James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165883
- eISBN:
- 9780199789672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165883.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter reviews how the American economy has evolved over the past half century and the role computers have played in that evolution. It describes the role of labor, the productivity paradox, ...
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This chapter reviews how the American economy has evolved over the past half century and the role computers have played in that evolution. It describes the role of labor, the productivity paradox, and how businesses and individuals have learned about computers. It presents an overview of the key applications introduced into the economy across all industries, and discusses the extent of deployment of the technology and uses with implications for management.Less
This chapter reviews how the American economy has evolved over the past half century and the role computers have played in that evolution. It describes the role of labor, the productivity paradox, and how businesses and individuals have learned about computers. It presents an overview of the key applications introduced into the economy across all industries, and discusses the extent of deployment of the technology and uses with implications for management.
Dimitris Assimakopoulos, Rebecca Marschan-Piekkari, and Stuart Macdonald
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241057
- eISBN:
- 9780191714290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241057.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
Established in 1983, the European Strategic Program for Research in Information Technologies (ESPRIT) is the oldest of the European Commission's research and technology development (RTD) programmes. ...
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Established in 1983, the European Strategic Program for Research in Information Technologies (ESPRIT) is the oldest of the European Commission's research and technology development (RTD) programmes. ESPRIT came into being as a result of the fear that Europe was lagging far behind the United States and Japan in vital information technologies. Collaboration, rather than competition, among Europe's IT companies, it was imagined would yield synergies, the flexibility to adapt in volatile markets, and the shorter product cycles essential for international competitiveness. The chapter explores the significance of external linkages for innovation in ESPRIT in the light of the reality of collaboration. Empirical data focus on ten ESPRIT projects, examined as case studies. Particular attention is given to the informal networks that link members of the ESPRIT projects to the most dynamic parts of the IT world in the United States and beyond.Less
Established in 1983, the European Strategic Program for Research in Information Technologies (ESPRIT) is the oldest of the European Commission's research and technology development (RTD) programmes. ESPRIT came into being as a result of the fear that Europe was lagging far behind the United States and Japan in vital information technologies. Collaboration, rather than competition, among Europe's IT companies, it was imagined would yield synergies, the flexibility to adapt in volatile markets, and the shorter product cycles essential for international competitiveness. The chapter explores the significance of external linkages for innovation in ESPRIT in the light of the reality of collaboration. Empirical data focus on ten ESPRIT projects, examined as case studies. Particular attention is given to the informal networks that link members of the ESPRIT projects to the most dynamic parts of the IT world in the United States and beyond.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165883
- eISBN:
- 9780199789672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165883.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes the long term evolution of computer technology and the emergence of fundamental uses of the technology — called applications. It summarizes how such uses affected businesses ...
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This chapter describes the long term evolution of computer technology and the emergence of fundamental uses of the technology — called applications. It summarizes how such uses affected businesses and industries over time, and discusses the role of applications on an industry-by-industry basis.Less
This chapter describes the long term evolution of computer technology and the emergence of fundamental uses of the technology — called applications. It summarizes how such uses affected businesses and industries over time, and discusses the role of applications on an industry-by-industry basis.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165876
- eISBN:
- 9780199789689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165876.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes the presence, structure, and form of the banking, insurance, and brokerage industries in the United States. It describes the evolution of these industries over the past half ...
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This chapter describes the presence, structure, and form of the banking, insurance, and brokerage industries in the United States. It describes the evolution of these industries over the past half century including their size, how they made money, and their activities. Also described is how the government regulated their activities and how this affected their use of information technology. The case for how these industries evolved into a new digital style of operation is articulated.Less
This chapter describes the presence, structure, and form of the banking, insurance, and brokerage industries in the United States. It describes the evolution of these industries over the past half century including their size, how they made money, and their activities. Also described is how the government regulated their activities and how this affected their use of information technology. The case for how these industries evolved into a new digital style of operation is articulated.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165876
- eISBN:
- 9780199789689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165876.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
No industry seems to have undergone as many fundamental changes in the United States as the telecommunications industry. This chapter describes those changes and the role information technology ...
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No industry seems to have undergone as many fundamental changes in the United States as the telecommunications industry. This chapter describes those changes and the role information technology played in transforming its base technologies, services, work flows, and institutional structures. The story is considered in the present context with the role of the Internet and the arrival of a digital style of operating in this sector.Less
No industry seems to have undergone as many fundamental changes in the United States as the telecommunications industry. This chapter describes those changes and the role information technology played in transforming its base technologies, services, work flows, and institutional structures. The story is considered in the present context with the role of the Internet and the arrival of a digital style of operating in this sector.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165876
- eISBN:
- 9780199789689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165876.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes the history of how the insurance industry has evolved since the 1950s, and what information technology applications it embraced. It then describes the extent of the use of IT ...
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This chapter describes the history of how the insurance industry has evolved since the 1950s, and what information technology applications it embraced. It then describes the extent of the use of IT and its effects on the work, structure, and services in this industry. It covers both the life and property/casualty insurance industries.Less
This chapter describes the history of how the insurance industry has evolved since the 1950s, and what information technology applications it embraced. It then describes the extent of the use of IT and its effects on the work, structure, and services in this industry. It covers both the life and property/casualty insurance industries.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165876
- eISBN:
- 9780199789689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165876.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes how computers have been used in book publishing, newspapers, and magazines over the past half century. It describes specific applications, such as printing, the extent to which ...
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This chapter describes how computers have been used in book publishing, newspapers, and magazines over the past half century. It describes specific applications, such as printing, the extent to which computers were used and the effects on how work was done. Activities after arrival of the Internet are considered.Less
This chapter describes how computers have been used in book publishing, newspapers, and magazines over the past half century. It describes specific applications, such as printing, the extent to which computers were used and the effects on how work was done. Activities after arrival of the Internet are considered.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165876
- eISBN:
- 9780199789689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165876.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes the role of information technology in two electronic media industries over time: radio and TV. It describes their applications in business practices, recording and transmission ...
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This chapter describes the role of information technology in two electronic media industries over time: radio and TV. It describes their applications in business practices, recording and transmission of programs, role over the Internet, and the effects on firms in these industries, beginning with transistor radios to the Internet.Less
This chapter describes the role of information technology in two electronic media industries over time: radio and TV. It describes their applications in business practices, recording and transmission of programs, role over the Internet, and the effects on firms in these industries, beginning with transistor radios to the Internet.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165876
- eISBN:
- 9780199789689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165876.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes the role of information technologies in the shaping and offerings of services industries, then moves on to describe broad patterns of IT adoption by such industries, and the ...
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This chapter describes the role of information technologies in the shaping and offerings of services industries, then moves on to describe broad patterns of IT adoption by such industries, and the role such industries now play in the New Economy. Global trends and implications for management in all industries are discussed.Less
This chapter describes the role of information technologies in the shaping and offerings of services industries, then moves on to describe broad patterns of IT adoption by such industries, and the role such industries now play in the New Economy. Global trends and implications for management in all industries are discussed.
Stuart Macdonald
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241477
- eISBN:
- 9780191696947
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241477.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Organization Studies
Information is not taken seriously. Much is said about the information age, the information economy, the information society, and particularly about information technology, but little about ...
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Information is not taken seriously. Much is said about the information age, the information economy, the information society, and particularly about information technology, but little about information itself. Information has some very odd characteristics, conveniently overlooked by senior managers passionate about knowledge-based, learning organizations; by politicians and public servants, compensating with policy and programme for the information failure of organization and market; and by the IT and dotcom communities, bent on adding value to what they treat as just a commodity. This book looks at innovation from an information perspective; one that puts information first. Its information perspective is applied to eighteenth-century agriculture and high technology, to technology transfer and espionage, to corporate strategy and intellectual property.Less
Information is not taken seriously. Much is said about the information age, the information economy, the information society, and particularly about information technology, but little about information itself. Information has some very odd characteristics, conveniently overlooked by senior managers passionate about knowledge-based, learning organizations; by politicians and public servants, compensating with policy and programme for the information failure of organization and market; and by the IT and dotcom communities, bent on adding value to what they treat as just a commodity. This book looks at innovation from an information perspective; one that puts information first. Its information perspective is applied to eighteenth-century agriculture and high technology, to technology transfer and espionage, to corporate strategy and intellectual property.
Meir Pugatch, Morris Teubal, and Odeda Zlotnick
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574759
- eISBN:
- 9780191722660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574759.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter discusses the experience of Israel. At the time of its independence in 1948, its people came from different parts of the world, providing them with international orientation from the ...
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This chapter discusses the experience of Israel. At the time of its independence in 1948, its people came from different parts of the world, providing them with international orientation from the beginning. As a result, many of the businesses targeted foreign markets, mainly USA and Europe, and were more concerned with the intellectual property regime in these foreign countries than Israel's own. Together with public support for innovation and military‐related expenditure, some startup firms, mainly in information technologies, grew and succeeded in IPO (initial public offering) or selling themselves. Another successful case is Teva, now the largest generic drug producer. It benefited from the patent law amendment in 1967, which allowed local firms to copy patented drugs if the patent owners did not market them in Israel. This provision was dropped after TRIPS; however, Teva had accumulated process technologies by then.Less
This chapter discusses the experience of Israel. At the time of its independence in 1948, its people came from different parts of the world, providing them with international orientation from the beginning. As a result, many of the businesses targeted foreign markets, mainly USA and Europe, and were more concerned with the intellectual property regime in these foreign countries than Israel's own. Together with public support for innovation and military‐related expenditure, some startup firms, mainly in information technologies, grew and succeeded in IPO (initial public offering) or selling themselves. Another successful case is Teva, now the largest generic drug producer. It benefited from the patent law amendment in 1967, which allowed local firms to copy patented drugs if the patent owners did not market them in Israel. This provision was dropped after TRIPS; however, Teva had accumulated process technologies by then.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165876
- eISBN:
- 9780199789689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165876.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes the use of information technology in two entertainment industries that have become extensive users of many digital technologies: movies and recorded music. It describes the ...
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This chapter describes the use of information technology in two entertainment industries that have become extensive users of many digital technologies: movies and recorded music. It describes the profound effects information technologies are having on the products, services, organization, piracy issues, and work of these two industries. These are now seen as two key components of the New Economy.Less
This chapter describes the use of information technology in two entertainment industries that have become extensive users of many digital technologies: movies and recorded music. It describes the profound effects information technologies are having on the products, services, organization, piracy issues, and work of these two industries. These are now seen as two key components of the New Economy.
Stuart Macdonald
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241477
- eISBN:
- 9780191696947
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241477.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Organization Studies
This introductory chapter begins by describing what this book is all about, namely, information, its uses, and the results of its use. It explains briefly the information perspective and how ...
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This introductory chapter begins by describing what this book is all about, namely, information, its uses, and the results of its use. It explains briefly the information perspective and how information should be treated as a primary concern. An overview of the chapters included in the book is given.Less
This introductory chapter begins by describing what this book is all about, namely, information, its uses, and the results of its use. It explains briefly the information perspective and how information should be treated as a primary concern. An overview of the chapters included in the book is given.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165876
- eISBN:
- 9780199789689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165876.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes the history of how the brokerage industry evolved since the 1950s, and what information technology applications it embraced. It then describes the extent of IT use and its ...
More
This chapter describes the history of how the brokerage industry evolved since the 1950s, and what information technology applications it embraced. It then describes the extent of IT use and its effects on the work, structure, and services in this industry.Less
This chapter describes the history of how the brokerage industry evolved since the 1950s, and what information technology applications it embraced. It then describes the extent of IT use and its effects on the work, structure, and services in this industry.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165876
- eISBN:
- 9780199789689
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165876.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This is a history of how over a dozen American industries have used computers and been affected by them in the financial, telecommunications, media, and entertainment industries since 1950. It ...
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This is a history of how over a dozen American industries have used computers and been affected by them in the financial, telecommunications, media, and entertainment industries since 1950. It explores the role this technology played, how it changed the work done, and the effects on companies, industries, and the American economy. It argues that what was done within industries fundamentally changed as a result of the massive use of all manner of information technologies and telecommunications. By the end of the 20th century this created a new digital style of working. It is based on extensive research and is organized by chapters describing what happened, one industry after another. This is a business history, not a history of technology.Less
This is a history of how over a dozen American industries have used computers and been affected by them in the financial, telecommunications, media, and entertainment industries since 1950. It explores the role this technology played, how it changed the work done, and the effects on companies, industries, and the American economy. It argues that what was done within industries fundamentally changed as a result of the massive use of all manner of information technologies and telecommunications. By the end of the 20th century this created a new digital style of working. It is based on extensive research and is organized by chapters describing what happened, one industry after another. This is a business history, not a history of technology.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165876
- eISBN:
- 9780199789689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165876.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes the applications of information technologies in the banking industry over the past half century, and how these changed the nature of this industry's work, structure, and ...
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This chapter describes the applications of information technologies in the banking industry over the past half century, and how these changed the nature of this industry's work, structure, and services across such themes as checking accounts and loan management. A discussion on credit cards and Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) is included.Less
This chapter describes the applications of information technologies in the banking industry over the past half century, and how these changed the nature of this industry's work, structure, and services across such themes as checking accounts and loan management. A discussion on credit cards and Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) is included.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165883
- eISBN:
- 9780199789672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165883.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes how computers came into three information technology industries: semiconductors, hard disk drives, and software, for doing the work of each. It describes applications, how work ...
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This chapter describes how computers came into three information technology industries: semiconductors, hard disk drives, and software, for doing the work of each. It describes applications, how work changed, and how products were developed, manufactured, and deployed. The extent of use of computers in these modern industries is also discussed.Less
This chapter describes how computers came into three information technology industries: semiconductors, hard disk drives, and software, for doing the work of each. It describes applications, how work changed, and how products were developed, manufactured, and deployed. The extent of use of computers in these modern industries is also discussed.
Silvio Panciera
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265062
- eISBN:
- 9780191754173
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265062.003.0012
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This brief chapter stresses the difference between the revolutionary possibilities of applying Information Technology to the Greek and Roman epigraphic record and its limited effects to date. It ...
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This brief chapter stresses the difference between the revolutionary possibilities of applying Information Technology to the Greek and Roman epigraphic record and its limited effects to date. It traces the reasons partly to scholarly attitudes, partly to the lack of a list of prioritised objectives, partly to divergences in the very concepts of ‘inscription’ and of ‘data-base’ and partly to a lack of unity and collaboration.Less
This brief chapter stresses the difference between the revolutionary possibilities of applying Information Technology to the Greek and Roman epigraphic record and its limited effects to date. It traces the reasons partly to scholarly attitudes, partly to the lack of a list of prioritised objectives, partly to divergences in the very concepts of ‘inscription’ and of ‘data-base’ and partly to a lack of unity and collaboration.
William V. Rapp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195148138
- eISBN:
- 9780199849376
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148138.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
The focus of this book is on educating on the strategic principles fundamental to using information technology to gain market control. It provides case examples of how to use IT to enhance existing ...
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The focus of this book is on educating on the strategic principles fundamental to using information technology to gain market control. It provides case examples of how to use IT to enhance existing core competencies and strategies. The book is designed to help managers struggling with how to advantageously harness the new information revolution. It can also support executive and business education programs on managing technology when few such studies exist. While Internet and information technologies are currently hot topics, many firms and executives are without the tools and knowledge of how to actually use them to improve results. This book describes how major non-information technology companies are doing this and the strategic principles employed.Less
The focus of this book is on educating on the strategic principles fundamental to using information technology to gain market control. It provides case examples of how to use IT to enhance existing core competencies and strategies. The book is designed to help managers struggling with how to advantageously harness the new information revolution. It can also support executive and business education programs on managing technology when few such studies exist. While Internet and information technologies are currently hot topics, many firms and executives are without the tools and knowledge of how to actually use them to improve results. This book describes how major non-information technology companies are doing this and the strategic principles employed.
Paul A. David and Gavin Wright
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263471
- eISBN:
- 9780191734786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263471.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter analyses the relationship between the diffusion of general purpose technologies (GPTs) and surges in the growth of productivity. It first explores the dynamics of GPT diffusion by ...
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This chapter analyses the relationship between the diffusion of general purpose technologies (GPTs) and surges in the growth of productivity. It first explores the dynamics of GPT diffusion by considering the generic and differentiating aspects of the US experience with industrial electrification and in comparison with that of the UK and Japan. It then discusses the analogies and contrasts between the historical case of a socio-economic regime transition involving the electric dynamo and the modern experience of the information and communications technology (ICT).Less
This chapter analyses the relationship between the diffusion of general purpose technologies (GPTs) and surges in the growth of productivity. It first explores the dynamics of GPT diffusion by considering the generic and differentiating aspects of the US experience with industrial electrification and in comparison with that of the UK and Japan. It then discusses the analogies and contrasts between the historical case of a socio-economic regime transition involving the electric dynamo and the modern experience of the information and communications technology (ICT).
