Jacob G. Birnberg and Michael D. Shields
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199546350
- eISBN:
- 9780191720048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546350.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
Anthony Hopwood has been the enthusiastic innovator of the radical and original idea that management accounting research should study management accounting in its organizational and social contexts, ...
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Anthony Hopwood has been the enthusiastic innovator of the radical and original idea that management accounting research should study management accounting in its organizational and social contexts, informed by organizational and social theories, using field research methods. This chapter describes, analyzes, and discusses Anthony's innovation and his strategy for diffusing it in the U.S. using four communication channels — his research publications, his interpersonal network with US researchers; founding and editing Accounting, Organizations and Society (AOS); and research conferences associated with AOS. The interpretation of the case study evidence is that in the U.S. most researchers adopting Anthony's innovation focused only on the organizational context of management accounting. This chapter identifies five ‘gaps’ that have limited the diffusion of Anthony's radical innovation in the U.S. Future success in diffusing Anthony's innovation in the U.S. will depend on reducing these gaps.Less
Anthony Hopwood has been the enthusiastic innovator of the radical and original idea that management accounting research should study management accounting in its organizational and social contexts, informed by organizational and social theories, using field research methods. This chapter describes, analyzes, and discusses Anthony's innovation and his strategy for diffusing it in the U.S. using four communication channels — his research publications, his interpersonal network with US researchers; founding and editing Accounting, Organizations and Society (AOS); and research conferences associated with AOS. The interpretation of the case study evidence is that in the U.S. most researchers adopting Anthony's innovation focused only on the organizational context of management accounting. This chapter identifies five ‘gaps’ that have limited the diffusion of Anthony's radical innovation in the U.S. Future success in diffusing Anthony's innovation in the U.S. will depend on reducing these gaps.
Geoff Mulgan
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691165745
- eISBN:
- 9781400866199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165745.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter applies the theories to practice, describing the threads that may lead to radically different social and economic arrangements in the future. It shows how at decisive moments in history ...
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This chapter applies the theories to practice, describing the threads that may lead to radically different social and economic arrangements in the future. It shows how at decisive moments in history whole societies have remade themselves, not through violent revolutions but through rough agreements that allowed capitalism to evolve. Always these accommodations took ideas and organizations that already existed, albeit on the margins, and made them central; and always they had a strongly moral tone. Reformers, radicals, and what scholars now call social innovators provided the menus from which new deals could be cooked, and they helped capitalism to become more civilized by giving people a voice. The chapter sets out elements that can be drawn on to shape political programs in the years ahead, amplifying economic creativity and reining in predation.Less
This chapter applies the theories to practice, describing the threads that may lead to radically different social and economic arrangements in the future. It shows how at decisive moments in history whole societies have remade themselves, not through violent revolutions but through rough agreements that allowed capitalism to evolve. Always these accommodations took ideas and organizations that already existed, albeit on the margins, and made them central; and always they had a strongly moral tone. Reformers, radicals, and what scholars now call social innovators provided the menus from which new deals could be cooked, and they helped capitalism to become more civilized by giving people a voice. The chapter sets out elements that can be drawn on to shape political programs in the years ahead, amplifying economic creativity and reining in predation.
Simon M. Reader and Kevin N. Laland (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198526223
- eISBN:
- 9780191689406
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526223.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
In 1953 a young female Japanese macaque called Imo began washing sweet potatoes before eating them, presumably to remove dirt and sand grains. Soon other monkeys had adopted this behaviour, and ...
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In 1953 a young female Japanese macaque called Imo began washing sweet potatoes before eating them, presumably to remove dirt and sand grains. Soon other monkeys had adopted this behaviour, and potato washing gradually spread throughout the troop. When, three years after her first invention, Imo devised a second novel foraging behaviour, that of separating wheat from sand by throwing mixed handfuls into water and scooping out the floating grains, she was almost instantly heralded around the world as a ‘monkey genius’. Imo is probably the most celebrated of animal innovators. In fact, many animals will invent new behaviour patterns, adjust established behaviours to a novel context, or respond to stresses in an appropriate and novel manner. Innovation is an important component of behavioural flexibility, vital to the survival of individuals in species with generalist or opportunistic lifestyles, and potentially of critical importance to those endangered or threatened species forced to adjust to changed or impoverished environments. Innovation may also have played a central role in avian and primate brain evolution.Less
In 1953 a young female Japanese macaque called Imo began washing sweet potatoes before eating them, presumably to remove dirt and sand grains. Soon other monkeys had adopted this behaviour, and potato washing gradually spread throughout the troop. When, three years after her first invention, Imo devised a second novel foraging behaviour, that of separating wheat from sand by throwing mixed handfuls into water and scooping out the floating grains, she was almost instantly heralded around the world as a ‘monkey genius’. Imo is probably the most celebrated of animal innovators. In fact, many animals will invent new behaviour patterns, adjust established behaviours to a novel context, or respond to stresses in an appropriate and novel manner. Innovation is an important component of behavioural flexibility, vital to the survival of individuals in species with generalist or opportunistic lifestyles, and potentially of critical importance to those endangered or threatened species forced to adjust to changed or impoverished environments. Innovation may also have played a central role in avian and primate brain evolution.
J.G.A. Pocock and Richard Whatmore
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691172231
- eISBN:
- 9781400883516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691172231.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter adopts a formal and political approach to Machiavelli’s Il Principe (The Prince, 1532). Il Principe is a study of the “new prince”—or rather of that class of political innovators to ...
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This chapter adopts a formal and political approach to Machiavelli’s Il Principe (The Prince, 1532). Il Principe is a study of the “new prince”—or rather of that class of political innovators to which he belongs. Here, Machiavelli focuses on the relations between the innovator and fortune. Thus, this chapter seeks to bring out some of the work’s implications by relating them to two schemes of ideas: the one rehearsing the modes of cognizing and acting upon the particular which appear to have been available in medieval and Renaissance political thought; the other detailing humanist and Florentine thought on the relation of citizenship, virtue, and fortuna.Less
This chapter adopts a formal and political approach to Machiavelli’s Il Principe (The Prince, 1532). Il Principe is a study of the “new prince”—or rather of that class of political innovators to which he belongs. Here, Machiavelli focuses on the relations between the innovator and fortune. Thus, this chapter seeks to bring out some of the work’s implications by relating them to two schemes of ideas: the one rehearsing the modes of cognizing and acting upon the particular which appear to have been available in medieval and Renaissance political thought; the other detailing humanist and Florentine thought on the relation of citizenship, virtue, and fortuna.
Madame de Villedieu
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226144191
- eISBN:
- 9780226144214
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226144214.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
Known as Madame de Villedieu, Marie-Catherine Desjardins (ca. 1640–1683) was a prolific writer who played an important role in the evolution of the early modern French novel. One of the earliest ...
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Known as Madame de Villedieu, Marie-Catherine Desjardins (ca. 1640–1683) was a prolific writer who played an important role in the evolution of the early modern French novel. One of the earliest women to write for a living, she defied cultural convention by becoming an innovator and appealing to popular tastes through fiction, drama, and poetry. This book, a semi-autobiographical novel, portrays an enterprising woman who writes the story of her life, a complex tale that runs counter to social expectations and novelistic conventions. The story skillfully mixes real events from the author's life with fictional adventures.Less
Known as Madame de Villedieu, Marie-Catherine Desjardins (ca. 1640–1683) was a prolific writer who played an important role in the evolution of the early modern French novel. One of the earliest women to write for a living, she defied cultural convention by becoming an innovator and appealing to popular tastes through fiction, drama, and poetry. This book, a semi-autobiographical novel, portrays an enterprising woman who writes the story of her life, a complex tale that runs counter to social expectations and novelistic conventions. The story skillfully mixes real events from the author's life with fictional adventures.
Eric von Hippel
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035217
- eISBN:
- 9780262335461
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035217.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This book integrates new theory and research findings into the framework of a “free innovation paradigm.” Free innovation, as the book defines it, involves innovations developed by consumers who are ...
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This book integrates new theory and research findings into the framework of a “free innovation paradigm.” Free innovation, as the book defines it, involves innovations developed by consumers who are self-rewarded for their efforts, and who give their designs away “for free.” It is an inherently simple grassroots innovation process, unencumbered by compensated transactions and intellectual property rights. Free innovation is already widespread in national economies and is steadily increasing in both scale and scope. Today, tens of millions of consumers are collectively spending tens of billions of dollars annually on innovation development. However, because free innovations are developed during consumers' unpaid, discretionary time and are given away rather than sold, their collective impact and value have until very recently been hidden from view. This has caused researchers, governments, and firms to focus too much on the Schumpeterian idea of innovation as a producer-dominated activity. Free innovation has both advantages and drawbacks. Because free innovators are self-rewarded by such factors as personal utility, learning, and fun, they often pioneer new areas before producers see commercial potential. At the same time, because they give away their innovations, free innovators generally have very little incentive to invest in diffusing what they create, which reduces the social value of their efforts. The best solution, this book argues, is a division of labor between free innovators and producers, enabling each to do what they do best. The result will be both increased producer profits and increased social welfare—a gain for all.Less
This book integrates new theory and research findings into the framework of a “free innovation paradigm.” Free innovation, as the book defines it, involves innovations developed by consumers who are self-rewarded for their efforts, and who give their designs away “for free.” It is an inherently simple grassroots innovation process, unencumbered by compensated transactions and intellectual property rights. Free innovation is already widespread in national economies and is steadily increasing in both scale and scope. Today, tens of millions of consumers are collectively spending tens of billions of dollars annually on innovation development. However, because free innovations are developed during consumers' unpaid, discretionary time and are given away rather than sold, their collective impact and value have until very recently been hidden from view. This has caused researchers, governments, and firms to focus too much on the Schumpeterian idea of innovation as a producer-dominated activity. Free innovation has both advantages and drawbacks. Because free innovators are self-rewarded by such factors as personal utility, learning, and fun, they often pioneer new areas before producers see commercial potential. At the same time, because they give away their innovations, free innovators generally have very little incentive to invest in diffusing what they create, which reduces the social value of their efforts. The best solution, this book argues, is a division of labor between free innovators and producers, enabling each to do what they do best. The result will be both increased producer profits and increased social welfare—a gain for all.
Georg Von Krogh, Kazuo Ichijo, and Ikujiro Nonaka
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195126167
- eISBN:
- 9780199848720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195126167.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
Coming up with a business strategy that effectively incorporates all five enablers in the process of knowledge creation is a difficult task. Although taking this arduous path to the creation of new ...
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Coming up with a business strategy that effectively incorporates all five enablers in the process of knowledge creation is a difficult task. Although taking this arduous path to the creation of new knowledge may entail a multitude of various drawbacks and challenges, it is asserted that all the efforts exerted for this task are definitely believed to pay off. As this chapter summarizes the fundamental points of the book, it identifies the three broad types of initiatives that companies are starting to develop: risk minimizers, efficiency seekers, and innovators. In applying such concepts and beginning the path to knowledge creation, a company has to take a few fundamental first steps, such as identifying the company's expected challenges, which knowledge operation is most important for the company, and other such concerns. This concluding chapter explains what it means to take these first few steps, and emphasizes how important it is for managers to pursue knowledge creation endeavors.Less
Coming up with a business strategy that effectively incorporates all five enablers in the process of knowledge creation is a difficult task. Although taking this arduous path to the creation of new knowledge may entail a multitude of various drawbacks and challenges, it is asserted that all the efforts exerted for this task are definitely believed to pay off. As this chapter summarizes the fundamental points of the book, it identifies the three broad types of initiatives that companies are starting to develop: risk minimizers, efficiency seekers, and innovators. In applying such concepts and beginning the path to knowledge creation, a company has to take a few fundamental first steps, such as identifying the company's expected challenges, which knowledge operation is most important for the company, and other such concerns. This concluding chapter explains what it means to take these first few steps, and emphasizes how important it is for managers to pursue knowledge creation endeavors.
Albert N. Link and Donald S. Siegel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199268825
- eISBN:
- 9780191699290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268825.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Strategy
This chapter discusses, from an intellectual history perspective, the entrepreneur as innovator. It draws on the writings of early philosophers and economists. It looks at Joseph Schumpeter in ...
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This chapter discusses, from an intellectual history perspective, the entrepreneur as innovator. It draws on the writings of early philosophers and economists. It looks at Joseph Schumpeter in particular, who along with others has moulded the concept of the entrepreneur and has helped to define what he or she does as relates to innovation. The emphasis on this historical treatment of the entrepreneur follows from two premises. The first is that the entrepreneur, or entrepreneurship, is a term or concept that elicits a wide range of interpretations. The second premise follows in part from the first; contemporary teachings about entrepreneurship are for the most part void of an understanding and appreciation of the intellectual history related to the person or concept.Less
This chapter discusses, from an intellectual history perspective, the entrepreneur as innovator. It draws on the writings of early philosophers and economists. It looks at Joseph Schumpeter in particular, who along with others has moulded the concept of the entrepreneur and has helped to define what he or she does as relates to innovation. The emphasis on this historical treatment of the entrepreneur follows from two premises. The first is that the entrepreneur, or entrepreneurship, is a term or concept that elicits a wide range of interpretations. The second premise follows in part from the first; contemporary teachings about entrepreneurship are for the most part void of an understanding and appreciation of the intellectual history related to the person or concept.
Marc H. Meyer
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195180862
- eISBN:
- 9780199851270
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195180862.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
Segmenting markets for growth should provide one or more clear targets to which a company can extend its core technologies and other business assets. Those targets are some combination of new users ...
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Segmenting markets for growth should provide one or more clear targets to which a company can extend its core technologies and other business assets. Those targets are some combination of new users or new product or service uses relative to the company's existing customers and applications. The next step is to define user needs within those target markets. This type of activity—often called ethnography—is the best way to truly understand the needs and frustrations of potential customers. Target users are often served by existing solutions that must be displaced by a superior offering. That superiority must be based on more than cost. Clayton Christensen argued in The Innovator's Dilemma that new product lines that have a disruptive impact on an established market typically provide better functionality in addition to cost advantages. User-centered design links the needs, goals, and aspirations of target users to the design of new products and services.Less
Segmenting markets for growth should provide one or more clear targets to which a company can extend its core technologies and other business assets. Those targets are some combination of new users or new product or service uses relative to the company's existing customers and applications. The next step is to define user needs within those target markets. This type of activity—often called ethnography—is the best way to truly understand the needs and frustrations of potential customers. Target users are often served by existing solutions that must be displaced by a superior offering. That superiority must be based on more than cost. Clayton Christensen argued in The Innovator's Dilemma that new product lines that have a disruptive impact on an established market typically provide better functionality in addition to cost advantages. User-centered design links the needs, goals, and aspirations of target users to the design of new products and services.
Albert N. Link and Donald S. Siegel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199268825
- eISBN:
- 9780191699290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268825.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Strategy
This chapter examines the role of the government as a provider of technology infrastructure. It illustrates how technology infrastructure relates to earlier models of economic and productivity ...
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This chapter examines the role of the government as a provider of technology infrastructure. It illustrates how technology infrastructure relates to earlier models of economic and productivity growth, and offers an economic rationale for public sector support of innovation and a rationale for the government acting as an entrepreneur.Less
This chapter examines the role of the government as a provider of technology infrastructure. It illustrates how technology infrastructure relates to earlier models of economic and productivity growth, and offers an economic rationale for public sector support of innovation and a rationale for the government acting as an entrepreneur.
Wael B. Hallaq
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198240433
- eISBN:
- 9780191680175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198240433.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
The third point asserted in this chapter has to do with the doctrine that no judgement may be known except by means of syllogism, whose form and content has been stipulated. This is seen to be a ...
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The third point asserted in this chapter has to do with the doctrine that no judgement may be known except by means of syllogism, whose form and content has been stipulated. This is seen to be a negative proposition that is not self-evident. At the same time, there has not been any evidence to say that this is indeed proven, and in fact the logicians themselves admitted that they have made claims that they have not proven and argued without the benefit of knowledge. Establishing this negative proposition with certitude is believed to be impossible according to their own principles. In this regard, there has also been a lot of rejections by many religious innovators, speculative theologians, and philosophers of the prophetic reports which the traditionists retain.Less
The third point asserted in this chapter has to do with the doctrine that no judgement may be known except by means of syllogism, whose form and content has been stipulated. This is seen to be a negative proposition that is not self-evident. At the same time, there has not been any evidence to say that this is indeed proven, and in fact the logicians themselves admitted that they have made claims that they have not proven and argued without the benefit of knowledge. Establishing this negative proposition with certitude is believed to be impossible according to their own principles. In this regard, there has also been a lot of rejections by many religious innovators, speculative theologians, and philosophers of the prophetic reports which the traditionists retain.
Kathrin M. Möslein
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262018494
- eISBN:
- 9780262312455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262018494.003.0090
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter examines the tools, participants, and tensions associated with open innovation projects. It explains three types of the innovators in open innovation: core inside innovators, outside ...
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This chapter examines the tools, participants, and tensions associated with open innovation projects. It explains three types of the innovators in open innovation: core inside innovators, outside innovators and peripheral inside innovators. It describes innovation contests, innovation markets, communities, toolkits, and technologies that leaders might use to increase smart contributions to their innovation efforts. This chapter also highlights the need for innovative leaders to learn from those who have successfully balances open and closed innovation.Less
This chapter examines the tools, participants, and tensions associated with open innovation projects. It explains three types of the innovators in open innovation: core inside innovators, outside innovators and peripheral inside innovators. It describes innovation contests, innovation markets, communities, toolkits, and technologies that leaders might use to increase smart contributions to their innovation efforts. This chapter also highlights the need for innovative leaders to learn from those who have successfully balances open and closed innovation.
Hans Andersson and Christian Berggren
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199693924
- eISBN:
- 9780191730580
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693924.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Knowledge Management
In this chapter, we argue that knowledge integration is not just an organizational- and team-level practice but concerns the everyday activities of inventive engineers and researchers involved in ...
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In this chapter, we argue that knowledge integration is not just an organizational- and team-level practice but concerns the everyday activities of inventive engineers and researchers involved in development activities. The chapter investigates and illustrates how inventive individuals in non-managerial positions contribute to innovation and knowledge integration. The focus is on inventors who generate ideas and scan new knowledge fields to complement deep knowledge in their own domains in order to turn ideas into new solutions. The chapter illustrates the practices of those innovative individuals, such as combining knowledge across different fields, pursuing individual exploration as well as collaborative search, and participating in formal projects but simultaneously using them as permeable entities to further their own innovative ideas. In this way, the chapter contributes to an understanding of the micro-level of knowledge integration activities in technology-based firms.Less
In this chapter, we argue that knowledge integration is not just an organizational- and team-level practice but concerns the everyday activities of inventive engineers and researchers involved in development activities. The chapter investigates and illustrates how inventive individuals in non-managerial positions contribute to innovation and knowledge integration. The focus is on inventors who generate ideas and scan new knowledge fields to complement deep knowledge in their own domains in order to turn ideas into new solutions. The chapter illustrates the practices of those innovative individuals, such as combining knowledge across different fields, pursuing individual exploration as well as collaborative search, and participating in formal projects but simultaneously using them as permeable entities to further their own innovative ideas. In this way, the chapter contributes to an understanding of the micro-level of knowledge integration activities in technology-based firms.
Eric von Hippel
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035217
- eISBN:
- 9780262335461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035217.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter shows that there are basic differences in the types of innovations developed, and in the timing of innovations developed, within the two paradigms. This is because the incentives and ...
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This chapter shows that there are basic differences in the types of innovations developed, and in the timing of innovations developed, within the two paradigms. This is because the incentives and behaviors of innovators acting within each paradigm fundamentally differ, thus innovation outcomes also systematically differ. Free innovators, being self-rewarding, are free to follow their own interests. Unlike producers, they need not work only on projects they expect the market to reward. They therefore generally pioneer functionally new applications and markets prior to producers understanding the opportunity. Producer innovators generally enter later, after the nature and the commercial potential of markets have become clear.Less
This chapter shows that there are basic differences in the types of innovations developed, and in the timing of innovations developed, within the two paradigms. This is because the incentives and behaviors of innovators acting within each paradigm fundamentally differ, thus innovation outcomes also systematically differ. Free innovators, being self-rewarding, are free to follow their own interests. Unlike producers, they need not work only on projects they expect the market to reward. They therefore generally pioneer functionally new applications and markets prior to producers understanding the opportunity. Producer innovators generally enter later, after the nature and the commercial potential of markets have become clear.
Eric von Hippel
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035217
- eISBN:
- 9780262335461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035217.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter explains the value of a division of innovative labor between free innovators and producer innovators. As previous studies show, both social welfare and producer profits very generally ...
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This chapter explains the value of a division of innovative labor between free innovators and producer innovators. As previous studies show, both social welfare and producer profits very generally increase if producers avoid developing types of innovations that free innovators already make available “for free.” Instead, producers should learn to focus on developing innovations that complement free innovation designs rather than substitute for them. The chapter reviews four basic interactions between the free and producer innovation paradigms, explaining the relationships among these interactions and the effects found on both producers' profits and social welfare. The chapter goes on to show that, under some conditions, producers can profit by actually subsidizing free innovation.Less
This chapter explains the value of a division of innovative labor between free innovators and producer innovators. As previous studies show, both social welfare and producer profits very generally increase if producers avoid developing types of innovations that free innovators already make available “for free.” Instead, producers should learn to focus on developing innovations that complement free innovation designs rather than substitute for them. The chapter reviews four basic interactions between the free and producer innovation paradigms, explaining the relationships among these interactions and the effects found on both producers' profits and social welfare. The chapter goes on to show that, under some conditions, producers can profit by actually subsidizing free innovation.
Michael L. Gerlach
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520208896
- eISBN:
- 9780520919105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520208896.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter focuses on technological innovation and new venture development in Japan. It explains that the steep curve of the developmental trajectory in Japan raises important questions concerning ...
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This chapter focuses on technological innovation and new venture development in Japan. It explains that the steep curve of the developmental trajectory in Japan raises important questions concerning how we understand the relationship between economic organization and technological change. The chapter argues that a significant competitive characteristic in the evolution of the Japanese economy has been the strategic forging of linkages among innovators, providers, or risk capital and users of new technologies.Less
This chapter focuses on technological innovation and new venture development in Japan. It explains that the steep curve of the developmental trajectory in Japan raises important questions concerning how we understand the relationship between economic organization and technological change. The chapter argues that a significant competitive characteristic in the evolution of the Japanese economy has been the strategic forging of linkages among innovators, providers, or risk capital and users of new technologies.
Eva Illouz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520224469
- eISBN:
- 9780520941311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520224469.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This chapter discusses the role of Sigmund Freud as a cultural innovator. It shows that Freud's greatest impact on culture has been to reformulate the relationship of the self to others through a new ...
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This chapter discusses the role of Sigmund Freud as a cultural innovator. It shows that Freud's greatest impact on culture has been to reformulate the relationship of the self to others through a new way of imagining the past and a prospective freedom from that past. It argues that only the combined perspectives of the sociology of culture and of emotions can help us adequately address the vexing questions concerning how psychoanalysis become woven into all aspects of American life.Less
This chapter discusses the role of Sigmund Freud as a cultural innovator. It shows that Freud's greatest impact on culture has been to reformulate the relationship of the self to others through a new way of imagining the past and a prospective freedom from that past. It argues that only the combined perspectives of the sociology of culture and of emotions can help us adequately address the vexing questions concerning how psychoanalysis become woven into all aspects of American life.
Jill Ann Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450747
- eISBN:
- 9780801465796
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450747.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This introductory chapter places the book's ethnographic study of Louisiana shrimp fishers in the context of the larger body of research on the dynamic relationships between occupational decline, ...
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This introductory chapter places the book's ethnographic study of Louisiana shrimp fishers in the context of the larger body of research on the dynamic relationships between occupational decline, community, and culture. It traces the evolving structure of the shrimping industry and its impact on the identity and culture of its current participants. It then turns to the crisis suffered by local shrimp fishers today: the increased supply import of foreign, farm-bred shrimp that has likewise increased consumer demand. From there the study narrows down by grouping the responses of domestic shrimp fishers to the import crisis into three categories: the “persisters” who remain in the industry despite the crisis, the “exiters” who have left the industry outright, and the “adaptive innovators,” who remain in the industry but change their practices to suit shifting economic conditions.Less
This introductory chapter places the book's ethnographic study of Louisiana shrimp fishers in the context of the larger body of research on the dynamic relationships between occupational decline, community, and culture. It traces the evolving structure of the shrimping industry and its impact on the identity and culture of its current participants. It then turns to the crisis suffered by local shrimp fishers today: the increased supply import of foreign, farm-bred shrimp that has likewise increased consumer demand. From there the study narrows down by grouping the responses of domestic shrimp fishers to the import crisis into three categories: the “persisters” who remain in the industry despite the crisis, the “exiters” who have left the industry outright, and the “adaptive innovators,” who remain in the industry but change their practices to suit shifting economic conditions.
Jane Manning
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199391028
- eISBN:
- 9780199391073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199391028.003.0087
- Subject:
- Music, Performing Practice/Studies, Popular
This chapter features Peter Wiegold’s Les Roses. It shows how this cycle carries intriguing detail and fascinating effects which come off brilliantly, despite demands of range and flexibility. The Jo ...
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This chapter features Peter Wiegold’s Les Roses. It shows how this cycle carries intriguing detail and fascinating effects which come off brilliantly, despite demands of range and flexibility. The Jo Shapcott poems, written from the rose’s viewpoint, and set impeccably, are her personal response to a sequence by Rainer Maria Rilke (1875–1926). Wiegold’s notation is admirably clear and precise—he resorts to space-time notation at key moments for added freedom. Expressive instructions are succinct and always to the point. He even allows the singer licence for occasional improvisation around held notes, and discreet embellishments to written trills and slides. Thus, his innate sensitivity to the performer’s need for spontaneous creativity is as exemplary as it is unusual.Less
This chapter features Peter Wiegold’s Les Roses. It shows how this cycle carries intriguing detail and fascinating effects which come off brilliantly, despite demands of range and flexibility. The Jo Shapcott poems, written from the rose’s viewpoint, and set impeccably, are her personal response to a sequence by Rainer Maria Rilke (1875–1926). Wiegold’s notation is admirably clear and precise—he resorts to space-time notation at key moments for added freedom. Expressive instructions are succinct and always to the point. He even allows the singer licence for occasional improvisation around held notes, and discreet embellishments to written trills and slides. Thus, his innate sensitivity to the performer’s need for spontaneous creativity is as exemplary as it is unusual.
Philip Brett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520247581
- eISBN:
- 9780520932838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520247581.003.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
This chapter examines the qualities of English composer William Byrd as a traditionalist and innovator. It explains that while Byrd completely assimilated Continental techniques, he also strove to ...
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This chapter examines the qualities of English composer William Byrd as a traditionalist and innovator. It explains that while Byrd completely assimilated Continental techniques, he also strove to preserve various advantageous elements of insularity. He was a rather stubborn traditionalist in the matter of verse and voice, preferring the English tradition of setting the form of the verse to the new-fangled manner of reflecting its imagery and syntax, and is arguably the most ambitious and accomplished composer of purely instrumental music of his age.Less
This chapter examines the qualities of English composer William Byrd as a traditionalist and innovator. It explains that while Byrd completely assimilated Continental techniques, he also strove to preserve various advantageous elements of insularity. He was a rather stubborn traditionalist in the matter of verse and voice, preferring the English tradition of setting the form of the verse to the new-fangled manner of reflecting its imagery and syntax, and is arguably the most ambitious and accomplished composer of purely instrumental music of his age.
