Fred Campano and Dominick Salvatore
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195300918
- eISBN:
- 9780199783441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195300912.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Income distribution models can be incorporated in all kinds of data-based economic macro-models. This chapter shows how this may be accomplished in long- and short-term econometric models. An ...
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Income distribution models can be incorporated in all kinds of data-based economic macro-models. This chapter shows how this may be accomplished in long- and short-term econometric models. An introduction to SAM-based models is also given.Less
Income distribution models can be incorporated in all kinds of data-based economic macro-models. This chapter shows how this may be accomplished in long- and short-term econometric models. An introduction to SAM-based models is also given.
J. C. Garrison and R. Y. Chiao
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198508861
- eISBN:
- 9780191708640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508861.003.0017
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter begins by specializing the general definition of optical amplifiers to a special class of linear amplifiers that includes all those in common use. Amplifiers are divided into the ...
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This chapter begins by specializing the general definition of optical amplifiers to a special class of linear amplifiers that includes all those in common use. Amplifiers are divided into the categories of phase insensitive or phase sensitive, and each of these categories is subdivided into the categories of traveling-wave or regenerative. Illustrative examples are given for each of the four types. This is followed by a general description of single-input, single-output linear amplifiers that includes the input-output equation, the conditions for phase insensitivity, and the constraints imposed by unitarity. This general theory is used to determine the noise limits for linear amplifiers. The general amplifier uncertainty principle obtained in this way shows that there are noise free amplifiers.Less
This chapter begins by specializing the general definition of optical amplifiers to a special class of linear amplifiers that includes all those in common use. Amplifiers are divided into the categories of phase insensitive or phase sensitive, and each of these categories is subdivided into the categories of traveling-wave or regenerative. Illustrative examples are given for each of the four types. This is followed by a general description of single-input, single-output linear amplifiers that includes the input-output equation, the conditions for phase insensitivity, and the constraints imposed by unitarity. This general theory is used to determine the noise limits for linear amplifiers. The general amplifier uncertainty principle obtained in this way shows that there are noise free amplifiers.
J. R. Hicks
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198772866
- eISBN:
- 9780191596414
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198772866.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This book, first published in 1973, takes up an important approach to capital which had gone out of fashion. There has been some recent renewed interest in this approach. The ‘Austrian’ theory of ...
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This book, first published in 1973, takes up an important approach to capital which had gone out of fashion. There has been some recent renewed interest in this approach. The ‘Austrian’ theory of capital concentrates on the inputs and outputs in the productive process, and has an advantage over more modern theories of economic dynamics in that it is more naturally expressible in economic terms: the production process over time is taken as a whole, rather than disintegrated. However, this approach had been largely abandoned because it seemed to be unable to deal with fixed capital. The book overcomes this problem here by allowing for a sequence of outputs, and the consequences for dynamic economics are profound and novel.Less
This book, first published in 1973, takes up an important approach to capital which had gone out of fashion. There has been some recent renewed interest in this approach. The ‘Austrian’ theory of capital concentrates on the inputs and outputs in the productive process, and has an advantage over more modern theories of economic dynamics in that it is more naturally expressible in economic terms: the production process over time is taken as a whole, rather than disintegrated. However, this approach had been largely abandoned because it seemed to be unable to deal with fixed capital. The book overcomes this problem here by allowing for a sequence of outputs, and the consequences for dynamic economics are profound and novel.
Michio Morishima
- Published in print:
- 1963
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198281450
- eISBN:
- 9780191596650
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198281455.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book brings together papers that were published by the author in several journals, and which have been revised and contain some new material. The main model carried through the whole book is ...
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This book brings together papers that were published by the author in several journals, and which have been revised and contain some new material. The main model carried through the whole book is Leontief's input–output system, which is dynamized from various points of view. Chapter 1 discusses formal similarities between the exchange equilibrium under weak gross substitutability and the static input–output system. Chapter 2 is concerned with the stability of the mixed Walras–Leontief system. Chapters 3 and 4 are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. Chapters 5 and 6 are devoted to an analysis of the von Neumann model of economic expansion, which may be considered as a variant of the dynamic Leontief system. Finally, an Appendix generalizes the classical theorems on non‐negative matrices to systems of non‐linear and homogeneous functions.Less
This book brings together papers that were published by the author in several journals, and which have been revised and contain some new material. The main model carried through the whole book is Leontief's input–output system, which is dynamized from various points of view. Chapter 1 discusses formal similarities between the exchange equilibrium under weak gross substitutability and the static input–output system. Chapter 2 is concerned with the stability of the mixed Walras–Leontief system. Chapters 3 and 4 are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. Chapters 5 and 6 are devoted to an analysis of the von Neumann model of economic expansion, which may be considered as a variant of the dynamic Leontief system. Finally, an Appendix generalizes the classical theorems on non‐negative matrices to systems of non‐linear and homogeneous functions.
Saumen Chattopadhyay
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198082255
- eISBN:
- 9780199082070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082255.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The chapter probes deeper into the meaning of an educational production function. It is argued that an educational institution is not similar to any other manufacturing unit or a factory as portrayed ...
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The chapter probes deeper into the meaning of an educational production function. It is argued that an educational institution is not similar to any other manufacturing unit or a factory as portrayed in economic theory and, therefore, an important corollary that there exists a well-defined input–output relation in the provision of education is hardly tenable. Though an educational institution produces many products and uses a variety of inputs of varied quality, it is difficult to define input and output for an educational institution. Concepts used in economic theory like efficiency, rate of return, cost, and productivity which are applied to education are, therefore, questionable. So policy conclusions which follow from the measurement of cost and productivity are to be considered with extreme caution.Less
The chapter probes deeper into the meaning of an educational production function. It is argued that an educational institution is not similar to any other manufacturing unit or a factory as portrayed in economic theory and, therefore, an important corollary that there exists a well-defined input–output relation in the provision of education is hardly tenable. Though an educational institution produces many products and uses a variety of inputs of varied quality, it is difficult to define input and output for an educational institution. Concepts used in economic theory like efficiency, rate of return, cost, and productivity which are applied to education are, therefore, questionable. So policy conclusions which follow from the measurement of cost and productivity are to be considered with extreme caution.
S. N. Afriat
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284611
- eISBN:
- 9780191595844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284616.003.0019
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This is the second of six chapters on the logic of price, and reviews the characteristics of Leontief's input–output method. The six sections of the chapter are: Quesnay's tableau économique; the ...
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This is the second of six chapters on the logic of price, and reviews the characteristics of Leontief's input–output method. The six sections of the chapter are: Quesnay's tableau économique; the Leontief matrix; production planning; Leontief and Zeno (Zeno's Paradox); productive systems; and a computer demonstration (of Leontief's input–output model).Less
This is the second of six chapters on the logic of price, and reviews the characteristics of Leontief's input–output method. The six sections of the chapter are: Quesnay's tableau économique; the Leontief matrix; production planning; Leontief and Zeno (Zeno's Paradox); productive systems; and a computer demonstration (of Leontief's input–output model).
John P. Burkett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195189629
- eISBN:
- 9780199850778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189629.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter examines simple production processes with only two inputs and one output. It describes methods for solving a cost minimization problem or finding the cheapest combination of inputs that ...
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This chapter examines simple production processes with only two inputs and one output. It describes methods for solving a cost minimization problem or finding the cheapest combination of inputs that produce a given output. This chapter examines simple production processes with only two inputs and one output. It describes methods for solving a cost minimization problem or finding the cheapest combination of inputs that produce a given output. To calculate the cost-minimizing combination of inputs, the isoquant's equation together with a formula equating the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) and the relative price of the input should be on the horizontal axis. If the input qualities obtained are both positive, they constitute an interior solution. However, if one of them is negative then a corner solution is required.Less
This chapter examines simple production processes with only two inputs and one output. It describes methods for solving a cost minimization problem or finding the cheapest combination of inputs that produce a given output. This chapter examines simple production processes with only two inputs and one output. It describes methods for solving a cost minimization problem or finding the cheapest combination of inputs that produce a given output. To calculate the cost-minimizing combination of inputs, the isoquant's equation together with a formula equating the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) and the relative price of the input should be on the horizontal axis. If the input qualities obtained are both positive, they constitute an interior solution. However, if one of them is negative then a corner solution is required.
S. N. Afriat
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284611
- eISBN:
- 9780191595844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284616.003.0018
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This is the first of six chapters on the logic of price. Choice presupposes opportunity, and this chapter gives some account of that side of economic models. The four sections of the chapter are: the ...
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This is the first of six chapters on the logic of price. Choice presupposes opportunity, and this chapter gives some account of that side of economic models. The four sections of the chapter are: the production function; general input–output; von Neumann's activity system; and axiomatics of Koopmans's (activity) system. Von Neumann's activity system is further discussed in the last chapter of Part IV (IV.6) as von Neumann's economic model.Less
This is the first of six chapters on the logic of price. Choice presupposes opportunity, and this chapter gives some account of that side of economic models. The four sections of the chapter are: the production function; general input–output; von Neumann's activity system; and axiomatics of Koopmans's (activity) system. Von Neumann's activity system is further discussed in the last chapter of Part IV (IV.6) as von Neumann's economic model.
Hiroshi Imamizu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Internal models are neural mechanisms that mimic the input-output properties of controlled objects, possibly enabling skillful control of our bodies and external tools. This chapter reviews a series ...
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Internal models are neural mechanisms that mimic the input-output properties of controlled objects, possibly enabling skillful control of our bodies and external tools. This chapter reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies investigating the acquisition of an internal model for a novel tool in the human cerebellum, modular organization of internal models for tools with different input-output properties, and switching mechanisms of internal models in the parietal-cerebellar network. Although these studies investigated skills for novel tools, they show intuitive instances of neural mechanisms supporting the acquisition and flexible selection of appropriate skills. A recent study on brain activity related to the imaginary use of common tools (e.g., scissors and a hammer) suggested that the neural mechanisms found in previous work (on uncommon objects and tools) are partly shared by skills for common tools. The chapter discusses how skills acquired in the cerebellum differ from those acquired in the frontal-parietal network, which have long been investigated in neuropsychological studies.Less
Internal models are neural mechanisms that mimic the input-output properties of controlled objects, possibly enabling skillful control of our bodies and external tools. This chapter reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies investigating the acquisition of an internal model for a novel tool in the human cerebellum, modular organization of internal models for tools with different input-output properties, and switching mechanisms of internal models in the parietal-cerebellar network. Although these studies investigated skills for novel tools, they show intuitive instances of neural mechanisms supporting the acquisition and flexible selection of appropriate skills. A recent study on brain activity related to the imaginary use of common tools (e.g., scissors and a hammer) suggested that the neural mechanisms found in previous work (on uncommon objects and tools) are partly shared by skills for common tools. The chapter discusses how skills acquired in the cerebellum differ from those acquired in the frontal-parietal network, which have long been investigated in neuropsychological studies.
Barbara M. Fraumeni, Michael J. Harper, Susan G. Powers, and Robert E. Yuskavage (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226410845
- eISBN:
- 9780226410876
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226410876.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This chapter examines the similarities and differences between output measures produced by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. It describes framework for the ...
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This chapter examines the similarities and differences between output measures produced by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. It describes framework for the production account that incorporates data on the production of commodities by individual industries, as well as the interindustry flows available in the input-output accounts. This chapter analyzes theoretical foundation for a production account that can be used to analyze productivity and shows the relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and the major-sector estimates using the production account framework.Less
This chapter examines the similarities and differences between output measures produced by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. It describes framework for the production account that incorporates data on the production of commodities by individual industries, as well as the interindustry flows available in the input-output accounts. This chapter analyzes theoretical foundation for a production account that can be used to analyze productivity and shows the relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and the major-sector estimates using the production account framework.
S. N. Afriat
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284611
- eISBN:
- 9780191595844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284616.003.0024
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This is the first of five chapters on optimal programming (the typical mathematics of economics) and related issues as related to choice making. It introduces the general ideas of optimal programming ...
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This is the first of five chapters on optimal programming (the typical mathematics of economics) and related issues as related to choice making. It introduces the general ideas of optimal programming in economic terms, with reference to the programming problem of a firm. A theorem is proved that is basic to the entire subject, and requires no special assumptions about the programming functions. The ten sections of the chapter are: bounds, limits and maxima; programming problem of a firm; optimal programming theorem; input–output; output limit function; support gradients and marginal values; complementarity; shadow price decentralization; proof of the theorem; and Lagrange multipliers.Less
This is the first of five chapters on optimal programming (the typical mathematics of economics) and related issues as related to choice making. It introduces the general ideas of optimal programming in economic terms, with reference to the programming problem of a firm. A theorem is proved that is basic to the entire subject, and requires no special assumptions about the programming functions. The ten sections of the chapter are: bounds, limits and maxima; programming problem of a firm; optimal programming theorem; input–output; output limit function; support gradients and marginal values; complementarity; shadow price decentralization; proof of the theorem; and Lagrange multipliers.
Mette Elise Jolly
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199213078
- eISBN:
- 9780191707155
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213078.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter opens with a review of the literature on democracy in the European Union. The most commonly raised ‘deficits’ are discussed, including the argument that the EU lacks accountability, the ...
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This chapter opens with a review of the literature on democracy in the European Union. The most commonly raised ‘deficits’ are discussed, including the argument that the EU lacks accountability, the notion that qualified majority voting can be viewed as undemocratic, the alleged problems caused by extensive lobbying, the social critique, and the socio-psychological argument. It is argued that the socio-psychological question is the most fundamental as this underlies all other discussions about the future of the EU and the EU institutions.Less
This chapter opens with a review of the literature on democracy in the European Union. The most commonly raised ‘deficits’ are discussed, including the argument that the EU lacks accountability, the notion that qualified majority voting can be viewed as undemocratic, the alleged problems caused by extensive lobbying, the social critique, and the socio-psychological argument. It is argued that the socio-psychological question is the most fundamental as this underlies all other discussions about the future of the EU and the EU institutions.
Harry D. Huskey
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198565932
- eISBN:
- 9780191714016
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565932.003.0024
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter presents a report by Harry D. Huskey. Huskey came to the NPL ACE Section in January 1947 from the United States, where he had been involved with the ENIAC and its projected successor, ...
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This chapter presents a report by Harry D. Huskey. Huskey came to the NPL ACE Section in January 1947 from the United States, where he had been involved with the ENIAC and its projected successor, the EDVAC. Shortly after Huskey's arrival Womersley suggested that he visit Manchester and Cambridge and prepare a report that set out the status of each of the several computer projects in Britain and the United States. Topics covered here include memory, input and output, computing machine, logical aspects, and checking.Less
This chapter presents a report by Harry D. Huskey. Huskey came to the NPL ACE Section in January 1947 from the United States, where he had been involved with the ENIAC and its projected successor, the EDVAC. Shortly after Huskey's arrival Womersley suggested that he visit Manchester and Cambridge and prepare a report that set out the status of each of the several computer projects in Britain and the United States. Topics covered here include memory, input and output, computing machine, logical aspects, and checking.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534661
- eISBN:
- 9780191715921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534661.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
Predictive models should be as simple as one can get away with, and they must not predict absurdities. They join the parsimony of “Occam's razor” to the “Sherlock Holmes principle”: Show how things ...
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Predictive models should be as simple as one can get away with, and they must not predict absurdities. They join the parsimony of “Occam's razor” to the “Sherlock Holmes principle”: Show how things cannot be connected, and only one acceptable form of relationship may remain – or very few. Conceptual models must not predict absurdities even under extreme circumstances. All too many variables are interdependent rather than “independent” or “dependent,” so it is safer to talk about input and output variables under given conditions.Less
Predictive models should be as simple as one can get away with, and they must not predict absurdities. They join the parsimony of “Occam's razor” to the “Sherlock Holmes principle”: Show how things cannot be connected, and only one acceptable form of relationship may remain – or very few. Conceptual models must not predict absurdities even under extreme circumstances. All too many variables are interdependent rather than “independent” or “dependent,” so it is safer to talk about input and output variables under given conditions.
Michio Morishima
- Published in print:
- 1963
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198281450
- eISBN:
- 9780191596650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198281455.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses formal similarities between the exchange equilibrium under weak gross substitutability and the static input–output system as represented by various Leontief‐type models. By ...
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This chapter discusses formal similarities between the exchange equilibrium under weak gross substitutability and the static input–output system as represented by various Leontief‐type models. By algebraic operations alone (no infinite processes being used), it is seen that the Hicksian laws of comparative statics and the Le Chatelier–Samuelson principle hold in both systems.Less
This chapter discusses formal similarities between the exchange equilibrium under weak gross substitutability and the static input–output system as represented by various Leontief‐type models. By algebraic operations alone (no infinite processes being used), it is seen that the Hicksian laws of comparative statics and the Le Chatelier–Samuelson principle hold in both systems.
Michio Morishima
- Published in print:
- 1963
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198281450
- eISBN:
- 9780191596650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198281455.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter and the previous one are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. However, they assume different types of ...
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This chapter and the previous one are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. However, they assume different types of production functions––neoclassical production functions in Ch. 3, and discrete ’activities’ or processes in Ch. 4, and the model presented in Ch. 4 is more dynamic in character than that in Ch. 3. Various effects of technological improvements and correlations among prices, wages, and the interest rate are discussed, and it is seen that an efficient balanced growth path exists. Chapter 4, in particular, examines the stability of the balanced growth path as well as that of the long‐run equilibrium prices. The author is also concerned with the possibility of the golden age in the model––a multisectoral version of Robinson's problem.Less
This chapter and the previous one are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. However, they assume different types of production functions––neoclassical production functions in Ch. 3, and discrete ’activities’ or processes in Ch. 4, and the model presented in Ch. 4 is more dynamic in character than that in Ch. 3. Various effects of technological improvements and correlations among prices, wages, and the interest rate are discussed, and it is seen that an efficient balanced growth path exists. Chapter 4, in particular, examines the stability of the balanced growth path as well as that of the long‐run equilibrium prices. The author is also concerned with the possibility of the golden age in the model––a multisectoral version of Robinson's problem.
Edward Wolff
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199646685
- eISBN:
- 9780191748998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646685.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter speculates that technological spillover effects may have become more important over time as information technology (IT) penetrated the US economy. The rationale is that IT may speed up ...
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This chapter speculates that technological spillover effects may have become more important over time as information technology (IT) penetrated the US economy. The rationale is that IT may speed up the process of knowledge transfer and make these knowledge spillovers more effective. Using US input-output tables for years 1958 through 2007, the chapter compares my new results with Wolff and Nadiri (1993) covering years 1947–1977 and Wolff (1997) covering 1958–1987. The chapter estimates that the direct rate of return to R&D is now 22% and the indirect rate of return to R&D is 37%. The former is higher and the latter has a higher significance level than in the previous studies. Separate regressions on the 1958-1987 and 1987-2007 periods and the addition of successive periods to the sample also suggest a strengthening of R&D spillovers between the 1958–1987 and 1987–2007 periods. These results suggest a strengthening of the R&D spillover effect over time.Less
This chapter speculates that technological spillover effects may have become more important over time as information technology (IT) penetrated the US economy. The rationale is that IT may speed up the process of knowledge transfer and make these knowledge spillovers more effective. Using US input-output tables for years 1958 through 2007, the chapter compares my new results with Wolff and Nadiri (1993) covering years 1947–1977 and Wolff (1997) covering 1958–1987. The chapter estimates that the direct rate of return to R&D is now 22% and the indirect rate of return to R&D is 37%. The former is higher and the latter has a higher significance level than in the previous studies. Separate regressions on the 1958-1987 and 1987-2007 periods and the addition of successive periods to the sample also suggest a strengthening of R&D spillovers between the 1958–1987 and 1987–2007 periods. These results suggest a strengthening of the R&D spillover effect over time.
Frederic H. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195148213
- eISBN:
- 9780199790449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148213.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Ungulate grazing, primarily by elk and bison, accelerates nitrogen cycling within the northern-range system by consumption, digestion, excretion, and subsequent mineralization. Ungulate use does not ...
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Ungulate grazing, primarily by elk and bison, accelerates nitrogen cycling within the northern-range system by consumption, digestion, excretion, and subsequent mineralization. Ungulate use does not in and of itself increase or decrease the total nitrogen content of the system. The content is determined by input-output processes that include fixation, denitrification, volatilization, soil erosion, aerosol transport, and seasonal elk movements. Without measurements of the input-output processes, no nitrogen budget for the system can be formulated.Less
Ungulate grazing, primarily by elk and bison, accelerates nitrogen cycling within the northern-range system by consumption, digestion, excretion, and subsequent mineralization. Ungulate use does not in and of itself increase or decrease the total nitrogen content of the system. The content is determined by input-output processes that include fixation, denitrification, volatilization, soil erosion, aerosol transport, and seasonal elk movements. Without measurements of the input-output processes, no nitrogen budget for the system can be formulated.
Ernesto Screpanti and Stefano Zamagni
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199279142
- eISBN:
- 9780191602887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199279144.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
Deals with the reaction of the Neoclassical School to the criticism levied against it in the inter-war period. Emphasizes the developments of general equilibrium theory and the birth of the new ...
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Deals with the reaction of the Neoclassical School to the criticism levied against it in the inter-war period. Emphasizes the developments of general equilibrium theory and the birth of the new welfare economics due to L. Robbins. Examines the debate on economic calculation under socialism and the birth of the institutional school due to T. Veblen.Less
Deals with the reaction of the Neoclassical School to the criticism levied against it in the inter-war period. Emphasizes the developments of general equilibrium theory and the birth of the new welfare economics due to L. Robbins. Examines the debate on economic calculation under socialism and the birth of the institutional school due to T. Veblen.
Michio Morishima
- Published in print:
- 1963
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198281450
- eISBN:
- 9780191596650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198281455.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Chapters 3 and the following one are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. However, they assume different types of ...
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Chapters 3 and the following one are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. However, they assume different types of production functions: neoclassical production functions in Ch. 3 and discrete ’activities’ in Ch. 4. Various effects of technological improvements and correlations among prices, wages, and the interest rate are discussed, and it is seen that an efficient balanced growth path exists. A note to Ch. 3 establishes the existence of a solution to the Walrasian equations of capital formation and credit.Less
Chapters 3 and the following one are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. However, they assume different types of production functions: neoclassical production functions in Ch. 3 and discrete ’activities’ in Ch. 4. Various effects of technological improvements and correlations among prices, wages, and the interest rate are discussed, and it is seen that an efficient balanced growth path exists. A note to Ch. 3 establishes the existence of a solution to the Walrasian equations of capital formation and credit.