Uwe Steinhoff
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199217373
- eISBN:
- 9780191712470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217373.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter tackles the question of why soldiers, allegedly, are legitimate targets and civilians not. Four approaches to the explanation of the difference are discussed: the moral guilt theory, the ...
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This chapter tackles the question of why soldiers, allegedly, are legitimate targets and civilians not. Four approaches to the explanation of the difference are discussed: the moral guilt theory, the convention theory, the self-defence theory, and the justifying emergency theory. All these approaches have a valid moral principle at heart, but are nevertheless misleading in that they raise their respective principle to the status of the absolute. The chapter outlines how a comparative weighting of the principles can proceed if applied to concrete cases. The resulting approach does not square the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate targets with the distinction between soldiers and civilians; this has extremely important consequences for the conduct of war.Less
This chapter tackles the question of why soldiers, allegedly, are legitimate targets and civilians not. Four approaches to the explanation of the difference are discussed: the moral guilt theory, the convention theory, the self-defence theory, and the justifying emergency theory. All these approaches have a valid moral principle at heart, but are nevertheless misleading in that they raise their respective principle to the status of the absolute. The chapter outlines how a comparative weighting of the principles can proceed if applied to concrete cases. The resulting approach does not square the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate targets with the distinction between soldiers and civilians; this has extremely important consequences for the conduct of war.
Uwe Steinhoff
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199217373
- eISBN:
- 9780191712470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217373.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter criticizes several definitions of ‘terrorism’ and offers the following definition: Terrorism is the strategy of intimidating or impressing others than the immediate victims or targets of ...
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This chapter criticizes several definitions of ‘terrorism’ and offers the following definition: Terrorism is the strategy of intimidating or impressing others than the immediate victims or targets of violence by the repeated threat, made credible by corresponding acts, the repeated killing or severe harming of innocents, or the repeated destruction or severe harming of their property. This implies that not all deliberate attacks on civilians are terrorist in intent. Several attempts to justify terrorism proper are considered, and all but one is rejected. Under certain circumstances terrorism can be justified, but such a justification is more difficult for strong parties, such as states, than for weak ones, such as sub-national actors.Less
This chapter criticizes several definitions of ‘terrorism’ and offers the following definition: Terrorism is the strategy of intimidating or impressing others than the immediate victims or targets of violence by the repeated threat, made credible by corresponding acts, the repeated killing or severe harming of innocents, or the repeated destruction or severe harming of their property. This implies that not all deliberate attacks on civilians are terrorist in intent. Several attempts to justify terrorism proper are considered, and all but one is rejected. Under certain circumstances terrorism can be justified, but such a justification is more difficult for strong parties, such as states, than for weak ones, such as sub-national actors.
Aviad Kleinberg
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231174701
- eISBN:
- 9780231540247
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231174701.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Where God's invitation to eat his flesh raises unexpected problems. What do we do with spiders and mice and where in the digestive system does the Eucharist turn back into flour and wine before ...
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Where God's invitation to eat his flesh raises unexpected problems. What do we do with spiders and mice and where in the digestive system does the Eucharist turn back into flour and wine before things get really nasty.Less
Where God's invitation to eat his flesh raises unexpected problems. What do we do with spiders and mice and where in the digestive system does the Eucharist turn back into flour and wine before things get really nasty.
C. Kavin Rowe
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195377873
- eISBN:
- 9780199869459
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377873.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
In light of the findings of Chapter 2, this chapter argues that the culturally destabilizing character of the Christian mission entails the potential for outsiders to construe Christianity as ...
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In light of the findings of Chapter 2, this chapter argues that the culturally destabilizing character of the Christian mission entails the potential for outsiders to construe Christianity as sedition or treason. In order to counter such a perception, Luke explicitly raises these charges and repeatedly narrates the course of events so that the Christians—here in the mold of Jesus himself—are found “innocent” by the Romans of seditious criminal activity. In the terms of Roman jurisprudence, they are dikaios (iustus). Thus does Luke bring Paul, the representative of the Christians, before the Roman state in the officials that are its living agents: Gallio, Claudius Lysias, Felix, and Festus. With deft narrative development and considerable jurisprudential skill, Luke moves Paul through to Rome while concurrently negating the charges of his opponents on the basis of a revisionary reading of Roman law: the Christian mission is not a bid for political liberation or a movement that stands in direct opposition to the Roman government.Less
In light of the findings of Chapter 2, this chapter argues that the culturally destabilizing character of the Christian mission entails the potential for outsiders to construe Christianity as sedition or treason. In order to counter such a perception, Luke explicitly raises these charges and repeatedly narrates the course of events so that the Christians—here in the mold of Jesus himself—are found “innocent” by the Romans of seditious criminal activity. In the terms of Roman jurisprudence, they are dikaios (iustus). Thus does Luke bring Paul, the representative of the Christians, before the Roman state in the officials that are its living agents: Gallio, Claudius Lysias, Felix, and Festus. With deft narrative development and considerable jurisprudential skill, Luke moves Paul through to Rome while concurrently negating the charges of his opponents on the basis of a revisionary reading of Roman law: the Christian mission is not a bid for political liberation or a movement that stands in direct opposition to the Roman government.
Gary Cross
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195156669
- eISBN:
- 9780199868254
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156669.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The cute child — spunky, yet dependent, naughty but nice — is largely a 20th-century invention. This book examines how that look emerged in American popular culture and holidays and how the cute ...
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The cute child — spunky, yet dependent, naughty but nice — is largely a 20th-century invention. This book examines how that look emerged in American popular culture and holidays and how the cute turned into the cool, seemingly its opposite, in stories and games. It shows how adults have created the ideal of the innocent childhood and have used this to project adult needs and frustrations rather than concerns about protecting and nurturing the young — and how the images, goods, and rituals of childhood have been co-opted by the commercial world. Magazine and TV advertisements, articles from the popular press, comic strips, movies, radio scripts, child-rearing manuals, and government publications support this argument and the book is illustrated with cartoons, toys, ads, and photos.Less
The cute child — spunky, yet dependent, naughty but nice — is largely a 20th-century invention. This book examines how that look emerged in American popular culture and holidays and how the cute turned into the cool, seemingly its opposite, in stories and games. It shows how adults have created the ideal of the innocent childhood and have used this to project adult needs and frustrations rather than concerns about protecting and nurturing the young — and how the images, goods, and rituals of childhood have been co-opted by the commercial world. Magazine and TV advertisements, articles from the popular press, comic strips, movies, radio scripts, child-rearing manuals, and government publications support this argument and the book is illustrated with cartoons, toys, ads, and photos.
Michael Otsuka
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199243952
- eISBN:
- 9780191598142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199243956.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Argues against the right to engage in lethal measures to defend oneself or others against innocent aggressors or innocent threats. Criticizes arguments to the contrary by Judith Jarvis Thomson and ...
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Argues against the right to engage in lethal measures to defend oneself or others against innocent aggressors or innocent threats. Criticizes arguments to the contrary by Judith Jarvis Thomson and Frances Kamm. Offers a positive account of why the killing of an innocent threat or aggressor is morally on a par with the impermissible killing of an innocent bystander in self‐defence.Less
Argues against the right to engage in lethal measures to defend oneself or others against innocent aggressors or innocent threats. Criticizes arguments to the contrary by Judith Jarvis Thomson and Frances Kamm. Offers a positive account of why the killing of an innocent threat or aggressor is morally on a par with the impermissible killing of an innocent bystander in self‐defence.
Richard T. Hughes
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252042065
- eISBN:
- 9780252050800
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252042065.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
The first edition of Myths America Lives By explores five Great American Myths—the Chosen Nation, Nature’s Nation, the Christian Nation, the Millennial Nation, and the Innocent Nation. This revised ...
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The first edition of Myths America Lives By explores five Great American Myths—the Chosen Nation, Nature’s Nation, the Christian Nation, the Millennial Nation, and the Innocent Nation. This revised edition introduces a sixth myth—the myth of White Supremacy—and argues, first, that the myth of white supremacy is the primal American myth that informs all the others and, second, that one of the chief functions of the other five myths is to protect and obscure the myth of white supremacy, to hide it from our awareness, and to assure us that we remain innocent after all. With one chapter devoted to each of the myths, the book relies especially on the voices of black Americans to help readers understand the pervasive power of white supremacy in American life and culture and how white supremacy translates into systemic racism, on the one hand, and white privilege, on the other. The book also explores how manifest destiny, the American dream, and capitalism have depended on the Great American Myths for their viability in American culture.Less
The first edition of Myths America Lives By explores five Great American Myths—the Chosen Nation, Nature’s Nation, the Christian Nation, the Millennial Nation, and the Innocent Nation. This revised edition introduces a sixth myth—the myth of White Supremacy—and argues, first, that the myth of white supremacy is the primal American myth that informs all the others and, second, that one of the chief functions of the other five myths is to protect and obscure the myth of white supremacy, to hide it from our awareness, and to assure us that we remain innocent after all. With one chapter devoted to each of the myths, the book relies especially on the voices of black Americans to help readers understand the pervasive power of white supremacy in American life and culture and how white supremacy translates into systemic racism, on the one hand, and white privilege, on the other. The book also explores how manifest destiny, the American dream, and capitalism have depended on the Great American Myths for their viability in American culture.
GEORGE GARNETT
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199291564
- eISBN:
- 9780191710520
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199291564.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas, European Medieval History
In his treatment of the current crisis, Marsilius shows himself to be very well-versed in the latest papal pronouncements — so well-versed that he is capable of forging a document in impeccable ...
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In his treatment of the current crisis, Marsilius shows himself to be very well-versed in the latest papal pronouncements — so well-versed that he is capable of forging a document in impeccable curial style that makes John XXII say what he wants him to have said. He concentrates overwhelmingly on the extreme statements of recent popes: Boniface VIII, Clement V, and the current pope, whom he can never bring himself to name. He avoids any discussion of Innocent III's key decretal Venerabilem. According to Marsilius, the current consummation of claims to plenitudo potestatis represented a threat not only to the Emperor, but to all Christian kings (as revealed by the recent experience of Philip the Fair, which Marsilius had observed from his vantage point at the Sorbonne). The pope was not only nullifying the rights of the Electors to the office of rex Romanorum, he was in effect claiming that all other Christian rulers derived their authority solely from him.Less
In his treatment of the current crisis, Marsilius shows himself to be very well-versed in the latest papal pronouncements — so well-versed that he is capable of forging a document in impeccable curial style that makes John XXII say what he wants him to have said. He concentrates overwhelmingly on the extreme statements of recent popes: Boniface VIII, Clement V, and the current pope, whom he can never bring himself to name. He avoids any discussion of Innocent III's key decretal Venerabilem. According to Marsilius, the current consummation of claims to plenitudo potestatis represented a threat not only to the Emperor, but to all Christian kings (as revealed by the recent experience of Philip the Fair, which Marsilius had observed from his vantage point at the Sorbonne). The pope was not only nullifying the rights of the Electors to the office of rex Romanorum, he was in effect claiming that all other Christian rulers derived their authority solely from him.
James L. Crenshaw
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195140026
- eISBN:
- 9780199835607
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140028.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
The tension between justice and mercy within God gave rise to stories illustrating YHWH’s desire to let compassion prevail, although not always. Genesis 18–19 has Abraham plead with God to spare the ...
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The tension between justice and mercy within God gave rise to stories illustrating YHWH’s desire to let compassion prevail, although not always. Genesis 18–19 has Abraham plead with God to spare the innocents who lived in the doomed cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, and the prophet Joel appeals to God to extend the merciful attributes of Exod 34:6 to a devastated Judean populace. In contrast, a petulant Jonah objects when a merciful God spares a foreign city, Nineveh, and a greatly wronged prophet, Jeremiah, accuses YHWH of rape.Less
The tension between justice and mercy within God gave rise to stories illustrating YHWH’s desire to let compassion prevail, although not always. Genesis 18–19 has Abraham plead with God to spare the innocents who lived in the doomed cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, and the prophet Joel appeals to God to extend the merciful attributes of Exod 34:6 to a devastated Judean populace. In contrast, a petulant Jonah objects when a merciful God spares a foreign city, Nineveh, and a greatly wronged prophet, Jeremiah, accuses YHWH of rape.
Colin Morris
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269250
- eISBN:
- 9780191600708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269250.003.0018
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Innocent was one of the youngest popes ever to be elected and was outstanding among the popes of this period. He built up the Papal State in Italy in its later form, and in his attempt to disrupt ...
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Innocent was one of the youngest popes ever to be elected and was outstanding among the popes of this period. He built up the Papal State in Italy in its later form, and in his attempt to disrupt Hohenstaufen power, sustained a long civil war in Germany, while elaborating the theory of papal authority and defining the limitations of kingship. He was actively committed to reform of the clergy. He also sponsored the Fourth Crusade and planned the Fifth, while taking steps against heresy in the West. Most aspects of his work were summed up in the huge Fourth Lateran Council of 1215.Less
Innocent was one of the youngest popes ever to be elected and was outstanding among the popes of this period. He built up the Papal State in Italy in its later form, and in his attempt to disrupt Hohenstaufen power, sustained a long civil war in Germany, while elaborating the theory of papal authority and defining the limitations of kingship. He was actively committed to reform of the clergy. He also sponsored the Fourth Crusade and planned the Fifth, while taking steps against heresy in the West. Most aspects of his work were summed up in the huge Fourth Lateran Council of 1215.
Colin Morris
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269250
- eISBN:
- 9780191600708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269250.003.0023
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Governments became more active, and there was more awareness of rights as vested in one single authority. They were formalized in established institutions, and two coherent jurisdictions, of church ...
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Governments became more active, and there was more awareness of rights as vested in one single authority. They were formalized in established institutions, and two coherent jurisdictions, of church and state, were in confrontation especially over the development of the new phenomenon of papal taxation,. Frederick II renewed the intense hostility between papacy and Hohenstaufen over the control of Italy. Vigorous discussions continued over the nature of papal authority and the rights of the cardinals. The papacy became the victim of its own success: the exploitation of the church as a whole for revenue alienated sympathy and stifled its initiative for reform.Less
Governments became more active, and there was more awareness of rights as vested in one single authority. They were formalized in established institutions, and two coherent jurisdictions, of church and state, were in confrontation especially over the development of the new phenomenon of papal taxation,. Frederick II renewed the intense hostility between papacy and Hohenstaufen over the control of Italy. Vigorous discussions continued over the nature of papal authority and the rights of the cardinals. The papacy became the victim of its own success: the exploitation of the church as a whole for revenue alienated sympathy and stifled its initiative for reform.
Henry Chadwick
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246953
- eISBN:
- 9780191600463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246955.003.0051
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Controversy about the excommunication of John Chrysostom affected relations between east and west, as pope Innocent I (401–17) defended John's reputation and gradually gained some support in the ...
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Controversy about the excommunication of John Chrysostom affected relations between east and west, as pope Innocent I (401–17) defended John's reputation and gradually gained some support in the east. John's deposition did not, as his opponents had wished, diminish the status of Constantinople or ‘New Rome’ in the eastern churches. Innocent's correspondence with the east covered other matters, including the Roman liturgy and Pelagianism. Innocent's time in office was also troubled by barbarian invasions of Gaul and Italy. Alaric's sack of Rome in 410 provoked agonizing questions for Christians about divine providence and provided the occasion for Augustine to begin work on his City of God.Less
Controversy about the excommunication of John Chrysostom affected relations between east and west, as pope Innocent I (401–17) defended John's reputation and gradually gained some support in the east. John's deposition did not, as his opponents had wished, diminish the status of Constantinople or ‘New Rome’ in the eastern churches. Innocent's correspondence with the east covered other matters, including the Roman liturgy and Pelagianism. Innocent's time in office was also troubled by barbarian invasions of Gaul and Italy. Alaric's sack of Rome in 410 provoked agonizing questions for Christians about divine providence and provided the occasion for Augustine to begin work on his City of God.
Gerard O'Daly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199263950
- eISBN:
- 9780191741364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263950.003.0013
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter discusses the themes of the poem: the Christmas star; the Magi and the symbolism of their gifts; the fulfilment of Messianic prophecies; Herod and the slaughter of the Innocents; Moses ...
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This chapter discusses the themes of the poem: the Christmas star; the Magi and the symbolism of their gifts; the fulfilment of Messianic prophecies; Herod and the slaughter of the Innocents; Moses and Joshua as prefigurations or types of Christ; Christ the king and ruler, liberating humanity from death; and the poem as a post-Ambrosian hymn.Less
This chapter discusses the themes of the poem: the Christmas star; the Magi and the symbolism of their gifts; the fulfilment of Messianic prophecies; Herod and the slaughter of the Innocents; Moses and Joshua as prefigurations or types of Christ; Christ the king and ruler, liberating humanity from death; and the poem as a post-Ambrosian hymn.
Ian Butler
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861347466
- eISBN:
- 9781447303312
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861347466.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
Scandals do not just happen. They are made. They are constructed out of such everyday tragedies as the small carelessness and institutional brutality of the long-stay hospital, child abuse, or the ...
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Scandals do not just happen. They are made. They are constructed out of such everyday tragedies as the small carelessness and institutional brutality of the long-stay hospital, child abuse, or the violent deaths of innocent bystanders. This book, by examining the landmark scandals of the post-war period, including more recent ones, such as the Victoria Climbie Inquiry, reveals how scandals are generated, to what purposes they are used, and whose interests they are made to serve. In particular, it examines the role of the public inquiry, an increasingly familiar policy device, in the process whereby the ‘story’ of a particular scandal is told and its meaning fixed. Using transcripts, press coverage, materials from the Public Record Office, and other contemporary sources, each of the scandals described in the book is located in its own historical and policy context in order to explore the complex cause-and-effect relationship between public policy and scandal.Less
Scandals do not just happen. They are made. They are constructed out of such everyday tragedies as the small carelessness and institutional brutality of the long-stay hospital, child abuse, or the violent deaths of innocent bystanders. This book, by examining the landmark scandals of the post-war period, including more recent ones, such as the Victoria Climbie Inquiry, reveals how scandals are generated, to what purposes they are used, and whose interests they are made to serve. In particular, it examines the role of the public inquiry, an increasingly familiar policy device, in the process whereby the ‘story’ of a particular scandal is told and its meaning fixed. Using transcripts, press coverage, materials from the Public Record Office, and other contemporary sources, each of the scandals described in the book is located in its own historical and policy context in order to explore the complex cause-and-effect relationship between public policy and scandal.
William J. Talbott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195173482
- eISBN:
- 9780199872176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173482.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter compares a system of human rights guarantees of security with libertarian natural rights. Security rights are a solution to a collective action problem that would arise in a state of ...
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This chapter compares a system of human rights guarantees of security with libertarian natural rights. Security rights are a solution to a collective action problem that would arise in a state of nature with libertarian natural rights, the internal security problem. To be endorsed by the main principle, a solution to that problem requires guarantees of procedural rights, which have no analog in natural rights. The chapter discusses various problems that have been thought to be fatal to consequentialism: (1) the problem of intentionally punishing the innocent, and the related problem of inadvertently punishing the innocent, which is a challenging one for nonconsequentialists; (2) strict criminal liability; and (3) organ harvesting. The discussion of inadvertently punishing the innocent leads to a consideration of the doctrine of double effect. The chapter concludes the chapter with a comparison of his account with Judith Thomson’s trade-off idea, illustrated by the trolley cases.Less
This chapter compares a system of human rights guarantees of security with libertarian natural rights. Security rights are a solution to a collective action problem that would arise in a state of nature with libertarian natural rights, the internal security problem. To be endorsed by the main principle, a solution to that problem requires guarantees of procedural rights, which have no analog in natural rights. The chapter discusses various problems that have been thought to be fatal to consequentialism: (1) the problem of intentionally punishing the innocent, and the related problem of inadvertently punishing the innocent, which is a challenging one for nonconsequentialists; (2) strict criminal liability; and (3) organ harvesting. The discussion of inadvertently punishing the innocent leads to a consideration of the doctrine of double effect. The chapter concludes the chapter with a comparison of his account with Judith Thomson’s trade-off idea, illustrated by the trolley cases.
D. L. d'Avray
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198208211
- eISBN:
- 9780191716690
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208211.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
An apparently unique feature of the later medieval Church's marriage system in a world-historical comparative perspective is that it permitted neither divorce nor polygamy. This system was rooted in ...
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An apparently unique feature of the later medieval Church's marriage system in a world-historical comparative perspective is that it permitted neither divorce nor polygamy. This system was rooted in marriage symbolism, and especially in ideas synthesized out of biblical elements by Augustine of Hippo, whose thought on the matter was a time-bomb which did not go off until the central medieval period. The key idea was that the union of man and woman should be not less inseparable than the union of Christ and the Church. While the idea was accepted by churchmen in theory, it was largely ignored in practice in the early medieval period. From the Carolingian period on it began to have an impact on lay society, but powerful laymen could still easily get out of a marriage. The Gregorian Reform started a wind of change. Previously, it had been common even for senior churchmen to have wives or partners, but when celibacy began to become a reality in the higher echelons of Church government, sympathy for the ‘needs’ of patriarchal males could no longer be assumed or expected. It was however Innocent III who really turned indissolubility into a social reality, by an intransigent attitude and changes in Canon Law that closed the loopholes that had allowed easy annulments.Less
An apparently unique feature of the later medieval Church's marriage system in a world-historical comparative perspective is that it permitted neither divorce nor polygamy. This system was rooted in marriage symbolism, and especially in ideas synthesized out of biblical elements by Augustine of Hippo, whose thought on the matter was a time-bomb which did not go off until the central medieval period. The key idea was that the union of man and woman should be not less inseparable than the union of Christ and the Church. While the idea was accepted by churchmen in theory, it was largely ignored in practice in the early medieval period. From the Carolingian period on it began to have an impact on lay society, but powerful laymen could still easily get out of a marriage. The Gregorian Reform started a wind of change. Previously, it had been common even for senior churchmen to have wives or partners, but when celibacy began to become a reality in the higher echelons of Church government, sympathy for the ‘needs’ of patriarchal males could no longer be assumed or expected. It was however Innocent III who really turned indissolubility into a social reality, by an intransigent attitude and changes in Canon Law that closed the loopholes that had allowed easy annulments.
Peter D. Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199208609
- eISBN:
- 9780191709043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208609.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter examines ideas of 12th- and 13th-century writers on canon law, theology, and Roman law to understand how churchmen could justify a sanction like the interdict that seemed to punish the ...
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This chapter examines ideas of 12th- and 13th-century writers on canon law, theology, and Roman law to understand how churchmen could justify a sanction like the interdict that seemed to punish the innocent along with the guilty, in that it would be felt by an entire community for something committed by its ruler only. Topics covered include punishment of the innocent, collective guilt and punishment, consent to another's sin, and sin in another's name.Less
This chapter examines ideas of 12th- and 13th-century writers on canon law, theology, and Roman law to understand how churchmen could justify a sanction like the interdict that seemed to punish the innocent along with the guilty, in that it would be felt by an entire community for something committed by its ruler only. Topics covered include punishment of the innocent, collective guilt and punishment, consent to another's sin, and sin in another's name.
Peter D. Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199208609
- eISBN:
- 9780191709043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208609.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter discusses the responses to, enforcement, and effectiveness of interdicts. It considers interdicts imposed on three towns: San Gimignano, Dax, and Béziers. It is shown that the interdicts ...
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This chapter discusses the responses to, enforcement, and effectiveness of interdicts. It considers interdicts imposed on three towns: San Gimignano, Dax, and Béziers. It is shown that the interdicts on these three towns largely worked because most clergy observed them. Even so, the lay powers who occasioned these sentences tried to disrupt their enforcement.Less
This chapter discusses the responses to, enforcement, and effectiveness of interdicts. It considers interdicts imposed on three towns: San Gimignano, Dax, and Béziers. It is shown that the interdicts on these three towns largely worked because most clergy observed them. Even so, the lay powers who occasioned these sentences tried to disrupt their enforcement.
Richard S. Lowry
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195102123
- eISBN:
- 9780199855087
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195102123.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
The author states three major cultural transformations which best describe Mark Twain's writing: capital, culture, and education. These three cultural transformations are emphasized separately in the ...
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The author states three major cultural transformations which best describe Mark Twain's writing: capital, culture, and education. These three cultural transformations are emphasized separately in the second, third, and fourth chapters, respectively. This chapter returns to the earlier stages of the writing career of Mark Twain as a national author with The Innocents Abroad in 1869 and Roughing It in 1872. These resolve the contradictions between the discourses of popular entertainment and high culture with a comic embrace of a commodity aesthetic. The author explores Mark Twain's suggestion of a person whose desire is very much structured by fantasies of commodity speculation and whose cultural authority is certified by the ability of that person to transform language into valuable money.Less
The author states three major cultural transformations which best describe Mark Twain's writing: capital, culture, and education. These three cultural transformations are emphasized separately in the second, third, and fourth chapters, respectively. This chapter returns to the earlier stages of the writing career of Mark Twain as a national author with The Innocents Abroad in 1869 and Roughing It in 1872. These resolve the contradictions between the discourses of popular entertainment and high culture with a comic embrace of a commodity aesthetic. The author explores Mark Twain's suggestion of a person whose desire is very much structured by fantasies of commodity speculation and whose cultural authority is certified by the ability of that person to transform language into valuable money.
Jeff McMahan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199548668
- eISBN:
- 9780191721045
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548668.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter distinguishes among a variety of morally different types of threatening individual — for example, those who are culpable, those who are excused, those who are partially excused, those ...
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This chapter distinguishes among a variety of morally different types of threatening individual — for example, those who are culpable, those who are excused, those who are partially excused, those who are justified, and so on. It argues that the moral basis of liability to defensive violence is moral responsibility for a threat of wrongful harm and claims that on this criterion virtually all who fight in wars that lack a just cause are liable to military attack. It then considers whether these combatants are also liable to punishment in the aftermath of war and discusses whether the excuses available to them may impose a requirement of restraint in fighting against them. It concludes by discussing the moral status of child soldiers.Less
This chapter distinguishes among a variety of morally different types of threatening individual — for example, those who are culpable, those who are excused, those who are partially excused, those who are justified, and so on. It argues that the moral basis of liability to defensive violence is moral responsibility for a threat of wrongful harm and claims that on this criterion virtually all who fight in wars that lack a just cause are liable to military attack. It then considers whether these combatants are also liable to punishment in the aftermath of war and discusses whether the excuses available to them may impose a requirement of restraint in fighting against them. It concludes by discussing the moral status of child soldiers.
