C. B. Martin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199234103
- eISBN:
- 9780191715570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234103.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of tactile-motor-kinaesthetic perceiving. It argues that through use of the tactile-motor-kinaesthetic sensory input and imagery that we learn the ...
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This chapter begins with a brief discussion of tactile-motor-kinaesthetic perceiving. It argues that through use of the tactile-motor-kinaesthetic sensory input and imagery that we learn the boundaries of self and not-self, and the geography of our own bodies and the three-dimensionality of things and of spaces between them. It then introduces the ‘Feeling Once, Feeling Twice Phenomenon’ that is manifested when you place your hands on a surface and what you feel with your hands does not feel back; then, as you move your hands to come into contact with one another, what you feel does (even quite sensuously so) feel back. What feels back, and what is felt as continuous (for instance, ends of the hair) with that, forms the geography of your body and its limits against what is not your body, namely, what does not feel back.Less
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of tactile-motor-kinaesthetic perceiving. It argues that through use of the tactile-motor-kinaesthetic sensory input and imagery that we learn the boundaries of self and not-self, and the geography of our own bodies and the three-dimensionality of things and of spaces between them. It then introduces the ‘Feeling Once, Feeling Twice Phenomenon’ that is manifested when you place your hands on a surface and what you feel with your hands does not feel back; then, as you move your hands to come into contact with one another, what you feel does (even quite sensuously so) feel back. What feels back, and what is felt as continuous (for instance, ends of the hair) with that, forms the geography of your body and its limits against what is not your body, namely, what does not feel back.
Michio Morishima
- Published in print:
- 1963
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198281450
- eISBN:
- 9780191596650
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198281455.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book brings together papers that were published by the author in several journals, and which have been revised and contain some new material. The main model carried through the whole book is ...
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This book brings together papers that were published by the author in several journals, and which have been revised and contain some new material. The main model carried through the whole book is Leontief's input–output system, which is dynamized from various points of view. Chapter 1 discusses formal similarities between the exchange equilibrium under weak gross substitutability and the static input–output system. Chapter 2 is concerned with the stability of the mixed Walras–Leontief system. Chapters 3 and 4 are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. Chapters 5 and 6 are devoted to an analysis of the von Neumann model of economic expansion, which may be considered as a variant of the dynamic Leontief system. Finally, an Appendix generalizes the classical theorems on non‐negative matrices to systems of non‐linear and homogeneous functions.Less
This book brings together papers that were published by the author in several journals, and which have been revised and contain some new material. The main model carried through the whole book is Leontief's input–output system, which is dynamized from various points of view. Chapter 1 discusses formal similarities between the exchange equilibrium under weak gross substitutability and the static input–output system. Chapter 2 is concerned with the stability of the mixed Walras–Leontief system. Chapters 3 and 4 are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. Chapters 5 and 6 are devoted to an analysis of the von Neumann model of economic expansion, which may be considered as a variant of the dynamic Leontief system. Finally, an Appendix generalizes the classical theorems on non‐negative matrices to systems of non‐linear and homogeneous functions.
J. R. Hicks
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198772866
- eISBN:
- 9780191596414
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198772866.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This book, first published in 1973, takes up an important approach to capital which had gone out of fashion. There has been some recent renewed interest in this approach. The ‘Austrian’ theory of ...
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This book, first published in 1973, takes up an important approach to capital which had gone out of fashion. There has been some recent renewed interest in this approach. The ‘Austrian’ theory of capital concentrates on the inputs and outputs in the productive process, and has an advantage over more modern theories of economic dynamics in that it is more naturally expressible in economic terms: the production process over time is taken as a whole, rather than disintegrated. However, this approach had been largely abandoned because it seemed to be unable to deal with fixed capital. The book overcomes this problem here by allowing for a sequence of outputs, and the consequences for dynamic economics are profound and novel.Less
This book, first published in 1973, takes up an important approach to capital which had gone out of fashion. There has been some recent renewed interest in this approach. The ‘Austrian’ theory of capital concentrates on the inputs and outputs in the productive process, and has an advantage over more modern theories of economic dynamics in that it is more naturally expressible in economic terms: the production process over time is taken as a whole, rather than disintegrated. However, this approach had been largely abandoned because it seemed to be unable to deal with fixed capital. The book overcomes this problem here by allowing for a sequence of outputs, and the consequences for dynamic economics are profound and novel.
W. M. Gorman
C. Blackorby and A. F. Shorrocks (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198285212
- eISBN:
- 9780191596322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198285213.003.0026
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
A weakness of the paper ’Aggregation in the short and long run’ (Ch. 25) is the use of strong convexity assumptions––these assumptions seem easier to justify in the short run, rather than the long ...
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A weakness of the paper ’Aggregation in the short and long run’ (Ch. 25) is the use of strong convexity assumptions––these assumptions seem easier to justify in the short run, rather than the long run. In this paper (which is from an unpublished typescript from Nuffield College, Oxford, 1982), all firms, actual and potential, have constant‐returns‐to‐scale technologies, hence, those that actually exist in any particular equilibrium are determined endogenously, but their outputs are of course undetermined; this is consistent with the structure of many general equilibrium models. Gorman begins by assuming that there is an input aggregate in each firm as well as in the economy as a whole; as in Ch. 25, this implies the existence of an output aggregate in each firm and in the economy. Equilibrium is characterized by zero profits and a finite production plan for every firm, and this in turn determines those firms that exist in the equilibrium. The main result is one seen in the previous aggregation papers: an aggregate exists if and only if it is deployed efficiently among those firms producing positive outputs.Less
A weakness of the paper ’Aggregation in the short and long run’ (Ch. 25) is the use of strong convexity assumptions––these assumptions seem easier to justify in the short run, rather than the long run. In this paper (which is from an unpublished typescript from Nuffield College, Oxford, 1982), all firms, actual and potential, have constant‐returns‐to‐scale technologies, hence, those that actually exist in any particular equilibrium are determined endogenously, but their outputs are of course undetermined; this is consistent with the structure of many general equilibrium models. Gorman begins by assuming that there is an input aggregate in each firm as well as in the economy as a whole; as in Ch. 25, this implies the existence of an output aggregate in each firm and in the economy. Equilibrium is characterized by zero profits and a finite production plan for every firm, and this in turn determines those firms that exist in the equilibrium. The main result is one seen in the previous aggregation papers: an aggregate exists if and only if it is deployed efficiently among those firms producing positive outputs.
John P. Burkett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195189629
- eISBN:
- 9780199850778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189629.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter discusses microeconomic theories of marginal products and factor proportions. It explains that factor's marginal product is the ratio of an increase in output to a small increase in ...
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This chapter discusses microeconomic theories of marginal products and factor proportions. It explains that factor's marginal product is the ratio of an increase in output to a small increase in input of that factor, other factors being held constant. In the case of constant returns to scale, marginal products depend on inputs only through factor proportions. Several relevant computational exercises and their solutions are provided.Less
This chapter discusses microeconomic theories of marginal products and factor proportions. It explains that factor's marginal product is the ratio of an increase in output to a small increase in input of that factor, other factors being held constant. In the case of constant returns to scale, marginal products depend on inputs only through factor proportions. Several relevant computational exercises and their solutions are provided.
Mette Elise Jolly
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199213078
- eISBN:
- 9780191707155
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213078.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter opens with a review of the literature on democracy in the European Union. The most commonly raised ‘deficits’ are discussed, including the argument that the EU lacks accountability, the ...
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This chapter opens with a review of the literature on democracy in the European Union. The most commonly raised ‘deficits’ are discussed, including the argument that the EU lacks accountability, the notion that qualified majority voting can be viewed as undemocratic, the alleged problems caused by extensive lobbying, the social critique, and the socio-psychological argument. It is argued that the socio-psychological question is the most fundamental as this underlies all other discussions about the future of the EU and the EU institutions.Less
This chapter opens with a review of the literature on democracy in the European Union. The most commonly raised ‘deficits’ are discussed, including the argument that the EU lacks accountability, the notion that qualified majority voting can be viewed as undemocratic, the alleged problems caused by extensive lobbying, the social critique, and the socio-psychological argument. It is argued that the socio-psychological question is the most fundamental as this underlies all other discussions about the future of the EU and the EU institutions.
Fred Campano and Dominick Salvatore
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195300918
- eISBN:
- 9780199783441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195300912.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Income distribution models can be incorporated in all kinds of data-based economic macro-models. This chapter shows how this may be accomplished in long- and short-term econometric models. An ...
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Income distribution models can be incorporated in all kinds of data-based economic macro-models. This chapter shows how this may be accomplished in long- and short-term econometric models. An introduction to SAM-based models is also given.Less
Income distribution models can be incorporated in all kinds of data-based economic macro-models. This chapter shows how this may be accomplished in long- and short-term econometric models. An introduction to SAM-based models is also given.
Andrea M. Herrmann
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199543434
- eISBN:
- 9780191715693
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543434.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy, Political Economy
This chapter summarizes and interprets the results obtained throughout the book. It recapitulates that international institutions and contracts serve as functional equivalents to national ...
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This chapter summarizes and interprets the results obtained throughout the book. It recapitulates that international institutions and contracts serve as functional equivalents to national institutions since they enable firms to secure required input factors for different competitive strategies and, hence, to compete despite comparative institutional disadvantages. Elaborating on these findings, the chapter shows how they can contribute to current theoretical debates. More concretely, they shed light on suggestions found in strategic management theories that underscore factor heterogeneity; on arguments in the institutional literature about how institutions matter; on suggestions about how national policy-making can promote corporate competitiveness; and on convergence and divergence theories of internationalization and its influence on entrepreneurial practices.Less
This chapter summarizes and interprets the results obtained throughout the book. It recapitulates that international institutions and contracts serve as functional equivalents to national institutions since they enable firms to secure required input factors for different competitive strategies and, hence, to compete despite comparative institutional disadvantages. Elaborating on these findings, the chapter shows how they can contribute to current theoretical debates. More concretely, they shed light on suggestions found in strategic management theories that underscore factor heterogeneity; on arguments in the institutional literature about how institutions matter; on suggestions about how national policy-making can promote corporate competitiveness; and on convergence and divergence theories of internationalization and its influence on entrepreneurial practices.
Alvin I. Goldman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195138924
- eISBN:
- 9780199786480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195138929.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Most cognitive scientists and many philosophers of mind resist the traditional notion that the mind has a special method of monitoring or accessing its own current mental states. We review the ...
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Most cognitive scientists and many philosophers of mind resist the traditional notion that the mind has a special method of monitoring or accessing its own current mental states. We review the critiques of both philosophers (Wittgenstein, Burge, Shoemaker) and cognitive scientists (Gazzaniga, Nisbett and Wilson, Gopnik), based on confabulation or self/other parallelism, and find all to be wanting. We then examine the more congenial monitoring account of Nichols and Stich, but find it incapable of handling the problem of attitude-type identification. A nuanced special-method approach is presented that combines introspection (inner recognition) for self-attributing state-types and redeployment for self-attributing attitude contents. The question of what the input-properties are for introspection is addressed at length.Less
Most cognitive scientists and many philosophers of mind resist the traditional notion that the mind has a special method of monitoring or accessing its own current mental states. We review the critiques of both philosophers (Wittgenstein, Burge, Shoemaker) and cognitive scientists (Gazzaniga, Nisbett and Wilson, Gopnik), based on confabulation or self/other parallelism, and find all to be wanting. We then examine the more congenial monitoring account of Nichols and Stich, but find it incapable of handling the problem of attitude-type identification. A nuanced special-method approach is presented that combines introspection (inner recognition) for self-attributing state-types and redeployment for self-attributing attitude contents. The question of what the input-properties are for introspection is addressed at length.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534661
- eISBN:
- 9780191715921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534661.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
Predictive models should be as simple as one can get away with, and they must not predict absurdities. They join the parsimony of “Occam's razor” to the “Sherlock Holmes principle”: Show how things ...
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Predictive models should be as simple as one can get away with, and they must not predict absurdities. They join the parsimony of “Occam's razor” to the “Sherlock Holmes principle”: Show how things cannot be connected, and only one acceptable form of relationship may remain – or very few. Conceptual models must not predict absurdities even under extreme circumstances. All too many variables are interdependent rather than “independent” or “dependent,” so it is safer to talk about input and output variables under given conditions.Less
Predictive models should be as simple as one can get away with, and they must not predict absurdities. They join the parsimony of “Occam's razor” to the “Sherlock Holmes principle”: Show how things cannot be connected, and only one acceptable form of relationship may remain – or very few. Conceptual models must not predict absurdities even under extreme circumstances. All too many variables are interdependent rather than “independent” or “dependent,” so it is safer to talk about input and output variables under given conditions.
Hillel Steiner
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242689
- eISBN:
- 9780191598715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242682.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
There is an important distinction between a person's ’initial genetic endowment’ and his ’post‐conception inputs’ such as nutrition and education. From a left‐libertarian perspective that views ...
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There is an important distinction between a person's ’initial genetic endowment’ and his ’post‐conception inputs’ such as nutrition and education. From a left‐libertarian perspective that views persons as self‐owning, children have an enforceable claim that parents should provide adequate ’post‐conception’ inputs. Moreover, with the revolution in genetic science, it is now possible to effect genetic changes without altering identity. If so, children can, in principle, claim a right against ’genetic‐disablement’.Less
There is an important distinction between a person's ’initial genetic endowment’ and his ’post‐conception inputs’ such as nutrition and education. From a left‐libertarian perspective that views persons as self‐owning, children have an enforceable claim that parents should provide adequate ’post‐conception’ inputs. Moreover, with the revolution in genetic science, it is now possible to effect genetic changes without altering identity. If so, children can, in principle, claim a right against ’genetic‐disablement’.
Robert E. Goodin
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256174
- eISBN:
- 9780191599354
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256179.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This is the first of four chapters on value democracy, and focuses on ‘input democracy’, which aims to give everyone (or, alternatively, every distinct affected interest) a ‘voice’, rather than ...
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This is the first of four chapters on value democracy, and focuses on ‘input democracy’, which aims to give everyone (or, alternatively, every distinct affected interest) a ‘voice’, rather than necessarily an equal (understood as ‘equally effective’) ‘say’ over the ultimate outcome, and stands in contrast to ‘output democracy’. The two terms (or models) mark a distinction between a concern with the early and late stages of the political process, and can be viewed as who gets a vote versus how votes are aggregated; they are, of course, causally connected; while the two models are thus empirically intertwined, they are analytically distinct, and the analytics can sometimes be of practical consequence as well. After sketching the central concerns of the two models generically, Schumpeter's model is presented as the paradigmatically output‐oriented account. What might be regarded as a paradigmatically input‐oriented model is then sketched to contrast with it; this, although an analytic construct, is loosely modelled on and represented by the sort of ‘consultative democracy’ characteristic of the Nordic countries and, indeed, of ‘corporatist’ and ‘consociational’ democracies worldwide. The different sections of the chapter are: Against a Preoccupation with Outputs; Institutional Embodiments: Contrasting the Limiting Cases—Schumpeterian democracy and consultative democracy; and Why Inputs Matter, Democratically.Less
This is the first of four chapters on value democracy, and focuses on ‘input democracy’, which aims to give everyone (or, alternatively, every distinct affected interest) a ‘voice’, rather than necessarily an equal (understood as ‘equally effective’) ‘say’ over the ultimate outcome, and stands in contrast to ‘output democracy’. The two terms (or models) mark a distinction between a concern with the early and late stages of the political process, and can be viewed as who gets a vote versus how votes are aggregated; they are, of course, causally connected; while the two models are thus empirically intertwined, they are analytically distinct, and the analytics can sometimes be of practical consequence as well. After sketching the central concerns of the two models generically, Schumpeter's model is presented as the paradigmatically output‐oriented account. What might be regarded as a paradigmatically input‐oriented model is then sketched to contrast with it; this, although an analytic construct, is loosely modelled on and represented by the sort of ‘consultative democracy’ characteristic of the Nordic countries and, indeed, of ‘corporatist’ and ‘consociational’ democracies worldwide. The different sections of the chapter are: Against a Preoccupation with Outputs; Institutional Embodiments: Contrasting the Limiting Cases—Schumpeterian democracy and consultative democracy; and Why Inputs Matter, Democratically.
John Peterson and Laurence J. O'Toole
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199245000
- eISBN:
- 9780191599996
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245002.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The authors start by pointing out that as institutional forms for the governance of polities on a massive scale in the USA and the EU, networks face serious and potentially disabling challenges in ...
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The authors start by pointing out that as institutional forms for the governance of polities on a massive scale in the USA and the EU, networks face serious and potentially disabling challenges in terms of legitimacy. Network forms of governance tend to advantage experts or sophisticated actors who are familiar with all levels of government in federal systems, as opposed to ordinary citizens. To ignore the normative questions about input legitimacy to which network governance gives rise to risks weakening the democratic foundations of the federalist contracts that bind together levels of governance, public, quasi‐public, and private actors, and states and citizens in Europe and America. The argument is presented in four sections: first, an explanation is given of why network forms of governance have proliferated and the legitimacy issues that arise are considered, yielding a set of assessment criteria to be applied in framing analyses of legitimacy in different, real‐world political systems; second, an examination is made of networks in the EU; third, an assessment is offered of network structures in American governance; last, network structures in the two polities are compared and contrasted, highlighting both critical issues and network features with implications for legitimacy, as well as ways in which the democratic deficit that plagues network forms of governance might be closed.Less
The authors start by pointing out that as institutional forms for the governance of polities on a massive scale in the USA and the EU, networks face serious and potentially disabling challenges in terms of legitimacy. Network forms of governance tend to advantage experts or sophisticated actors who are familiar with all levels of government in federal systems, as opposed to ordinary citizens. To ignore the normative questions about input legitimacy to which network governance gives rise to risks weakening the democratic foundations of the federalist contracts that bind together levels of governance, public, quasi‐public, and private actors, and states and citizens in Europe and America. The argument is presented in four sections: first, an explanation is given of why network forms of governance have proliferated and the legitimacy issues that arise are considered, yielding a set of assessment criteria to be applied in framing analyses of legitimacy in different, real‐world political systems; second, an examination is made of networks in the EU; third, an assessment is offered of network structures in American governance; last, network structures in the two polities are compared and contrasted, highlighting both critical issues and network features with implications for legitimacy, as well as ways in which the democratic deficit that plagues network forms of governance might be closed.
Simona Piattoni
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199562923
- eISBN:
- 9780191721656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562923.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
Are MLG decisions legitimate? If so, are they legitimate because they are effective or because they are inclusive? What are the legitimacy standards for EU decision‐making? What are the democracy ...
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Are MLG decisions legitimate? If so, are they legitimate because they are effective or because they are inclusive? What are the legitimacy standards for EU decision‐making? What are the democracy standards in a post‐state system? These are fairly common questions in today's debate about the EU, yet they have not yet found an answer. This section of the book addresses three dimensions of this debate that have often been raised with regard to MLG (and other types of) governance: input legitimacy, output legitimacy, democracy. This chapter clarifies the standards by which MLG arrangements should be normatively assessed and sets up the structure of the chapters to come.Less
Are MLG decisions legitimate? If so, are they legitimate because they are effective or because they are inclusive? What are the legitimacy standards for EU decision‐making? What are the democracy standards in a post‐state system? These are fairly common questions in today's debate about the EU, yet they have not yet found an answer. This section of the book addresses three dimensions of this debate that have often been raised with regard to MLG (and other types of) governance: input legitimacy, output legitimacy, democracy. This chapter clarifies the standards by which MLG arrangements should be normatively assessed and sets up the structure of the chapters to come.
Simona Piattoni
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199562923
- eISBN:
- 9780191721656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562923.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
”Input legitimacy“ is an important legitimating factor in EU decision‐making. This chapter explores the normative argument for input legitimacy by analyzing three input dimensions: authorization, ...
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”Input legitimacy“ is an important legitimating factor in EU decision‐making. This chapter explores the normative argument for input legitimacy by analyzing three input dimensions: authorization, representation, and participation. It debates the plausibility of arguments that would want to replace territorial political representation with ”organic“ and ”functional“ forms of representation.Less
”Input legitimacy“ is an important legitimating factor in EU decision‐making. This chapter explores the normative argument for input legitimacy by analyzing three input dimensions: authorization, representation, and participation. It debates the plausibility of arguments that would want to replace territorial political representation with ”organic“ and ”functional“ forms of representation.
Harry D. Huskey
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198565932
- eISBN:
- 9780191714016
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565932.003.0024
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter presents a report by Harry D. Huskey. Huskey came to the NPL ACE Section in January 1947 from the United States, where he had been involved with the ENIAC and its projected successor, ...
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This chapter presents a report by Harry D. Huskey. Huskey came to the NPL ACE Section in January 1947 from the United States, where he had been involved with the ENIAC and its projected successor, the EDVAC. Shortly after Huskey's arrival Womersley suggested that he visit Manchester and Cambridge and prepare a report that set out the status of each of the several computer projects in Britain and the United States. Topics covered here include memory, input and output, computing machine, logical aspects, and checking.Less
This chapter presents a report by Harry D. Huskey. Huskey came to the NPL ACE Section in January 1947 from the United States, where he had been involved with the ENIAC and its projected successor, the EDVAC. Shortly after Huskey's arrival Womersley suggested that he visit Manchester and Cambridge and prepare a report that set out the status of each of the several computer projects in Britain and the United States. Topics covered here include memory, input and output, computing machine, logical aspects, and checking.
Hiroshi Imamizu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Internal models are neural mechanisms that mimic the input-output properties of controlled objects, possibly enabling skillful control of our bodies and external tools. This chapter reviews a series ...
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Internal models are neural mechanisms that mimic the input-output properties of controlled objects, possibly enabling skillful control of our bodies and external tools. This chapter reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies investigating the acquisition of an internal model for a novel tool in the human cerebellum, modular organization of internal models for tools with different input-output properties, and switching mechanisms of internal models in the parietal-cerebellar network. Although these studies investigated skills for novel tools, they show intuitive instances of neural mechanisms supporting the acquisition and flexible selection of appropriate skills. A recent study on brain activity related to the imaginary use of common tools (e.g., scissors and a hammer) suggested that the neural mechanisms found in previous work (on uncommon objects and tools) are partly shared by skills for common tools. The chapter discusses how skills acquired in the cerebellum differ from those acquired in the frontal-parietal network, which have long been investigated in neuropsychological studies.Less
Internal models are neural mechanisms that mimic the input-output properties of controlled objects, possibly enabling skillful control of our bodies and external tools. This chapter reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies investigating the acquisition of an internal model for a novel tool in the human cerebellum, modular organization of internal models for tools with different input-output properties, and switching mechanisms of internal models in the parietal-cerebellar network. Although these studies investigated skills for novel tools, they show intuitive instances of neural mechanisms supporting the acquisition and flexible selection of appropriate skills. A recent study on brain activity related to the imaginary use of common tools (e.g., scissors and a hammer) suggested that the neural mechanisms found in previous work (on uncommon objects and tools) are partly shared by skills for common tools. The chapter discusses how skills acquired in the cerebellum differ from those acquired in the frontal-parietal network, which have long been investigated in neuropsychological studies.
Edmund Rolls and Gustavo Deco
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198524885
- eISBN:
- 9780191689277
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524885.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Vision
This book presents the highly complex subject of vision, focusing on the visual information processing and computational operations in the visual system that lead to representations of objects in the ...
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This book presents the highly complex subject of vision, focusing on the visual information processing and computational operations in the visual system that lead to representations of objects in the brain. In addition to visual processing, it also considers how visual inputs reach and are involved in the computations underlying a wide range of behaviour, thus providing a foundation for understanding the operation of a number of different brain systems.Less
This book presents the highly complex subject of vision, focusing on the visual information processing and computational operations in the visual system that lead to representations of objects in the brain. In addition to visual processing, it also considers how visual inputs reach and are involved in the computations underlying a wide range of behaviour, thus providing a foundation for understanding the operation of a number of different brain systems.
S. N. Afriat
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284611
- eISBN:
- 9780191595844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284616.003.0019
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This is the second of six chapters on the logic of price, and reviews the characteristics of Leontief's input–output method. The six sections of the chapter are: Quesnay's tableau économique; the ...
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This is the second of six chapters on the logic of price, and reviews the characteristics of Leontief's input–output method. The six sections of the chapter are: Quesnay's tableau économique; the Leontief matrix; production planning; Leontief and Zeno (Zeno's Paradox); productive systems; and a computer demonstration (of Leontief's input–output model).Less
This is the second of six chapters on the logic of price, and reviews the characteristics of Leontief's input–output method. The six sections of the chapter are: Quesnay's tableau économique; the Leontief matrix; production planning; Leontief and Zeno (Zeno's Paradox); productive systems; and a computer demonstration (of Leontief's input–output model).
Alan Frieze and Eric Vigoda
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198571278
- eISBN:
- 9780191718885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198571278.003.0004
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
In recent years, considerable progress has been made on the analysis of Markov chains for generating a random colouring of an input graph. These improvements have come in conjunction with refinements ...
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In recent years, considerable progress has been made on the analysis of Markov chains for generating a random colouring of an input graph. These improvements have come in conjunction with refinements of the coupling method, which is a classical tool in probability theory. This chapter surveys results on generating random colourings and related technical improvements. It focuses on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms for approximately counting the number of k-colourings of a graph.Less
In recent years, considerable progress has been made on the analysis of Markov chains for generating a random colouring of an input graph. These improvements have come in conjunction with refinements of the coupling method, which is a classical tool in probability theory. This chapter surveys results on generating random colourings and related technical improvements. It focuses on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms for approximately counting the number of k-colourings of a graph.
