Thomas W. Valente
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195301014
- eISBN:
- 9780199777051
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301014.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews diffusion of innovations theory which has been the theory that has used network principles and perspectives most extensively. An introduction to the theory and a review of its ...
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This chapter reviews diffusion of innovations theory which has been the theory that has used network principles and perspectives most extensively. An introduction to the theory and a review of its principles is provided. The chapter then reviewed the 4 major classes of diffusion models (1) integration/opinion leadership, (2) structural models, (3) critical levels, and (4) dynamic models. All four models explicitly account for network diffusion dynamics, but vary in their mathematical rigor and complexity. The chapter also introduced the calculation of infectiousness and susceptibility which dynamically account for adoption behavior and in-degree and out-degree, respectively. Empirical data illustrating network exposure effects are presented as well as the calculation and interpretation of network thresholds. The chapter closes with a brief critique of the theory.Less
This chapter reviews diffusion of innovations theory which has been the theory that has used network principles and perspectives most extensively. An introduction to the theory and a review of its principles is provided. The chapter then reviewed the 4 major classes of diffusion models (1) integration/opinion leadership, (2) structural models, (3) critical levels, and (4) dynamic models. All four models explicitly account for network diffusion dynamics, but vary in their mathematical rigor and complexity. The chapter also introduced the calculation of infectiousness and susceptibility which dynamically account for adoption behavior and in-degree and out-degree, respectively. Empirical data illustrating network exposure effects are presented as well as the calculation and interpretation of network thresholds. The chapter closes with a brief critique of the theory.
Allen Buchanan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199587810
- eISBN:
- 9780191728761
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587810.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter continues the exploration of justice issues, focusing on the problem of inadequate diffusion—the worry that valuable biomedical enhancements may not be available or may only be available ...
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This chapter continues the exploration of justice issues, focusing on the problem of inadequate diffusion—the worry that valuable biomedical enhancements may not be available or may only be available after an extended period of time, to the world's poorest people. In keeping with Chapter 1's emphasis on the fact that enhancement is not new and that biomedical enhancement is not distinctively morally problematic, the chapter situates this problem as one aspect of a the larger problem of inadequate diffusion of beneficial technologies, and offers a global institutional response to this larger problem. Thus, the book concludes with an example of how to move beyond the exchange of pros and cons to a constructive, practical, institutional response to one of the major challenges of biomedical enhancement.Less
This chapter continues the exploration of justice issues, focusing on the problem of inadequate diffusion—the worry that valuable biomedical enhancements may not be available or may only be available after an extended period of time, to the world's poorest people. In keeping with Chapter 1's emphasis on the fact that enhancement is not new and that biomedical enhancement is not distinctively morally problematic, the chapter situates this problem as one aspect of a the larger problem of inadequate diffusion of beneficial technologies, and offers a global institutional response to this larger problem. Thus, the book concludes with an example of how to move beyond the exchange of pros and cons to a constructive, practical, institutional response to one of the major challenges of biomedical enhancement.
William Hoppitt and Kevin N. Laland
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150703
- eISBN:
- 9781400846504
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150703.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter provides a brief historical background to social learning research. The history of research into social learning and imitation dates back to Aristotle, who explicitly made the claim that ...
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This chapter provides a brief historical background to social learning research. The history of research into social learning and imitation dates back to Aristotle, who explicitly made the claim that animals acquire behavior through imitation and other forms of social learning. Aristotle was particularly impressed with the human imitative tendency. The three insights made in the fourth century BC—that humans are uncharacteristically reliant on imitative learning compared to other animals, that young children in particular acquire important aspects of their behavioral repertoire through copying, and that imitation appears intrinsically rewarding to children—are remarkably relevant to contemporary social learning research. The chapter examines how investigations of social learning have been central to research into the evolution of mind, the mechanisms of social learning, animal culture, the diffusion of innovations, child development, and cultural evolution.Less
This chapter provides a brief historical background to social learning research. The history of research into social learning and imitation dates back to Aristotle, who explicitly made the claim that animals acquire behavior through imitation and other forms of social learning. Aristotle was particularly impressed with the human imitative tendency. The three insights made in the fourth century BC—that humans are uncharacteristically reliant on imitative learning compared to other animals, that young children in particular acquire important aspects of their behavioral repertoire through copying, and that imitation appears intrinsically rewarding to children—are remarkably relevant to contemporary social learning research. The chapter examines how investigations of social learning have been central to research into the evolution of mind, the mechanisms of social learning, animal culture, the diffusion of innovations, child development, and cultural evolution.
Eric von Hippel
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035217
- eISBN:
- 9780262335461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035217.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter identifies an important inbuilt difference between the two paradigms with respect to innovation diffusion. The difference springs from the fact that, unlike producers, free innovators do ...
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This chapter identifies an important inbuilt difference between the two paradigms with respect to innovation diffusion. The difference springs from the fact that, unlike producers, free innovators do not protect their innovations from free adoption, and they do not sell them. As a result, benefits that free-riding adopters may gain are not systematically shared with free innovators—there is no market link between these parties. This chapter thus presents evidence for the systematic shortfall in free innovators' incentives to invest in the diffusion of free innovations, and then argues that it is caused by the absence of a market link between free innovators and free-riding adopters. The chapter then concludes with suggested ways for addressing this situation.Less
This chapter identifies an important inbuilt difference between the two paradigms with respect to innovation diffusion. The difference springs from the fact that, unlike producers, free innovators do not protect their innovations from free adoption, and they do not sell them. As a result, benefits that free-riding adopters may gain are not systematically shared with free innovators—there is no market link between these parties. This chapter thus presents evidence for the systematic shortfall in free innovators' incentives to invest in the diffusion of free innovations, and then argues that it is caused by the absence of a market link between free innovators and free-riding adopters. The chapter then concludes with suggested ways for addressing this situation.
Anthony A. Braga and David L. Weisburd
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195341966
- eISBN:
- 9780199866847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341966.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This introductory chapter introduces the idea of hot spots policing by tracing its origins to two key studies in the development of modern police strategies. In 1974, the Kansas City Preventive ...
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This introductory chapter introduces the idea of hot spots policing by tracing its origins to two key studies in the development of modern police strategies. In 1974, the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment challenged the ability of police patrol as a crime prevention approach. In 1995, the Minneapolis Hot Spots Experiment showed that police could prevent crime if they focused on high crime hot spots. This chapter also introduces a key objection to hot spots policing, that it will simply displace crime to other areas. Focusing on the Jersey City Drug Market Analysis Experiment and the Jersey City Displacement and Diffusion study, the chapter reveals why this argument has not hindered the development of hot spots approaches. Indeed, there is much stronger evidence that hot spots policing will lead to a diffusion of crime prevention benefits than that it will lead to crime displacement. Adding to the argument for hot spots policing, the chapter also shows that crime hot spots evidence considerable stability over time, making them an efficient focus for crime prevention. Finally, the diffusion of hot spots policing as a concept in American policing is examined.Less
This introductory chapter introduces the idea of hot spots policing by tracing its origins to two key studies in the development of modern police strategies. In 1974, the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment challenged the ability of police patrol as a crime prevention approach. In 1995, the Minneapolis Hot Spots Experiment showed that police could prevent crime if they focused on high crime hot spots. This chapter also introduces a key objection to hot spots policing, that it will simply displace crime to other areas. Focusing on the Jersey City Drug Market Analysis Experiment and the Jersey City Displacement and Diffusion study, the chapter reveals why this argument has not hindered the development of hot spots approaches. Indeed, there is much stronger evidence that hot spots policing will lead to a diffusion of crime prevention benefits than that it will lead to crime displacement. Adding to the argument for hot spots policing, the chapter also shows that crime hot spots evidence considerable stability over time, making them an efficient focus for crime prevention. Finally, the diffusion of hot spots policing as a concept in American policing is examined.
Mario Cimoli, Giovanni Dosi, Keith E. Maskus, Ruth L. Okediji, and Jerome H. Reichman (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199660759
- eISBN:
- 9780191749186
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660759.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
In recent years, intellectual property rights (IPR) both in the form of patents and copyrights have expanded in their coverage, the width and depth of protection, and the tightness in their ...
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In recent years, intellectual property rights (IPR) both in the form of patents and copyrights have expanded in their coverage, the width and depth of protection, and the tightness in their enforcement. Moreover, for the first time in history, the IPR regime has become increasingly uniform at international level by means of the TRIPS agreement, irrespectively of the degrees of development of the various countries. The book, first, addresses from different angles the effects of IPR on the processes of innovation and innovation diffusion in general, and with respect to developing countries in particular. Contrary to a widespread view there is very little evidence that the rates of innovation increase with the tightness of IPR even in developed countries. Conversely, in many circumstances tight IPR represents an obstacle to imitation and innovation diffusion in developing countries. What can policies do then? This is the second major theme of the book which offers several detailed discussions of possible policy measures even within the current TRIPS regime including the exploitation of the waivers to IPR enforcement that it contains, various forms of development of technological commons, and non patent rewards to innovators, such as prizes. Some drawbacks of the regimes, however, are unavoidable: hence the advocacy in many contributions to the book of deep reforms of the system in both developed and developing countries, including the non patentability of scientific discoveries, the reduction of the depth and width of IPR patents, and the of IPRLess
In recent years, intellectual property rights (IPR) both in the form of patents and copyrights have expanded in their coverage, the width and depth of protection, and the tightness in their enforcement. Moreover, for the first time in history, the IPR regime has become increasingly uniform at international level by means of the TRIPS agreement, irrespectively of the degrees of development of the various countries. The book, first, addresses from different angles the effects of IPR on the processes of innovation and innovation diffusion in general, and with respect to developing countries in particular. Contrary to a widespread view there is very little evidence that the rates of innovation increase with the tightness of IPR even in developed countries. Conversely, in many circumstances tight IPR represents an obstacle to imitation and innovation diffusion in developing countries. What can policies do then? This is the second major theme of the book which offers several detailed discussions of possible policy measures even within the current TRIPS regime including the exploitation of the waivers to IPR enforcement that it contains, various forms of development of technological commons, and non patent rewards to innovators, such as prizes. Some drawbacks of the regimes, however, are unavoidable: hence the advocacy in many contributions to the book of deep reforms of the system in both developed and developing countries, including the non patentability of scientific discoveries, the reduction of the depth and width of IPR patents, and the of IPR
Thomas W. Valente
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195301014
- eISBN:
- 9780199777051
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301014.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology
This chapter describes how network data can be used to accelerate behavior change and/or improving organizational performance. Network interventions consist of behavior change programs that use ...
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This chapter describes how network data can be used to accelerate behavior change and/or improving organizational performance. Network interventions consist of behavior change programs that use social network data to identify specific people or groups to deliver and/or receive the behavior change program. Network interventions can take many different forms and have many different implementation considerations. Six classes of methods were reviewed: opinion leaders, groups, leaders matched to groups, snowball methods, re-wiring networks, and crossing network data with attributes. Many cautions are expressed about the importance of theory and ethnography to ensure the research team has sufficient knowledge of the community. The potential for network interventions to accelerate behavior change is great, but the application of these methods is likely to be challenging at first as both researchers and communities learn how best to apply networks and networking in the most effective ways. Examples from empirical studies are presented throughout.Less
This chapter describes how network data can be used to accelerate behavior change and/or improving organizational performance. Network interventions consist of behavior change programs that use social network data to identify specific people or groups to deliver and/or receive the behavior change program. Network interventions can take many different forms and have many different implementation considerations. Six classes of methods were reviewed: opinion leaders, groups, leaders matched to groups, snowball methods, re-wiring networks, and crossing network data with attributes. Many cautions are expressed about the importance of theory and ethnography to ensure the research team has sufficient knowledge of the community. The potential for network interventions to accelerate behavior change is great, but the application of these methods is likely to be challenging at first as both researchers and communities learn how best to apply networks and networking in the most effective ways. Examples from empirical studies are presented throughout.
Anne Kandler and James Steele
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262013338
- eISBN:
- 9780262259101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262013338.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter describes variation in diffusion and rates of cultural change. It addresses the possible role of social-influence processes and of economic inequalities in identifying the rate of growth ...
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This chapter describes variation in diffusion and rates of cultural change. It addresses the possible role of social-influence processes and of economic inequalities in identifying the rate of growth in sales of new products of this kind. It analyzes the differences and similarities of the Bass model of innovation diffusion and the dual-inheritance (DI) model in terms of adoption dynamics. This chapter suggests that economic inequality in a population's income distribution is likely to be an important factor in explaining the time course of new product diffusion. It shows that both the Bass and the DI models assume that agents are homogeneous with respect to the economic capacity to adopt.Less
This chapter describes variation in diffusion and rates of cultural change. It addresses the possible role of social-influence processes and of economic inequalities in identifying the rate of growth in sales of new products of this kind. It analyzes the differences and similarities of the Bass model of innovation diffusion and the dual-inheritance (DI) model in terms of adoption dynamics. This chapter suggests that economic inequality in a population's income distribution is likely to be an important factor in explaining the time course of new product diffusion. It shows that both the Bass and the DI models assume that agents are homogeneous with respect to the economic capacity to adopt.
Allen Buchanan, Tony Cole, and Robert O. Keohane
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780195379907
- eISBN:
- 9780190267711
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195379907.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter proposes an international regulating body for the purposes of eliminating the problem of diffusion of innovation. Patent laws, intellectual property rights, monopolies, among other ...
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This chapter proposes an international regulating body for the purposes of eliminating the problem of diffusion of innovation. Patent laws, intellectual property rights, monopolies, among other things, exacerbate political and economic inequalities by withholding access of innovations to those who need it. A major branch of concern is the distribution of pharmaceuticals. In order to maintain distributive justice and reduce the global burden of disease, a Global Institute for Justice in Innovation can be established to encourage rapid diffusion of innovations and discourage firms that restrict access to them.Less
This chapter proposes an international regulating body for the purposes of eliminating the problem of diffusion of innovation. Patent laws, intellectual property rights, monopolies, among other things, exacerbate political and economic inequalities by withholding access of innovations to those who need it. A major branch of concern is the distribution of pharmaceuticals. In order to maintain distributive justice and reduce the global burden of disease, a Global Institute for Justice in Innovation can be established to encourage rapid diffusion of innovations and discourage firms that restrict access to them.
Allen E. Buchanan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199587810
- eISBN:
- 9780191728761
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587810.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This book examines the ethical controversy surrounding biomedical enhancement: the use of biotechnologies to improve normal human capacities and characteristics. It deflates the heated rhetoric of ...
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This book examines the ethical controversy surrounding biomedical enhancement: the use of biotechnologies to improve normal human capacities and characteristics. It deflates the heated rhetoric of the debate and, unlike other treatment of the topic, is informed by an understanding of evolutionary biology. The book debunks the idea that the natural is always good, and explains why and how we might need to change human nature.Less
This book examines the ethical controversy surrounding biomedical enhancement: the use of biotechnologies to improve normal human capacities and characteristics. It deflates the heated rhetoric of the debate and, unlike other treatment of the topic, is informed by an understanding of evolutionary biology. The book debunks the idea that the natural is always good, and explains why and how we might need to change human nature.
Ben Epstein
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190698980
- eISBN:
- 9780190699017
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190698980.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, Democratization
Chapter 3 is the second chapter dedicated to the technological imperative stage of the political communication cycle (PCC). It focuses on the technological component of political communication ...
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Chapter 3 is the second chapter dedicated to the technological imperative stage of the political communication cycle (PCC). It focuses on the technological component of political communication revolutions (PCRs) and addresses how the cost, rate of diffusion, and perceived benefits of each new information and communication technology (ICT) affects its political utility. In other words, chapter 3 evaluates how new ICTs become politically viable. A politically viable ICT does not enter American politics without active choices made on the part of political actors who try to use these new tools in innovative ways. All widely diffused ICTs do not share wide-scale political utility. As a result, some ICTs—like mass-marketed newspapers, radio, television, and the internet—have had a major impact on communication practices broadly and political communication innovations specifically, while others like the telephone and telegraph have transformed social communication but not political communication.Less
Chapter 3 is the second chapter dedicated to the technological imperative stage of the political communication cycle (PCC). It focuses on the technological component of political communication revolutions (PCRs) and addresses how the cost, rate of diffusion, and perceived benefits of each new information and communication technology (ICT) affects its political utility. In other words, chapter 3 evaluates how new ICTs become politically viable. A politically viable ICT does not enter American politics without active choices made on the part of political actors who try to use these new tools in innovative ways. All widely diffused ICTs do not share wide-scale political utility. As a result, some ICTs—like mass-marketed newspapers, radio, television, and the internet—have had a major impact on communication practices broadly and political communication innovations specifically, while others like the telephone and telegraph have transformed social communication but not political communication.
Ben Epstein
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190698980
- eISBN:
- 9780190699017
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190698980.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, Democratization
Chapter 4 explains the concept of political choice, the second and most important phase of the political communication cycle (PCC). The political choice phase is the process in which political actors ...
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Chapter 4 explains the concept of political choice, the second and most important phase of the political communication cycle (PCC). The political choice phase is the process in which political actors choose if and when to incorporate new information and communications technologies (ICTs) into their communication strategies. This chapter details the process that political actors or organizations go through when determining whether to innovate and helps to identify characteristics of those parties that are more likely to innovate earlier than others, known as innovativeness. Political choice is the behavioral component of the political communication cycle. These innovation decisions are the primary determinants regarding if and how ICT innovations are used to change political communication activity. Therefore, political choice is the most important phase of the PCC, differentiating political communication change from social and societal communication change more broadly.Less
Chapter 4 explains the concept of political choice, the second and most important phase of the political communication cycle (PCC). The political choice phase is the process in which political actors choose if and when to incorporate new information and communications technologies (ICTs) into their communication strategies. This chapter details the process that political actors or organizations go through when determining whether to innovate and helps to identify characteristics of those parties that are more likely to innovate earlier than others, known as innovativeness. Political choice is the behavioral component of the political communication cycle. These innovation decisions are the primary determinants regarding if and how ICT innovations are used to change political communication activity. Therefore, political choice is the most important phase of the PCC, differentiating political communication change from social and societal communication change more broadly.
Audrey L. Begun and TOM Gregoire
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199892310
- eISBN:
- 9780190206376
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199892310.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Integral to the translational science framework is analysis of what happens to the knowledge generated through research. There exists a burgeoning science that addresses how research-based knowledge ...
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Integral to the translational science framework is analysis of what happens to the knowledge generated through research. There exists a burgeoning science that addresses how research-based knowledge and innovations inform and are adopted into practice and how practice informs the development of the research agenda. The body of research concerned with the dissemination and implementation of knowledge and technology identifies factors that determine the crucial processes of translating research results into routine practice and policy. The goal is to increase the extent to which “best practices” are implemented. This chapter examines approaches that address these science-to-practice translational research issues for social work investigators engaged in substance use research.Less
Integral to the translational science framework is analysis of what happens to the knowledge generated through research. There exists a burgeoning science that addresses how research-based knowledge and innovations inform and are adopted into practice and how practice informs the development of the research agenda. The body of research concerned with the dissemination and implementation of knowledge and technology identifies factors that determine the crucial processes of translating research results into routine practice and policy. The goal is to increase the extent to which “best practices” are implemented. This chapter examines approaches that address these science-to-practice translational research issues for social work investigators engaged in substance use research.
Ken Geiser
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262012522
- eISBN:
- 9780262327015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262012522.003.0013
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
The successful shift away from chemicals of concern requires the development of new and safer alternatives. This involves the synthesis of new chemicals and chemical processes. Nanotechnology and ...
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The successful shift away from chemicals of concern requires the development of new and safer alternatives. This involves the synthesis of new chemicals and chemical processes. Nanotechnology and synthetic biology both offer novel routes to such alternatives if they are effectively guided by a drive for safety and ecological compatibility. Green engineering and nonchemical alternatives also offer safer substitutes. These innovations require a clear definition of the term “safer” and tools for assisting in such searches. However, there is now a growing market of safer chemical and nonchemical alternatives that could use either government of private investment assistance to get to the scale and competitive prices that are needed for effective market conversions.Less
The successful shift away from chemicals of concern requires the development of new and safer alternatives. This involves the synthesis of new chemicals and chemical processes. Nanotechnology and synthetic biology both offer novel routes to such alternatives if they are effectively guided by a drive for safety and ecological compatibility. Green engineering and nonchemical alternatives also offer safer substitutes. These innovations require a clear definition of the term “safer” and tools for assisting in such searches. However, there is now a growing market of safer chemical and nonchemical alternatives that could use either government of private investment assistance to get to the scale and competitive prices that are needed for effective market conversions.
Lawrence Barham
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199604715
- eISBN:
- 9780191804601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199604715.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter examines why the development and adoption of combinatorial technology was so slow after the first industrial revolution sparked by the invention of hafting. It first considers where ...
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This chapter examines why the development and adoption of combinatorial technology was so slow after the first industrial revolution sparked by the invention of hafting. It first considers where hafting was invented and the evidence of hundreds of thousands of years of technological development stretching from the later Acheulean to the Middle Palaeolithic. It then looks at the intellectual school of the Sociology of Invention, with special reference to the argument of W. F. Ogburn and his cohorts that invention was a cumulative process founded on existing traditions, before turning to the set of integrative technologies shared by the late Acheulean populations in parts of Africa, Eurasia, and south Asia. Furthermore, the chapter describes two basic models that explain the diffusion of innovation: the first invokes the movement of people (demic diffusion) and the second emphasises the interaction between neighbouring communities (cultural diffusion). Finally, it analyses early projectile machines in terms of their working properties and the archaeological evidence for their innovation, namely, the spear-thrower, bow and arrow, and traps.Less
This chapter examines why the development and adoption of combinatorial technology was so slow after the first industrial revolution sparked by the invention of hafting. It first considers where hafting was invented and the evidence of hundreds of thousands of years of technological development stretching from the later Acheulean to the Middle Palaeolithic. It then looks at the intellectual school of the Sociology of Invention, with special reference to the argument of W. F. Ogburn and his cohorts that invention was a cumulative process founded on existing traditions, before turning to the set of integrative technologies shared by the late Acheulean populations in parts of Africa, Eurasia, and south Asia. Furthermore, the chapter describes two basic models that explain the diffusion of innovation: the first invokes the movement of people (demic diffusion) and the second emphasises the interaction between neighbouring communities (cultural diffusion). Finally, it analyses early projectile machines in terms of their working properties and the archaeological evidence for their innovation, namely, the spear-thrower, bow and arrow, and traps.
Susan D. Franck
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- April 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190054434
- eISBN:
- 9780190054465
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190054434.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Chapter 4 initially provides data about the growth of ITA as well as offering a series of frames against which to understand its evolution, including a sociological perspective analyzing changes in ...
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Chapter 4 initially provides data about the growth of ITA as well as offering a series of frames against which to understand its evolution, including a sociological perspective analyzing changes in ITA’s caseload against Professor Everett’s theory of diffusion of innovations. It next explores other elements of time, namely case length and deliberative delays, by offering descriptive data and testing whether case length has reliably increased over time or whether resolution times vary on the basis of institutions resolving disputes. It then turns to exploring temporal elements related to bifurcation and separate opinions. After providing an explanation of the fiscal costs data particularly related to parties’ legal costs as well as tribunal costs and expenses (and conducting a variety of tests to explore the potential impact of missing data), the last section identifies the reliable relationship between the costs of dispute resolution and the time required to resolve the dispute.Less
Chapter 4 initially provides data about the growth of ITA as well as offering a series of frames against which to understand its evolution, including a sociological perspective analyzing changes in ITA’s caseload against Professor Everett’s theory of diffusion of innovations. It next explores other elements of time, namely case length and deliberative delays, by offering descriptive data and testing whether case length has reliably increased over time or whether resolution times vary on the basis of institutions resolving disputes. It then turns to exploring temporal elements related to bifurcation and separate opinions. After providing an explanation of the fiscal costs data particularly related to parties’ legal costs as well as tribunal costs and expenses (and conducting a variety of tests to explore the potential impact of missing data), the last section identifies the reliable relationship between the costs of dispute resolution and the time required to resolve the dispute.
Abigail A. Fagan, J. David Hawkins, Richard F. Catalano, and David P. Farrington
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190299217
- eISBN:
- 9780190299255
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190299217.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Urban and Rural Studies
Prevention science recommends that EBIs should be based on theories that describe the causes of behavioral health problems. They should also be evaluated in high-quality research studies that examine ...
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Prevention science recommends that EBIs should be based on theories that describe the causes of behavioral health problems. They should also be evaluated in high-quality research studies that examine implementation and outcomes both under ideal conditions, like scientist-led efficacy trials, and naturalistic conditions, such as effectiveness trials that rely on community agencies and staff. This chapter reviews the theories guiding the development of the CTC system, including life-course developmental theory, the Social Development Model, social disorganization theory, and the Diffusion of Innovations theory. CTC has been created and evaluated using a community-based participatory approach. The benefits and challenges of this approach are also discussed.Less
Prevention science recommends that EBIs should be based on theories that describe the causes of behavioral health problems. They should also be evaluated in high-quality research studies that examine implementation and outcomes both under ideal conditions, like scientist-led efficacy trials, and naturalistic conditions, such as effectiveness trials that rely on community agencies and staff. This chapter reviews the theories guiding the development of the CTC system, including life-course developmental theory, the Social Development Model, social disorganization theory, and the Diffusion of Innovations theory. CTC has been created and evaluated using a community-based participatory approach. The benefits and challenges of this approach are also discussed.
N. J. Enfield
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199665327
- eISBN:
- 9780191779725
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199665327.003.0023
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
The cultural evolution of language in historical time can only be understood in terms of an explicit causal account. This chapter proposes a framework for such an account, explicated in terms of a ...
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The cultural evolution of language in historical time can only be understood in terms of an explicit causal account. This chapter proposes a framework for such an account, explicated in terms of a ‘four-stroke engine’ for cultural transmission, consisting of a chain of events in social transmission of innovation from exposure to representation to reproduction to material instantiation, hence back, potentially, to exposure. For linguistic innovations and conventions to be distributed in a population, they have to pass through these four potential points of filtration. Existing theories of biased transmission are argued to operate on precisely this kind of a system of filtration, and some of the well-known transmission biases are explicated in terms of the framework proposed here. The operation of such a system presupposes a human capacity for cumulative culture, which remains an issue for research in understanding the evolution of language.Less
The cultural evolution of language in historical time can only be understood in terms of an explicit causal account. This chapter proposes a framework for such an account, explicated in terms of a ‘four-stroke engine’ for cultural transmission, consisting of a chain of events in social transmission of innovation from exposure to representation to reproduction to material instantiation, hence back, potentially, to exposure. For linguistic innovations and conventions to be distributed in a population, they have to pass through these four potential points of filtration. Existing theories of biased transmission are argued to operate on precisely this kind of a system of filtration, and some of the well-known transmission biases are explicated in terms of the framework proposed here. The operation of such a system presupposes a human capacity for cumulative culture, which remains an issue for research in understanding the evolution of language.
Robert Paul Churchill
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190468569
- eISBN:
- 9780190468590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190468569.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, General
While Chapter 8 focused on grand strategy for awareness that honor killing is incompatible with truly honorable ways of life, this chapter emphasizes specific tactics for achieving a sustainable end ...
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While Chapter 8 focused on grand strategy for awareness that honor killing is incompatible with truly honorable ways of life, this chapter emphasizes specific tactics for achieving a sustainable end to honor killing. The bottom-up, grassroots, and participatory programs discussed here will collectively break cycles of deadly violence. Tostan is recommended as a model for the diffusion of innovative ideas and norms and for community buy-in and ownership. School-based programs all serve the objectives of developing gender equality and respect for diversity, managing anger and emotional volatility, and increasing problem-solving competencies. Community-service programs will enable male youth to benefit from engagement with adult male leaders who do not have violence-prone personalities. Emphasis is placed on public health initiatives and self-improvement workshops for women, as well as couples’ training on domestic violence prevention and financial services. All activities will take place at or be coordinated through a collaborative community-school facility.Less
While Chapter 8 focused on grand strategy for awareness that honor killing is incompatible with truly honorable ways of life, this chapter emphasizes specific tactics for achieving a sustainable end to honor killing. The bottom-up, grassroots, and participatory programs discussed here will collectively break cycles of deadly violence. Tostan is recommended as a model for the diffusion of innovative ideas and norms and for community buy-in and ownership. School-based programs all serve the objectives of developing gender equality and respect for diversity, managing anger and emotional volatility, and increasing problem-solving competencies. Community-service programs will enable male youth to benefit from engagement with adult male leaders who do not have violence-prone personalities. Emphasis is placed on public health initiatives and self-improvement workshops for women, as well as couples’ training on domestic violence prevention and financial services. All activities will take place at or be coordinated through a collaborative community-school facility.
Abigail A. Fagan, J. David Hawkins, Richard F. Catalano, and David P. Farrington
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190299217
- eISBN:
- 9780190299255
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190299217.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Urban and Rural Studies
Although there is growing consensus that community-based prevention efforts have great potential to reduce youth behavioral health problems, few such systems have been well evaluated and demonstrated ...
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Although there is growing consensus that community-based prevention efforts have great potential to reduce youth behavioral health problems, few such systems have been well evaluated and demonstrated to produce such outcomes. This chapter begins by reviewing the impact of one such system, Communities That Care. Next, the components of CTC that are responsible for producing desired changes in community norms and processes, and for its effectiveness and cost effectiveness in reducing youth behavioral health problems. The challenges that may be faced by communities in the United States and internationally when implementing CTC and similar community-based interventions are reviewed and solutions to these challenges are provided. The chapter concludes by describing recent developments in the implementation and evaluation of CTC, including the development of an on-line training system and international replications of CTC.Less
Although there is growing consensus that community-based prevention efforts have great potential to reduce youth behavioral health problems, few such systems have been well evaluated and demonstrated to produce such outcomes. This chapter begins by reviewing the impact of one such system, Communities That Care. Next, the components of CTC that are responsible for producing desired changes in community norms and processes, and for its effectiveness and cost effectiveness in reducing youth behavioral health problems. The challenges that may be faced by communities in the United States and internationally when implementing CTC and similar community-based interventions are reviewed and solutions to these challenges are provided. The chapter concludes by describing recent developments in the implementation and evaluation of CTC, including the development of an on-line training system and international replications of CTC.
