379679
- eISBN:
- 9780199869169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379679.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Chapter 4 of this book argues that Niebuhr as writer and rhetorician draws from literature as much as from history. His gifts honed as preacher yield memorable phrases and ideas that draw from a deep ...
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Chapter 4 of this book argues that Niebuhr as writer and rhetorician draws from literature as much as from history. His gifts honed as preacher yield memorable phrases and ideas that draw from a deep encounter with literary classics (e.g., Greek tragedy, Thomas Mann) and poetry (e.g., Marianne Moore). For him poetic insight comes close to the language of religion in its ability to speak to human quandaries and anxiety in an imperfect world. Niebuhr’s Christian insight is “beyond tragedy” even as it explores the depths and contradictions of human suffering. As a “tamed cynic,” he is suspicious of all tendencies to retreat into an inner mental or spiritual world as done by the classical Stoics and their contemporary secular and religious imitators. As writer, Niebuhr resembles other distinguished writers whose vision is presented “upon occasion” and not as a finished understanding of the way things are or must be.Less
Chapter 4 of this book argues that Niebuhr as writer and rhetorician draws from literature as much as from history. His gifts honed as preacher yield memorable phrases and ideas that draw from a deep encounter with literary classics (e.g., Greek tragedy, Thomas Mann) and poetry (e.g., Marianne Moore). For him poetic insight comes close to the language of religion in its ability to speak to human quandaries and anxiety in an imperfect world. Niebuhr’s Christian insight is “beyond tragedy” even as it explores the depths and contradictions of human suffering. As a “tamed cynic,” he is suspicious of all tendencies to retreat into an inner mental or spiritual world as done by the classical Stoics and their contemporary secular and religious imitators. As writer, Niebuhr resembles other distinguished writers whose vision is presented “upon occasion” and not as a finished understanding of the way things are or must be.
Michael Spivey
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195170788
- eISBN:
- 9780199786831
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170788.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter discusses a number of potentially dynamical findings in high-level cognition. It is noted that some of the tension between symbolic approaches and dynamic approaches might be ...
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This chapter discusses a number of potentially dynamical findings in high-level cognition. It is noted that some of the tension between symbolic approaches and dynamic approaches might be successfully addressed by symbolic dynamics, a field that grew out of complexity theory. Certain findings in problem solving research suggest a blurring of the distinction between cognition and action. Some debates in the concepts and categories literature may dissolve when placed in an attractor landscape framework. Moreover, certain probabilistic reasoning tasks are nicely predicted by probability summation over time. It is argued that certain results in higher cognition are problematic for rule-and-symbol accounts of mind, and are well accommodated by a dynamic systems framework.Less
This chapter discusses a number of potentially dynamical findings in high-level cognition. It is noted that some of the tension between symbolic approaches and dynamic approaches might be successfully addressed by symbolic dynamics, a field that grew out of complexity theory. Certain findings in problem solving research suggest a blurring of the distinction between cognition and action. Some debates in the concepts and categories literature may dissolve when placed in an attractor landscape framework. Moreover, certain probabilistic reasoning tasks are nicely predicted by probability summation over time. It is argued that certain results in higher cognition are problematic for rule-and-symbol accounts of mind, and are well accommodated by a dynamic systems framework.
Gordon Graham
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199265961
- eISBN:
- 9780191708756
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199265961.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
Music has a long affinity with religious worship. This chapter examines the extent to which music might be expected to be a medium of spiritual insight or reflection in its own right. It argues that ...
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Music has a long affinity with religious worship. This chapter examines the extent to which music might be expected to be a medium of spiritual insight or reflection in its own right. It argues that music is essentially a performing art and that accompaniment by words or images is wrongly regarded as a reduction in its ‘purity’.Less
Music has a long affinity with religious worship. This chapter examines the extent to which music might be expected to be a medium of spiritual insight or reflection in its own right. It argues that music is essentially a performing art and that accompaniment by words or images is wrongly regarded as a reduction in its ‘purity’.
Dalia Judovitz
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780823277438
- eISBN:
- 9780823280551
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823277438.001.0001
- Subject:
- Art, Art Theory and Criticism
Celebrated due to the aura of mystery attached to his rediscovered works in the twentieth century, Georges de La Tour’s paintings continue to be an object of scholarly interest and public ...
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Celebrated due to the aura of mystery attached to his rediscovered works in the twentieth century, Georges de La Tour’s paintings continue to be an object of scholarly interest and public fascination. Exploring the representations of light, vision and the visible in his works, this interdisciplinary study raises seminal questions regarding the nature of painting and its artistic, theological, and conceptual implications. If the visible presents an enigma in La Tour’s pictorial works, this is because familiar objects of visible reality serve as emblems of an invisible, spiritual reality. La Tour’s pursuit of likeness between image and the natural world bears the influence of the Catholic Reform’s call for the revitalization of religious imagery in the wake of Protestant iconoclastic outbreaks. Like the books shown in his paintings which are asking to be read, La Tour’s paintings are examined not just as visual depictions but also as instruments of insight, which ask to be deciphered rather than merely seen. La Tour’s paintings show how the figuration of faith as spiritual passion and illumination challenges the meanings attached to the visual realm of painterly expression. This study shows that La Tour’s emphasis on spiritual insight opens up a broader artistic, philosophical and conceptual reflection on the conditions of possibility of painting and its limitations as a visual medium. By scrutinizing what is seen and how and by questioning the position of the beholder, his works encourage meditation on the role of painting and its engagements with the visible world.Less
Celebrated due to the aura of mystery attached to his rediscovered works in the twentieth century, Georges de La Tour’s paintings continue to be an object of scholarly interest and public fascination. Exploring the representations of light, vision and the visible in his works, this interdisciplinary study raises seminal questions regarding the nature of painting and its artistic, theological, and conceptual implications. If the visible presents an enigma in La Tour’s pictorial works, this is because familiar objects of visible reality serve as emblems of an invisible, spiritual reality. La Tour’s pursuit of likeness between image and the natural world bears the influence of the Catholic Reform’s call for the revitalization of religious imagery in the wake of Protestant iconoclastic outbreaks. Like the books shown in his paintings which are asking to be read, La Tour’s paintings are examined not just as visual depictions but also as instruments of insight, which ask to be deciphered rather than merely seen. La Tour’s paintings show how the figuration of faith as spiritual passion and illumination challenges the meanings attached to the visual realm of painterly expression. This study shows that La Tour’s emphasis on spiritual insight opens up a broader artistic, philosophical and conceptual reflection on the conditions of possibility of painting and its limitations as a visual medium. By scrutinizing what is seen and how and by questioning the position of the beholder, his works encourage meditation on the role of painting and its engagements with the visible world.
Patrick Fournier, Henk van der Kolk, R. Kenneth Carty, André Blais, and Jonathan Rose
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567843
- eISBN:
- 9780191728655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567843.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Many democratic ideals assume capable participants and fair decision-making. But are citizens politically competent? Do they make wise decisions, or are they likely to pursue impractical or misguided ...
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Many democratic ideals assume capable participants and fair decision-making. But are citizens politically competent? Do they make wise decisions, or are they likely to pursue impractical or misguided courses of action? By examining three cases in which citizens played an unprecedented policymaking role, valuable insights were offered into the general question of whether or not the people can be trusted with their own government. In this concluding chapter, the findings and the theoretical lessons they inspire are reviewed. It is also argued that certain adjustments of the citizen assembly model should be considered in future implementations.Less
Many democratic ideals assume capable participants and fair decision-making. But are citizens politically competent? Do they make wise decisions, or are they likely to pursue impractical or misguided courses of action? By examining three cases in which citizens played an unprecedented policymaking role, valuable insights were offered into the general question of whether or not the people can be trusted with their own government. In this concluding chapter, the findings and the theoretical lessons they inspire are reviewed. It is also argued that certain adjustments of the citizen assembly model should be considered in future implementations.
TYLER BURGE
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278534
- eISBN:
- 9780191706943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278534.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
While Frege's notion of sense fathered contemporary notions of linguistic meaning, key elements in Frege's conceptions have disappeared from view. Some of these elements are those brought out in ...
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While Frege's notion of sense fathered contemporary notions of linguistic meaning, key elements in Frege's conceptions have disappeared from view. Some of these elements are those brought out in ‘Sinning Against Frege’ (1979). Others derive from Frege's rationalism. This chapter discusses an interpretative puzzle. The puzzle centers on Frege's saying both that the most expert mathematicians may lack a sharp grasp of mathematical expressions and that such expressions nevertheless have a denotation (Bedeutung), hence a definite sense that determines a denotation. It is argued that for Frege, the cognitive value of a sense expressed by language is not exhausted by any type of linguistic meaning that is associated with actual linguistic usage or linguistic understanding, by an individual or a community. Frege believes that the sense of an expression can transcend what any actual user understands by the expression. Senses are partly individuated by rational structures, grounded in logical reality, that may not be completely understood by a thinker at any given time, but that help to individuate what it is to have a mind. The chapter discusses what Frege means by grasping or understanding a sense. Although Frege believed in a priori rational insight, he grounded it — much more clearly than his rationalist predecessors did — on the development of a true mathematical theory; and he conceived theory development with the pragmatism of a practicing mathematician. Frege's rationalism thus contrasts with traditional rationalism, and his conception of thought is distinguished from use-based conceptions. Both points are illuminated by the distinction between Fregean sense and linguistic meaning.Less
While Frege's notion of sense fathered contemporary notions of linguistic meaning, key elements in Frege's conceptions have disappeared from view. Some of these elements are those brought out in ‘Sinning Against Frege’ (1979). Others derive from Frege's rationalism. This chapter discusses an interpretative puzzle. The puzzle centers on Frege's saying both that the most expert mathematicians may lack a sharp grasp of mathematical expressions and that such expressions nevertheless have a denotation (Bedeutung), hence a definite sense that determines a denotation. It is argued that for Frege, the cognitive value of a sense expressed by language is not exhausted by any type of linguistic meaning that is associated with actual linguistic usage or linguistic understanding, by an individual or a community. Frege believes that the sense of an expression can transcend what any actual user understands by the expression. Senses are partly individuated by rational structures, grounded in logical reality, that may not be completely understood by a thinker at any given time, but that help to individuate what it is to have a mind. The chapter discusses what Frege means by grasping or understanding a sense. Although Frege believed in a priori rational insight, he grounded it — much more clearly than his rationalist predecessors did — on the development of a true mathematical theory; and he conceived theory development with the pragmatism of a practicing mathematician. Frege's rationalism thus contrasts with traditional rationalism, and his conception of thought is distinguished from use-based conceptions. Both points are illuminated by the distinction between Fregean sense and linguistic meaning.
Jon Kolko
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199744336
- eISBN:
- 9780199894710
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744336.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures, Human-Technology Interaction
This chapter explains powerful synthesis methods for driving empathy and qualities of feeling—for relating not onlt to what other people may know, but also what they might feel about a particular ...
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This chapter explains powerful synthesis methods for driving empathy and qualities of feeling—for relating not onlt to what other people may know, but also what they might feel about a particular topic. Individual methods are presented.Less
This chapter explains powerful synthesis methods for driving empathy and qualities of feeling—for relating not onlt to what other people may know, but also what they might feel about a particular topic. Individual methods are presented.
Judy Diamond, E. Margaret Evans, and Amy N. Spiegel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199730421
- eISBN:
- 9780199949557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730421.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter describes Explore Evolution, an influential exhibit developed for university museums in Kansas, Michigan, Nebraska, Oklahoma and Texas with support from the National Science Foundation. ...
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This chapter describes Explore Evolution, an influential exhibit developed for university museums in Kansas, Michigan, Nebraska, Oklahoma and Texas with support from the National Science Foundation. Researchers intensively studied the exhibit’s impacts on visitor reasoning about evolution, and they gained new insight into how exhibits can influence visitor understanding of complex ideas. The research uncovered a significant finding: a single visit to the Explore Evolution exhibit improved visitors' ability to explain evolutionary problems. This significant, if incremental, change was seen across the participants, regardless of age, differing religious beliefs or prior knowledge. Moreover, visitors realized that evolution occurred regardless of the nature of the organism. Explore Evolution’s inclusion of diverse organisms helped visitors recognize that evolution occurs in all living things.Less
This chapter describes Explore Evolution, an influential exhibit developed for university museums in Kansas, Michigan, Nebraska, Oklahoma and Texas with support from the National Science Foundation. Researchers intensively studied the exhibit’s impacts on visitor reasoning about evolution, and they gained new insight into how exhibits can influence visitor understanding of complex ideas. The research uncovered a significant finding: a single visit to the Explore Evolution exhibit improved visitors' ability to explain evolutionary problems. This significant, if incremental, change was seen across the participants, regardless of age, differing religious beliefs or prior knowledge. Moreover, visitors realized that evolution occurred regardless of the nature of the organism. Explore Evolution’s inclusion of diverse organisms helped visitors recognize that evolution occurs in all living things.
J. B. Schneewind
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199563012
- eISBN:
- 9780191721731
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563012.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, History of Philosophy
The topic of virtue was not neglected in modern moral philosophy, as some commentators think. But modern philosophers understood virtue in an un-Aristotelian manner, as the habit of obeying the law — ...
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The topic of virtue was not neglected in modern moral philosophy, as some commentators think. But modern philosophers understood virtue in an un-Aristotelian manner, as the habit of obeying the law — the moral or natural law. This seems to allow no room for the insight of the virtuous agent. But natural law theorists worked with a distinction, derived from Grotius and Pufendorf, between perfect and imperfect duties. The latter cannot be laid out precisely. They call for a character committed to general benevolence and family good. Thus, modern virtue theory has a counterpart to the Aristotelian discretion allowed to the virtuous agent. Hume's distinction between natural and artificial virtues reworks the distinction between imperfect and perfect duties, leaving out reference to natural law. And Kant adopts that distinction, giving it his own reading. Neglect was not the modern misfortune of virtue; perhaps modern versions of virtue theory were.Less
The topic of virtue was not neglected in modern moral philosophy, as some commentators think. But modern philosophers understood virtue in an un-Aristotelian manner, as the habit of obeying the law — the moral or natural law. This seems to allow no room for the insight of the virtuous agent. But natural law theorists worked with a distinction, derived from Grotius and Pufendorf, between perfect and imperfect duties. The latter cannot be laid out precisely. They call for a character committed to general benevolence and family good. Thus, modern virtue theory has a counterpart to the Aristotelian discretion allowed to the virtuous agent. Hume's distinction between natural and artificial virtues reworks the distinction between imperfect and perfect duties, leaving out reference to natural law. And Kant adopts that distinction, giving it his own reading. Neglect was not the modern misfortune of virtue; perhaps modern versions of virtue theory were.
Philip Tallon
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199778935
- eISBN:
- 9780199919109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199778935.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter examines some additional barriers to the fruitful use of aesthetics in theodicy: those arising from unhelpful ways of understanding aesthetics. After arguing against some prevalent ...
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This chapter examines some additional barriers to the fruitful use of aesthetics in theodicy: those arising from unhelpful ways of understanding aesthetics. After arguing against some prevalent problems within aesthetic theory, it offers an account of Christian aesthetics that draws on the work of Hans Urs von Balthasar and Frank Burch Brown, which allows for aesthetics to offer insight into theological tasks such as theodicy.Less
This chapter examines some additional barriers to the fruitful use of aesthetics in theodicy: those arising from unhelpful ways of understanding aesthetics. After arguing against some prevalent problems within aesthetic theory, it offers an account of Christian aesthetics that draws on the work of Hans Urs von Balthasar and Frank Burch Brown, which allows for aesthetics to offer insight into theological tasks such as theodicy.
Mark Casson
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289579
- eISBN:
- 9780191684746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289579.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
The conventional economic theory can thoroughly explain the growth of horizontally integrated multinational companies during the 1950s and the 1960s. However, this theory is not rich enough to ...
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The conventional economic theory can thoroughly explain the growth of horizontally integrated multinational companies during the 1950s and the 1960s. However, this theory is not rich enough to explain recent developments in international business such as the rise of a new international division of labour, the growth of the service sector in the 1970s, the emergence of joint ventures, and the importance of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI). This chapter introduces the three main aspects of the conventional theory and presents the theory's limitations. The book provides new insights and rediscovers old insights regarding the said developments. The book also presents the application of these insights to international business, economics, and other social sciences.Less
The conventional economic theory can thoroughly explain the growth of horizontally integrated multinational companies during the 1950s and the 1960s. However, this theory is not rich enough to explain recent developments in international business such as the rise of a new international division of labour, the growth of the service sector in the 1970s, the emergence of joint ventures, and the importance of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI). This chapter introduces the three main aspects of the conventional theory and presents the theory's limitations. The book provides new insights and rediscovers old insights regarding the said developments. The book also presents the application of these insights to international business, economics, and other social sciences.
Chris Argyris
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195132861
- eISBN:
- 9780199848645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195132861.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter describes and reviews some inconsistent and unactionable advice from Stephen Covey's Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. It also looks at developing effective groups and meetings ...
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This chapter describes and reviews some inconsistent and unactionable advice from Stephen Covey's Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. It also looks at developing effective groups and meetings with Doyle and Strauss, Real Change Leaders (RCLs) by John Katzenback, Transforming Organizations by Kotter, as well as considering executive insight. In Covey's case, it is not clear how a combination of trust and mistrust, accompanied by cover-ups, will bring out the best in people. Nor is it possible to know when patience is a defense. In Doyle and Strauss, it is not clear what the cues are that would lead an advisor or leader to become convinced that a group needs help. RCLs are said to empower everyone by requiring results and accountability, yet their own words strongly suggest this is not the case. RCLs are said to be both tough and participative, yet their own statements do not illustrate this claim.Less
This chapter describes and reviews some inconsistent and unactionable advice from Stephen Covey's Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. It also looks at developing effective groups and meetings with Doyle and Strauss, Real Change Leaders (RCLs) by John Katzenback, Transforming Organizations by Kotter, as well as considering executive insight. In Covey's case, it is not clear how a combination of trust and mistrust, accompanied by cover-ups, will bring out the best in people. Nor is it possible to know when patience is a defense. In Doyle and Strauss, it is not clear what the cues are that would lead an advisor or leader to become convinced that a group needs help. RCLs are said to empower everyone by requiring results and accountability, yet their own words strongly suggest this is not the case. RCLs are said to be both tough and participative, yet their own statements do not illustrate this claim.
Alan Roulstone and Colin Barnes
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346261
- eISBN:
- 9781447304333
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346261.003.0024
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter reflects on some of the key policy insights to flow from this book. It notes that these empirical and theoretical insights have provided a detailed appraisal of a range of key disability ...
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This chapter reflects on some of the key policy insights to flow from this book. It notes that these empirical and theoretical insights have provided a detailed appraisal of a range of key disability and employment policies, and have established the benefits and limitations of current policies. The chapter lays down the key policy points, given the broader objectives of translating new ideas into changing policy and practice. It emphasises that the book makes clear both the continuities and changes which marked the shift from neo-Conservative to New Labour governments. The chapter further notes that the greatest labour-market barriers were those facing disabled people with mental-health problems and those with learning difficulties. It suggests that this evidence further supports the call to widen and incentivise the ‘place and train’ model of employment support. The chapter recommends that good practice from the many voluntary-sector providers of into-work support need to be better understood, and lessons learnt as to what works in disability and employment terms.Less
This chapter reflects on some of the key policy insights to flow from this book. It notes that these empirical and theoretical insights have provided a detailed appraisal of a range of key disability and employment policies, and have established the benefits and limitations of current policies. The chapter lays down the key policy points, given the broader objectives of translating new ideas into changing policy and practice. It emphasises that the book makes clear both the continuities and changes which marked the shift from neo-Conservative to New Labour governments. The chapter further notes that the greatest labour-market barriers were those facing disabled people with mental-health problems and those with learning difficulties. It suggests that this evidence further supports the call to widen and incentivise the ‘place and train’ model of employment support. The chapter recommends that good practice from the many voluntary-sector providers of into-work support need to be better understood, and lessons learnt as to what works in disability and employment terms.
Robert Dorfman
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292203
- eISBN:
- 9780191684883
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292203.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter states that the problem of protecting the transnational commons is less a natural scientific problem of understanding the physical and biological processes that disrupt the environment, ...
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This chapter states that the problem of protecting the transnational commons is less a natural scientific problem of understanding the physical and biological processes that disrupt the environment, or of developing appropriate protective techniques, than it is a social scientific problem of devising procedures to expedite international cooperation in protecting the transnational commons. The chapter suggests that the procedures of international negotiations be altered so as to make more use of relevant economic concepts and insights. The chapter also recommends an approach based on the benefits principle of public finance, advocated particularly by Knut Wicksell and Erik Lindahl. The chapter recommends more research be done. Specifically, a need for drastic improvement in the negotiating procedures is great enough to justify conducting pilot trials in a few relatively manageable cases.Less
This chapter states that the problem of protecting the transnational commons is less a natural scientific problem of understanding the physical and biological processes that disrupt the environment, or of developing appropriate protective techniques, than it is a social scientific problem of devising procedures to expedite international cooperation in protecting the transnational commons. The chapter suggests that the procedures of international negotiations be altered so as to make more use of relevant economic concepts and insights. The chapter also recommends an approach based on the benefits principle of public finance, advocated particularly by Knut Wicksell and Erik Lindahl. The chapter recommends more research be done. Specifically, a need for drastic improvement in the negotiating procedures is great enough to justify conducting pilot trials in a few relatively manageable cases.
Dominic McVey and Lynne Walsh
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199550692
- eISBN:
- 9780191720413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550692.003.07
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter explores one of the most important theoretical principles of social marketing: the rationale and importance of segmenting target audiences and how this can be done. It introduces the ...
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This chapter explores one of the most important theoretical principles of social marketing: the rationale and importance of segmenting target audiences and how this can be done. It introduces the concepts of ‘insight’ and ‘segmentation’; gives an overview of how to generate insight; provides an understanding of the importance of segmentation to social marketing initiatives; and uses case studies to demonstrate what can be achieved by social marketing when insight and segmentation theory are put into practice.Less
This chapter explores one of the most important theoretical principles of social marketing: the rationale and importance of segmenting target audiences and how this can be done. It introduces the concepts of ‘insight’ and ‘segmentation’; gives an overview of how to generate insight; provides an understanding of the importance of segmentation to social marketing initiatives; and uses case studies to demonstrate what can be achieved by social marketing when insight and segmentation theory are put into practice.
