Michael Banton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280613
- eISBN:
- 9780191598760
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280610.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
With the election of new members in 1988 and with changes in external circumstances, CERD was able to take positive steps to improve its working methods and to agree that it would issue ‘concluding ...
More
With the election of new members in 1988 and with changes in external circumstances, CERD was able to take positive steps to improve its working methods and to agree that it would issue ‘concluding observations’ expressing a collective view. It introduced procedures for reviewing the implementation of the Convention in states that had not submitted reports and for taking urgent action in emergencies. Its procedure for issuing opinions on communications (or petitions) from individuals came into effect. Figures are provided on the use of CERD's time.Less
With the election of new members in 1988 and with changes in external circumstances, CERD was able to take positive steps to improve its working methods and to agree that it would issue ‘concluding observations’ expressing a collective view. It introduced procedures for reviewing the implementation of the Convention in states that had not submitted reports and for taking urgent action in emergencies. Its procedure for issuing opinions on communications (or petitions) from individuals came into effect. Figures are provided on the use of CERD's time.
Michael Banton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280613
- eISBN:
- 9780191598760
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280610.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
During the ten years from 1978, the conflict between the Eastern and Western blocs formed the political framework within which CERD had to operate. It was argued, on the one hand, that CERD could not ...
More
During the ten years from 1978, the conflict between the Eastern and Western blocs formed the political framework within which CERD had to operate. It was argued, on the one hand, that CERD could not examine a report properly unless it could compare the information within it to information from other sources. On the other hand, it was maintained that the Convention referred only to ‘the examination of the reports and information received from the States Parties’. In 1986, at a time when the press was reporting on a campaign forcibly to assimilate the Turkish‐speaking minority in Bulgaria, the Committee was unable to confirm that the campaign was contrary to the Convention.Less
During the ten years from 1978, the conflict between the Eastern and Western blocs formed the political framework within which CERD had to operate. It was argued, on the one hand, that CERD could not examine a report properly unless it could compare the information within it to information from other sources. On the other hand, it was maintained that the Convention referred only to ‘the examination of the reports and information received from the States Parties’. In 1986, at a time when the press was reporting on a campaign forcibly to assimilate the Turkish‐speaking minority in Bulgaria, the Committee was unable to confirm that the campaign was contrary to the Convention.
Stuart Macdonald
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241477
- eISBN:
- 9780191696947
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241477.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Organization Studies
This chapter explains where information is gathered, and how it affects change and innovation. It starts by providing examples on how the Japanese adapted to technology change by using methods that ...
More
This chapter explains where information is gathered, and how it affects change and innovation. It starts by providing examples on how the Japanese adapted to technology change by using methods that would change the way they obtain information. The chapter continues by providing obvious sources of information that would fit the needs of a certain organization. External sources of information are also explained. It is then related to the not-invented-here (NIH) syndrome, a situation in which organizations reject external sources of information that when applied would seem to change the way they obtain information, and in turn affect their products. The chapter ends by explaining how external information can be controlled and screened to meet the organizations' specifications. Less obvious sources of external information are also provided.Less
This chapter explains where information is gathered, and how it affects change and innovation. It starts by providing examples on how the Japanese adapted to technology change by using methods that would change the way they obtain information. The chapter continues by providing obvious sources of information that would fit the needs of a certain organization. External sources of information are also explained. It is then related to the not-invented-here (NIH) syndrome, a situation in which organizations reject external sources of information that when applied would seem to change the way they obtain information, and in turn affect their products. The chapter ends by explaining how external information can be controlled and screened to meet the organizations' specifications. Less obvious sources of external information are also provided.
Stuart Macdonald
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241477
- eISBN:
- 9780191696947
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241477.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Organization Studies
This chapter discusses how information should flow in an organization. There are only two ways in which information can exist in any location — either it was created there, or it was transferred ...
More
This chapter discusses how information should flow in an organization. There are only two ways in which information can exist in any location — either it was created there, or it was transferred there from somewhere else. It is often assumed that information is transferred from a single source as a complete package, a finished innovation. However, rather than a complete package delivered from a single source, bits of information are much more likely to be transferred, and an innovation is a contribution to yet more innovation. The Epidemic Model of Diffusion further explains the flow of information: sent information is not likely to arrive in parts from multiple sources. What is transmitted is what arrives, and all that is required to be known about its transfer can be known from the location and timing of its further incidence.Less
This chapter discusses how information should flow in an organization. There are only two ways in which information can exist in any location — either it was created there, or it was transferred there from somewhere else. It is often assumed that information is transferred from a single source as a complete package, a finished innovation. However, rather than a complete package delivered from a single source, bits of information are much more likely to be transferred, and an innovation is a contribution to yet more innovation. The Epidemic Model of Diffusion further explains the flow of information: sent information is not likely to arrive in parts from multiple sources. What is transmitted is what arrives, and all that is required to be known about its transfer can be known from the location and timing of its further incidence.
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199593569
- eISBN:
- 9780191739385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593569.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families
Every language has a way of saying how one knows what one is talking about, and what one thinks about what one knows. The ways in which the information source can be expressed vary. Evidentiality is ...
More
Every language has a way of saying how one knows what one is talking about, and what one thinks about what one knows. The ways in which the information source can be expressed vary. Evidentiality is a grammatical marking of how we know something — whether we saw it happen, or heard it, or smelt it, or inferred what was happening based on logical assumption, or on a result we can see, or just were told about it. In perhaps a quarter of the world’s languages, marking a selection of information sources is a ‘must’. More than half of these are spoken in Amazonia and the adjacent areas of the Andes. Grammatical evidentiality — a rare bird in familiar Indo-European or Semitic languages — is a distinctive feature of Amazonian languages. They boast the richest array of evidentials in the world. The chapter discusses types of evidential systems in Amazonia. The most complex systems are found in Tucanoan and some Arawak languages of north-west Amazonia and also in Nambiquara languages of the Amazonian south. Evidentials may have complicated meanings, to do with authority and control. One can tell a lie using an evidential. Evidentials are highly diffusable in language contact, since they are associated with cultural practices of being precise in your information source. Once a language becomes obsolescent, evidentials are under threat. The use of evidentials changes as new cultural practices develop.Less
Every language has a way of saying how one knows what one is talking about, and what one thinks about what one knows. The ways in which the information source can be expressed vary. Evidentiality is a grammatical marking of how we know something — whether we saw it happen, or heard it, or smelt it, or inferred what was happening based on logical assumption, or on a result we can see, or just were told about it. In perhaps a quarter of the world’s languages, marking a selection of information sources is a ‘must’. More than half of these are spoken in Amazonia and the adjacent areas of the Andes. Grammatical evidentiality — a rare bird in familiar Indo-European or Semitic languages — is a distinctive feature of Amazonian languages. They boast the richest array of evidentials in the world. The chapter discusses types of evidential systems in Amazonia. The most complex systems are found in Tucanoan and some Arawak languages of north-west Amazonia and also in Nambiquara languages of the Amazonian south. Evidentials may have complicated meanings, to do with authority and control. One can tell a lie using an evidential. Evidentials are highly diffusable in language contact, since they are associated with cultural practices of being precise in your information source. Once a language becomes obsolescent, evidentials are under threat. The use of evidentials changes as new cultural practices develop.
Edward Craig
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198238799
- eISBN:
- 9780191597237
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198238797.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The author distinguishes between informants (people who tell us things) and sources of information (like arboreal growth rings or states of human beings), and argues that the concept of knowledge is ...
More
The author distinguishes between informants (people who tell us things) and sources of information (like arboreal growth rings or states of human beings), and argues that the concept of knowledge is tied to the former and not the latter. The distinction is then used to cast light on the (quasi‐) necessity of the belief condition for knowledge and on comparativism, the view that a person might be said to know p in circumstances in which the alternative is q, but not to know p if the alternatives include r. Goldman's famous papier‐mâché barn thought experiment is also discussed. Craig concludes that where belief is lacking or knowledge appears comparativistic, the subject does not have genuine knowledge, for she is a mere potential source of information, not an informant.Less
The author distinguishes between informants (people who tell us things) and sources of information (like arboreal growth rings or states of human beings), and argues that the concept of knowledge is tied to the former and not the latter. The distinction is then used to cast light on the (quasi‐) necessity of the belief condition for knowledge and on comparativism, the view that a person might be said to know p in circumstances in which the alternative is q, but not to know p if the alternatives include r. Goldman's famous papier‐mâché barn thought experiment is also discussed. Craig concludes that where belief is lacking or knowledge appears comparativistic, the subject does not have genuine knowledge, for she is a mere potential source of information, not an informant.
Leland Donald
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520206168
- eISBN:
- 9780520918115
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520206168.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter describes the sources of information and the methods used to arrive at the statements and conclusions in this book about slavery in the Northwest Coast of North America. It explains the ...
More
This chapter describes the sources of information and the methods used to arrive at the statements and conclusions in this book about slavery in the Northwest Coast of North America. It explains the concept of the approach developed to establish generalizations about Northwest Coast cultures, specifically the tribal unit sample, and discusses cultural variations in space and the problem of change over time. The chapter highlights the problem of missing information and the bias in some sources used for the book.Less
This chapter describes the sources of information and the methods used to arrive at the statements and conclusions in this book about slavery in the Northwest Coast of North America. It explains the concept of the approach developed to establish generalizations about Northwest Coast cultures, specifically the tribal unit sample, and discusses cultural variations in space and the problem of change over time. The chapter highlights the problem of missing information and the bias in some sources used for the book.
Mia de Kuijper
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195171631
- eISBN:
- 9780199871353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171631.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter lays out the logic and the structure of the book. The book follows a trajectory that begins by examining the underlying causes of change of our economic environment and that does not ...
More
This chapter lays out the logic and the structure of the book. The book follows a trajectory that begins by examining the underlying causes of change of our economic environment and that does not stop until readers have a firm grasp on the right strategic and investment steps to take in the new business world: a world that will merge as a result of the changes brought about by the falling cost of information. The introduction explains that the framework that the book has developed for creating extraordinary returns is consistent with the emergence of perfect information and with the economics of perfect economics. Many of the parts of the economics of perfect information are developed over the course of the book. For instance the book establishes the economic validity of three lessons that the author observed from practical business experience—as an executive at PepsiCo, Royal/Dutch Shell and AT&T, as a senior investment banker, as a strategy consultant and as an entrepreneur—but that would have been considered heresies in traditional mainstream economics. These three heresies are: aspiring to achieve extraordinary returns in a world of perfect information; asserting that profit power is an economic concept, that it can be wielded ethically and reliably in a competitive setting, and that it can improve returns for others as well. And thirdly, daring to reveal that, contrary to mainstream economic doctrine, perfect information does not bring about perfect markets; even worse, that perfect information is the source of an entire new class of market failures or imperfections.Less
This chapter lays out the logic and the structure of the book. The book follows a trajectory that begins by examining the underlying causes of change of our economic environment and that does not stop until readers have a firm grasp on the right strategic and investment steps to take in the new business world: a world that will merge as a result of the changes brought about by the falling cost of information. The introduction explains that the framework that the book has developed for creating extraordinary returns is consistent with the emergence of perfect information and with the economics of perfect economics. Many of the parts of the economics of perfect information are developed over the course of the book. For instance the book establishes the economic validity of three lessons that the author observed from practical business experience—as an executive at PepsiCo, Royal/Dutch Shell and AT&T, as a senior investment banker, as a strategy consultant and as an entrepreneur—but that would have been considered heresies in traditional mainstream economics. These three heresies are: aspiring to achieve extraordinary returns in a world of perfect information; asserting that profit power is an economic concept, that it can be wielded ethically and reliably in a competitive setting, and that it can improve returns for others as well. And thirdly, daring to reveal that, contrary to mainstream economic doctrine, perfect information does not bring about perfect markets; even worse, that perfect information is the source of an entire new class of market failures or imperfections.
Michael Angold
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263785
- eISBN:
- 9780191734304
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263785.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter discusses the Venetian Chronicles and archives as potential sources of information regarding the history of Byzantium and the Crusades. It shows that the histories of the crusades, ...
More
This chapter discusses the Venetian Chronicles and archives as potential sources of information regarding the history of Byzantium and the Crusades. It shows that the histories of the crusades, Venice, and Byzantium are interlinked, and the scholarly approaches to this relationship are presented. The Venetian sources are categorized into three main groups – narrative sources, diplomatic sources, and commercial documents – which are discussed in the chapter. The Fourth Crusade and the Crusader states are also examined.Less
This chapter discusses the Venetian Chronicles and archives as potential sources of information regarding the history of Byzantium and the Crusades. It shows that the histories of the crusades, Venice, and Byzantium are interlinked, and the scholarly approaches to this relationship are presented. The Venetian sources are categorized into three main groups – narrative sources, diplomatic sources, and commercial documents – which are discussed in the chapter. The Fourth Crusade and the Crusader states are also examined.
Michael P. Lynch
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199577477
- eISBN:
- 9780191595189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577477.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Language
This chapter explores an analogy between our reliance on memory and our reliance on news coverage. The analogy derives from a certain sort of counterfactual reasoning that might be employed to ...
More
This chapter explores an analogy between our reliance on memory and our reliance on news coverage. The analogy derives from a certain sort of counterfactual reasoning that might be employed to support beliefs in either domain, in cases involving the silence of a relied-upon source. Thus one might form the belief that p on the grounds that if p were false one would have heard about it by now (or would have remembered it). Elsewhere an account of the conditions under which counterfactual reasoning of this sort is epistemically fruitful has been developed. This chapter addressess a related matter: whether resources within the epistemology of memory might be helpful in thinking about the epistemic significance of silence from any relied-upon source—whether that source is one's own memory, or the news groups on which one relies for coverage.Less
This chapter explores an analogy between our reliance on memory and our reliance on news coverage. The analogy derives from a certain sort of counterfactual reasoning that might be employed to support beliefs in either domain, in cases involving the silence of a relied-upon source. Thus one might form the belief that p on the grounds that if p were false one would have heard about it by now (or would have remembered it). Elsewhere an account of the conditions under which counterfactual reasoning of this sort is epistemically fruitful has been developed. This chapter addressess a related matter: whether resources within the epistemology of memory might be helpful in thinking about the epistemic significance of silence from any relied-upon source—whether that source is one's own memory, or the news groups on which one relies for coverage.
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198701316
- eISBN:
- 9780191770593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198701316.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Language Families
Every language has a way of speaking about how one knows what one says, and what one thinks about what one knows. In any language, there are ways of phrasing inferences, assumptions, probabilities ...
More
Every language has a way of speaking about how one knows what one says, and what one thinks about what one knows. In any language, there are ways of phrasing inferences, assumptions, probabilities and possibilities, and expressing disbelief. These epistemiological meanings and their cultural correlates are the subject matter of this chapter. We briefly revisit the relationship between evidentiality, that is, grammaticalized marking of information source, and information source, and attitudes to information, expressed through other linguistic means. Evidentials may have non-evidential extensions. Their use tends to reflect cultural norms and conventions. And their meanings may change as new techniques of acquiring information become available. The expression of knowledge and attitudes to it correlate with various cultural requirements, including the requirement to be explicit and precise, value of knowledge of different kind, and beliefs. Means of expressing knowledge are prone to diffusion in language contact. The last section of the chapter contains a brief outline of this volume.Less
Every language has a way of speaking about how one knows what one says, and what one thinks about what one knows. In any language, there are ways of phrasing inferences, assumptions, probabilities and possibilities, and expressing disbelief. These epistemiological meanings and their cultural correlates are the subject matter of this chapter. We briefly revisit the relationship between evidentiality, that is, grammaticalized marking of information source, and information source, and attitudes to information, expressed through other linguistic means. Evidentials may have non-evidential extensions. Their use tends to reflect cultural norms and conventions. And their meanings may change as new techniques of acquiring information become available. The expression of knowledge and attitudes to it correlate with various cultural requirements, including the requirement to be explicit and precise, value of knowledge of different kind, and beliefs. Means of expressing knowledge are prone to diffusion in language contact. The last section of the chapter contains a brief outline of this volume.
Kim J. Vicente
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305722
- eISBN:
- 9780199847723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305722.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Monitoring a nuclear power plant (NPP)—even under normal operations—seems like an impossibly difficult attention task. Given that “the limitations of human attention represent one of the formidable ...
More
Monitoring a nuclear power plant (NPP)—even under normal operations—seems like an impossibly difficult attention task. Given that “the limitations of human attention represent one of the formidable bottlenecks in human information processing”, how can anyone possibly perform such a task reliably, day in and day out, as most NPP operators do? This chapter seeks to broaden our understanding of attention in yet another direction through field investigation. It discusses the results of a study on NPP monitoring and demonstrates the rich diversity of information sources used to support attention allocation in an operational context, as well as the clever strategies and devices used by operators to compensate for their limited cognitive resources. The chapter concludes that it is simply not possible to monitor an NPP using attentional resources alone.Less
Monitoring a nuclear power plant (NPP)—even under normal operations—seems like an impossibly difficult attention task. Given that “the limitations of human attention represent one of the formidable bottlenecks in human information processing”, how can anyone possibly perform such a task reliably, day in and day out, as most NPP operators do? This chapter seeks to broaden our understanding of attention in yet another direction through field investigation. It discusses the results of a study on NPP monitoring and demonstrates the rich diversity of information sources used to support attention allocation in an operational context, as well as the clever strategies and devices used by operators to compensate for their limited cognitive resources. The chapter concludes that it is simply not possible to monitor an NPP using attentional resources alone.
Amos N. Guiora
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199969739
- eISBN:
- 9780199333288
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199969739.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter analyzes the role of the information source, the intelligence community and the commander in the decision-making process regarding targeted killing. It highlights the importance of ...
More
This chapter analyzes the role of the information source, the intelligence community and the commander in the decision-making process regarding targeted killing. It highlights the importance of determining source reliability and information credibility and examines the three key questions that must be answered in any targeted killing decision. This chapter presents charts that show primacy of intelligence information to the commander's decision-making process and proposes a structure that can help ensure its reliability, relevance, and credibility. It also considers the process of analyzing and evaluating intelligence information.Less
This chapter analyzes the role of the information source, the intelligence community and the commander in the decision-making process regarding targeted killing. It highlights the importance of determining source reliability and information credibility and examines the three key questions that must be answered in any targeted killing decision. This chapter presents charts that show primacy of intelligence information to the commander's decision-making process and proposes a structure that can help ensure its reliability, relevance, and credibility. It also considers the process of analyzing and evaluating intelligence information.
Amanda K. Baumle and D’Lane R. Compton
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479857647
- eISBN:
- 9781479879656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479857647.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
In order to more closely examine the process of constructing legality for LGBT parents, the authors highlight sources of legal information in this chapter. An important aspect to understanding LGBT ...
More
In order to more closely examine the process of constructing legality for LGBT parents, the authors highlight sources of legal information in this chapter. An important aspect to understanding LGBT parents’ legal consciousness involves examining the sources from which they receive cultural messages about the law as it pertains to their families. Some participants described gaining legal knowledge through traditional channels, such as consulting attorneys or legislation, whereas others relied upon social networks, media, movies, books, or the Internet. The authors explore the manner in which learning about the law varies for LGBT parents across individual characteristics, as well as legal context. Legal context can affect whether individuals even pursue information about the law; some participants living in legally positive states articulated an assumption that they had legal rights, and some living in legally negative states an assumption that rights were absent. For LGBT parents, whether and how they gain information about the law plays an important role in how they then choose to interact with formal and informal law in their lives.Less
In order to more closely examine the process of constructing legality for LGBT parents, the authors highlight sources of legal information in this chapter. An important aspect to understanding LGBT parents’ legal consciousness involves examining the sources from which they receive cultural messages about the law as it pertains to their families. Some participants described gaining legal knowledge through traditional channels, such as consulting attorneys or legislation, whereas others relied upon social networks, media, movies, books, or the Internet. The authors explore the manner in which learning about the law varies for LGBT parents across individual characteristics, as well as legal context. Legal context can affect whether individuals even pursue information about the law; some participants living in legally positive states articulated an assumption that they had legal rights, and some living in legally negative states an assumption that rights were absent. For LGBT parents, whether and how they gain information about the law plays an important role in how they then choose to interact with formal and informal law in their lives.
Andrew Green
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198571346
- eISBN:
- 9780191724138
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198571346.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Chapter 1 argued that underpinning the rationale for planning is the reality of a scarcity of resources. In order to make informed planning choices between alternative and competing demands on these ...
More
Chapter 1 argued that underpinning the rationale for planning is the reality of a scarcity of resources. In order to make informed planning choices between alternative and competing demands on these scarce resources, it is imperative that planners are aware of the resource requirements or costs of each alternative. This chapter examines different cost concepts, applications, and techniques.Less
Chapter 1 argued that underpinning the rationale for planning is the reality of a scarcity of resources. In order to make informed planning choices between alternative and competing demands on these scarce resources, it is imperative that planners are aware of the resource requirements or costs of each alternative. This chapter examines different cost concepts, applications, and techniques.
Miklos Sarvary
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262016940
- eISBN:
- 9780262301176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262016940.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter examines the distortions in the quality of information, particularly those caused by the biases and “herding” by information providers. It analyzes under what conditions and for what ...
More
This chapter examines the distortions in the quality of information, particularly those caused by the biases and “herding” by information providers. It analyzes under what conditions and for what reasons information sellers may lie and suggests that biases may emerge even under competition and that biases may not always make consumers worse off. It explains that bias may be wisdom if it reflects the information seller’s prior information and discusses the tendency of information sellers to combine different information sources as well as their own prior beliefs when they form updated beliefs about events.Less
This chapter examines the distortions in the quality of information, particularly those caused by the biases and “herding” by information providers. It analyzes under what conditions and for what reasons information sellers may lie and suggests that biases may emerge even under competition and that biases may not always make consumers worse off. It explains that bias may be wisdom if it reflects the information seller’s prior information and discusses the tendency of information sellers to combine different information sources as well as their own prior beliefs when they form updated beliefs about events.
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198701316
- eISBN:
- 9780191770593
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198701316.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Language Families
This book offers both a linguistic and anthropological perspective on the expression of information sources, as well as inferences, assumptions, probability and possibility, and gradations of doubt ...
More
This book offers both a linguistic and anthropological perspective on the expression of information sources, as well as inferences, assumptions, probability and possibility, and gradations of doubt and beliefs in a range of languages. Twelve different languages are investigated, from families including Tibeto-Burman, Nakh-Dagestani, and Austronesian, all of which share the property of requiring the source of information to be specified in every sentence. In these languages, it may not be possible to say merely that ‘the man went fishing’. Instead, the source of evidence for the statement must also be specified, usually through the use of evidential markers. For example, it may be necessary to indicate whether the speaker saw the man go fishing; has simply assumed that the man went fishing; or was told that he went fishing by a third party. Some languages, such as Hinuq and Tatar, distinguish between first-hand and non first-hand information sources; others, such as Ersu, mark three distinct types of information – directly required, inferred or assumed, and reported. Some require an even greater level of specification: Ashéninka Perené, from South America, has a specific marker to express suspicions or misgivings.Less
This book offers both a linguistic and anthropological perspective on the expression of information sources, as well as inferences, assumptions, probability and possibility, and gradations of doubt and beliefs in a range of languages. Twelve different languages are investigated, from families including Tibeto-Burman, Nakh-Dagestani, and Austronesian, all of which share the property of requiring the source of information to be specified in every sentence. In these languages, it may not be possible to say merely that ‘the man went fishing’. Instead, the source of evidence for the statement must also be specified, usually through the use of evidential markers. For example, it may be necessary to indicate whether the speaker saw the man go fishing; has simply assumed that the man went fishing; or was told that he went fishing by a third party. Some languages, such as Hinuq and Tatar, distinguish between first-hand and non first-hand information sources; others, such as Ersu, mark three distinct types of information – directly required, inferred or assumed, and reported. Some require an even greater level of specification: Ashéninka Perené, from South America, has a specific marker to express suspicions or misgivings.
Denis Mareschal, Mark H. Johnson, Sylvain Sirois, Michael W. Spratling, Michael S. C. Thomas, and Gert Westermann
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198529910
- eISBN:
- 9780191689710
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529910.003.0063
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter examines more specifically what the implications of the neuroconstructivist framework are in terms of theory, future challenges, and practical implications for doing research. The ...
More
This chapter examines more specifically what the implications of the neuroconstructivist framework are in terms of theory, future challenges, and practical implications for doing research. The emphasis is placed on what is achievable in practice given the welware of the brain, the time window in which behavior has to be delivered, and the information sources available in that time window. The challenge for scientific developmental psychology is to determine how the mechanisms and processes are implemented at each level of interest (i.e. how they work). Some of the principal objections that have been raised are outlined. It also suggests ways to exceed these apparent problems. Moreover, the lessons for modeling development, empirical study of developmental cognitive neuroscience, and study of developmental disorders are reported. It is determined that many of the lessons that have been described may need new technologies or new analysis tools. They may also demand significant investment of time and money or they may simply require a change in outlook.Less
This chapter examines more specifically what the implications of the neuroconstructivist framework are in terms of theory, future challenges, and practical implications for doing research. The emphasis is placed on what is achievable in practice given the welware of the brain, the time window in which behavior has to be delivered, and the information sources available in that time window. The challenge for scientific developmental psychology is to determine how the mechanisms and processes are implemented at each level of interest (i.e. how they work). Some of the principal objections that have been raised are outlined. It also suggests ways to exceed these apparent problems. Moreover, the lessons for modeling development, empirical study of developmental cognitive neuroscience, and study of developmental disorders are reported. It is determined that many of the lessons that have been described may need new technologies or new analysis tools. They may also demand significant investment of time and money or they may simply require a change in outlook.
Graham Brack, Penny Franklin, and Jill Caldwell
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199697878
- eISBN:
- 9780191918490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199697878.003.0012
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Nursing
By the end of this chapter, you should understand… ● The range of possible sources of information about medicines ● Their positive and negative characteristics ● Some ...
More
By the end of this chapter, you should understand… ● The range of possible sources of information about medicines ● Their positive and negative characteristics ● Some trustworthy sources of evidence ● The role of medicines information departments ● Some basic principles of critical analysis of evidence ● How the British National Formulary (BNF) is structured ● How to read a BNF monograph ● A selection of terms used in the literature about medicines…. While nurses will not usually be selecting medicines, they still need information to make the best use of the medicines prescribed for their patients. Information of all kinds is much more readily available today than it was a generation ago when the authors were students, but much of it is of low quality and today’s student must learn to test the quality of the evidence offered to see if it can be relied upon. In all fields of healthcare it has become usual to insist that practice must be evidence based. This is very desirable, but it begs the question—what is evidence? This chapter will examine some of the sources of evidence about medicines that are available and give some guidance on their reliability. Later, there will be an introduction to critical analysis of sources, and a description of some of the key terms used in evaluating clinical evidence about medicines. Sources of information may be conveniently divided into two main types—people and publications. It is natural that many healthcare professionals should rely upon their mentors and instructors to supplement the knowledge they gain in formal teaching. Indeed, for many years much of the practical information about medicines that junior doctors received came from participation in ward rounds under the tutelage of a consultant. In medical school they learned some general pharmacology, but the actions of many drugs were learned following graduation (Maxwell and Walley, 2009 ) The same will be true for nurses, and it will continue to be true throughout their careers. New medicines will come into use, and nurses will have to learn about them. It is therefore important to realize that pharmacology will be a lifelong study and does not end with registration as a nurse.
Less
By the end of this chapter, you should understand… ● The range of possible sources of information about medicines ● Their positive and negative characteristics ● Some trustworthy sources of evidence ● The role of medicines information departments ● Some basic principles of critical analysis of evidence ● How the British National Formulary (BNF) is structured ● How to read a BNF monograph ● A selection of terms used in the literature about medicines…. While nurses will not usually be selecting medicines, they still need information to make the best use of the medicines prescribed for their patients. Information of all kinds is much more readily available today than it was a generation ago when the authors were students, but much of it is of low quality and today’s student must learn to test the quality of the evidence offered to see if it can be relied upon. In all fields of healthcare it has become usual to insist that practice must be evidence based. This is very desirable, but it begs the question—what is evidence? This chapter will examine some of the sources of evidence about medicines that are available and give some guidance on their reliability. Later, there will be an introduction to critical analysis of sources, and a description of some of the key terms used in evaluating clinical evidence about medicines. Sources of information may be conveniently divided into two main types—people and publications. It is natural that many healthcare professionals should rely upon their mentors and instructors to supplement the knowledge they gain in formal teaching. Indeed, for many years much of the practical information about medicines that junior doctors received came from participation in ward rounds under the tutelage of a consultant. In medical school they learned some general pharmacology, but the actions of many drugs were learned following graduation (Maxwell and Walley, 2009 ) The same will be true for nurses, and it will continue to be true throughout their careers. New medicines will come into use, and nurses will have to learn about them. It is therefore important to realize that pharmacology will be a lifelong study and does not end with registration as a nurse.
Lester K. Spence
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816669875
- eISBN:
- 9781452947068
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816669875.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
This chapter discusses the influence of the extent of rap consumption and exposure on black youth attitudes by considering two different points in time: 1994, when the generation most affiliated with ...
More
This chapter discusses the influence of the extent of rap consumption and exposure on black youth attitudes by considering two different points in time: 1994, when the generation most affiliated with the development of hip-hop were just reaching adulthood; and 2003, when the nation waged war against Iraq. Social position and exposure to black information sources shape levels of support for black political ideologies. These sources identify forms of antiblack racism and areas of black political possibility, as well as help define the meaning of blackness; such sources include black newspapers and magazines, television programs and movies, music, public speeches of black political leaders. The chapter presents two surveys as part of understanding the interrelationship between rap consumption, rap exposure, and political attitudes.Less
This chapter discusses the influence of the extent of rap consumption and exposure on black youth attitudes by considering two different points in time: 1994, when the generation most affiliated with the development of hip-hop were just reaching adulthood; and 2003, when the nation waged war against Iraq. Social position and exposure to black information sources shape levels of support for black political ideologies. These sources identify forms of antiblack racism and areas of black political possibility, as well as help define the meaning of blackness; such sources include black newspapers and magazines, television programs and movies, music, public speeches of black political leaders. The chapter presents two surveys as part of understanding the interrelationship between rap consumption, rap exposure, and political attitudes.
