Chun Wei Choo
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195176780
- eISBN:
- 9780199789634
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176780.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter surveys the research in information seeking behavior, defined as the patterns of behavior that people display when they experience information needs, make choices about where and how to ...
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This chapter surveys the research in information seeking behavior, defined as the patterns of behavior that people display when they experience information needs, make choices about where and how to look for information, and reflect or act on the information they see. The chapter examines the influence on sense-making (Dervin), information search process (Kuhlthau), and information use environment (Taylor). It then develops an integrative model that includes the cognitive, affective, and situational dimensions of human information seeking behavior.Less
This chapter surveys the research in information seeking behavior, defined as the patterns of behavior that people display when they experience information needs, make choices about where and how to look for information, and reflect or act on the information they see. The chapter examines the influence on sense-making (Dervin), information search process (Kuhlthau), and information use environment (Taylor). It then develops an integrative model that includes the cognitive, affective, and situational dimensions of human information seeking behavior.
Sydney Finkelstein, Donald C. Hambrick, and Albert A. Cannella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195162073
- eISBN:
- 9780199867332
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162073.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter introduces and elaborates on the central idea that executives differ in what they personally bring to their decision-making situations and therefore differ in what they decide and how ...
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This chapter introduces and elaborates on the central idea that executives differ in what they personally bring to their decision-making situations and therefore differ in what they decide and how they behave. The chapter lays out a comprehensive model of how this process occurs, hinging on the executive's “orientation”—or the amalgam of experiences, values, personality, and mind-set that the executive possesses at any given point. This executive orientation limits and distorts the actual stimuli confronting the executive, such that his or her “construed reality” is a result of a three-stage filtering process: limited field of vision, selective perception, and interpretation. The chapter then addresses the psychological side of executive orientations, focusing on executive values, cognitive content and structure, and personality.Less
This chapter introduces and elaborates on the central idea that executives differ in what they personally bring to their decision-making situations and therefore differ in what they decide and how they behave. The chapter lays out a comprehensive model of how this process occurs, hinging on the executive's “orientation”—or the amalgam of experiences, values, personality, and mind-set that the executive possesses at any given point. This executive orientation limits and distorts the actual stimuli confronting the executive, such that his or her “construed reality” is a result of a three-stage filtering process: limited field of vision, selective perception, and interpretation. The chapter then addresses the psychological side of executive orientations, focusing on executive values, cognitive content and structure, and personality.
Dawn R. Gilpin and Priscilla J. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195328721
- eISBN:
- 9780199869930
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328721.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter lays the foundations for a historical-contextual decision making that aims beyond tactics and information toward understanding and sensemaking. It does so by looking closely at ...
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This chapter lays the foundations for a historical-contextual decision making that aims beyond tactics and information toward understanding and sensemaking. It does so by looking closely at managerial information processing: what constitutes knowledge; how knowledge is communicated around an organization; and how cultivated expertise can fill in for uncertain or incomplete knowledge.Less
This chapter lays the foundations for a historical-contextual decision making that aims beyond tactics and information toward understanding and sensemaking. It does so by looking closely at managerial information processing: what constitutes knowledge; how knowledge is communicated around an organization; and how cultivated expertise can fill in for uncertain or incomplete knowledge.
Michael G. H. Coles, Henderikus G. O. M. Smid, Marten K. Scheffers, and Leun J. Otten
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198524168
- eISBN:
- 9780191706639
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524168.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter examines the use of event-related potentials (ERPs) in the study of human information processing. Topics discussed include mental chronometry, chronopsychophysiology, the locus of ...
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This chapter examines the use of event-related potentials (ERPs) in the study of human information processing. Topics discussed include mental chronometry, chronopsychophysiology, the locus of experimental effects, and the structure and function of the information processing system.Less
This chapter examines the use of event-related potentials (ERPs) in the study of human information processing. Topics discussed include mental chronometry, chronopsychophysiology, the locus of experimental effects, and the structure and function of the information processing system.
Jie W Weiss and David J Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195322989
- eISBN:
- 9780199869206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322989.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews ideas and work done or in progress which seem to indicate where basic research on human decision processes is going. These ideas have two closely related foci: dynamic decision ...
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This chapter reviews ideas and work done or in progress which seem to indicate where basic research on human decision processes is going. These ideas have two closely related foci: dynamic decision theory and Probabilistic Information Processing systems (PIP). The chapter begins by presenting the problem of dynamic decision theory and by proposing a taxonomy of human decision tasks to which such a theory should be applied. It then reviews current thought and experimentation in five areas that are crucial to the development of such a theory: information seeking, man as intuitive statistician, sequential prediction, Bayesian information processing, and dynamic programming. Finally, the idea of a probabilistic information-processing system is presented, both as a kind of system which is urgently needed in several military contexts and as a vehicle for research in dynamic decision theory.Less
This chapter reviews ideas and work done or in progress which seem to indicate where basic research on human decision processes is going. These ideas have two closely related foci: dynamic decision theory and Probabilistic Information Processing systems (PIP). The chapter begins by presenting the problem of dynamic decision theory and by proposing a taxonomy of human decision tasks to which such a theory should be applied. It then reviews current thought and experimentation in five areas that are crucial to the development of such a theory: information seeking, man as intuitive statistician, sequential prediction, Bayesian information processing, and dynamic programming. Finally, the idea of a probabilistic information-processing system is presented, both as a kind of system which is urgently needed in several military contexts and as a vehicle for research in dynamic decision theory.
Rebecca Bull
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195368673
- eISBN:
- 9780199894161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368673.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter examines recent findings about the development of numerical cognition in hearing individuals to understand the observed lag in arithmetical and mathematical performance of deaf children ...
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This chapter examines recent findings about the development of numerical cognition in hearing individuals to understand the observed lag in arithmetical and mathematical performance of deaf children and adults. It discusses how the information processing strategies of deaf individuals may influence the learning, representation, and retrieval of numerical and mathematical knowledge. The focus is on basic numerical processes that underlie mathematics and that subsequently feed into our understanding of related topics in science and technology.Less
This chapter examines recent findings about the development of numerical cognition in hearing individuals to understand the observed lag in arithmetical and mathematical performance of deaf children and adults. It discusses how the information processing strategies of deaf individuals may influence the learning, representation, and retrieval of numerical and mathematical knowledge. The focus is on basic numerical processes that underlie mathematics and that subsequently feed into our understanding of related topics in science and technology.
Nelson Cowan
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195119107
- eISBN:
- 9780199870097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195119107.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This historical chapter examines the fundamental relation between memory and attention. Information that is temporarily in or near conscious awareness is in the focus of attention, so attention and ...
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This historical chapter examines the fundamental relation between memory and attention. Information that is temporarily in or near conscious awareness is in the focus of attention, so attention and memory can be viewed as two sides of the same coin. The emerging information processing field led to the model proposed in a 1988 Psychological Bulletin article by the author, upon which the book is based. The model distinguishes between two sources of short-term memory: the currently, temporarily activated elements from long-term memory and the subset of activated elements that are in the focus of attention. Presumably, although relatively unprocessed elements of long-term memory can be automatically activated, new associations between items, and between each item and its context, may be set up only in the focus of attention. Attention is controlled partly by volition (central executive processes) and partly by changes in stimulation that recruit attention.Less
This historical chapter examines the fundamental relation between memory and attention. Information that is temporarily in or near conscious awareness is in the focus of attention, so attention and memory can be viewed as two sides of the same coin. The emerging information processing field led to the model proposed in a 1988 Psychological Bulletin article by the author, upon which the book is based. The model distinguishes between two sources of short-term memory: the currently, temporarily activated elements from long-term memory and the subset of activated elements that are in the focus of attention. Presumably, although relatively unprocessed elements of long-term memory can be automatically activated, new associations between items, and between each item and its context, may be set up only in the focus of attention. Attention is controlled partly by volition (central executive processes) and partly by changes in stimulation that recruit attention.
Catherine A. Salmon and Todd K. Shackelford (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195320510
- eISBN:
- 9780199786800
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320510.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Kinship ties — the close relationships found within the family — have been a central focus of evolutionary biological analyses of social behavior ever since biologist William Hamilton extended the ...
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Kinship ties — the close relationships found within the family — have been a central focus of evolutionary biological analyses of social behavior ever since biologist William Hamilton extended the concept of Darwinian fitness to include an individual's actions benefiting not only his own offspring, but also collateral kin. Evolutionary biologists consider organisms not only reproductive strategists, but also nepotistic strategists. If a person's genes are just as likely to be reproduced in her sister as in her daughter, then we should expect the evolution of sororal investment in the same way as one expects maternal investment. This concept has revolutionized biologists' understanding of social interaction and developmental psychologists' understanding of the family. However, kinship ties have largely been ignored in other areas of psychology, particularly social psychology. This book illustrates the ways in which an evolutionary perspective can inform our study and understanding of family relationships. It is argued that family psychology is relationship specific: the relationship between mother and daughter is different from that between father and daughter or that between brother and sister or sister and sister. In other words, humans have evolved specialized mechanisms for processing information and motivating behavior that deal with the distinct demands of being a mate, father, mother, sibling, child, or grandparent. Such an evolutionary perspective on family dynamics provides a unique insight into human behavior.Less
Kinship ties — the close relationships found within the family — have been a central focus of evolutionary biological analyses of social behavior ever since biologist William Hamilton extended the concept of Darwinian fitness to include an individual's actions benefiting not only his own offspring, but also collateral kin. Evolutionary biologists consider organisms not only reproductive strategists, but also nepotistic strategists. If a person's genes are just as likely to be reproduced in her sister as in her daughter, then we should expect the evolution of sororal investment in the same way as one expects maternal investment. This concept has revolutionized biologists' understanding of social interaction and developmental psychologists' understanding of the family. However, kinship ties have largely been ignored in other areas of psychology, particularly social psychology. This book illustrates the ways in which an evolutionary perspective can inform our study and understanding of family relationships. It is argued that family psychology is relationship specific: the relationship between mother and daughter is different from that between father and daughter or that between brother and sister or sister and sister. In other words, humans have evolved specialized mechanisms for processing information and motivating behavior that deal with the distinct demands of being a mate, father, mother, sibling, child, or grandparent. Such an evolutionary perspective on family dynamics provides a unique insight into human behavior.
Nelson Cowan
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195119107
- eISBN:
- 9780199870097
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195119107.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
For decades, the fundamental processes underlying memory and attention have been understood within an “information processing” framework in which information passes from one processing stage to ...
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For decades, the fundamental processes underlying memory and attention have been understood within an “information processing” framework in which information passes from one processing stage to another, leading eventually to a response. More recently, however, the attempt to build a general theoretical framework for information processing has been largely supplanted in favor of two more recent approaches: mathematical models of processing and direct investigations of brain function. This book reconciles theoretical conflicts in the literature to present an important, analytical update of the traditional information-processing approach by modifying it to incorporate the last few decades of research on memory, attention, and brain functioning. Throughout, the book cogently considers and ultimately refutes recent challenges to the fundamental assumption of the existence of special short-term memory and selective attention faculties. It also draws a key distinction between memory processes operating inside and outside of the focus of attention. The book hopes to foster an understanding of how memory and attention operate together, and how both functions are produced by brain processes.Less
For decades, the fundamental processes underlying memory and attention have been understood within an “information processing” framework in which information passes from one processing stage to another, leading eventually to a response. More recently, however, the attempt to build a general theoretical framework for information processing has been largely supplanted in favor of two more recent approaches: mathematical models of processing and direct investigations of brain function. This book reconciles theoretical conflicts in the literature to present an important, analytical update of the traditional information-processing approach by modifying it to incorporate the last few decades of research on memory, attention, and brain functioning. Throughout, the book cogently considers and ultimately refutes recent challenges to the fundamental assumption of the existence of special short-term memory and selective attention faculties. It also draws a key distinction between memory processes operating inside and outside of the focus of attention. The book hopes to foster an understanding of how memory and attention operate together, and how both functions are produced by brain processes.
Nelson Cowan
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195119107
- eISBN:
- 9780199870097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195119107.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The chapter emphasizes a level of analysis at which subdivisions are avoided until shown to be fundamental. It helps especially in investigations of short-term memory, selective attention, and the ...
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The chapter emphasizes a level of analysis at which subdivisions are avoided until shown to be fundamental. It helps especially in investigations of short-term memory, selective attention, and the relationship between them. Fundamental, seemingly obvious concepts actually have been questioned in the literature and so are revisited. The chapter summarizes ways in which memory and attention appear to be closely interrelated. This is important because it includes observations that could be drawn only by aggregating across previous chapters. Directions for evolution of the theoretical framework are considered. The cognitive concepts are mapped onto brain structures. Moreover, both behavioral and brain research methods are challenged to make the best use of multiple levels of analysis. In this regard, even positing a homunculus, a portion of the mind that somehow carries out volition, is useful to divide human information processing into subcategories, allowing some of them to be better understood.Less
The chapter emphasizes a level of analysis at which subdivisions are avoided until shown to be fundamental. It helps especially in investigations of short-term memory, selective attention, and the relationship between them. Fundamental, seemingly obvious concepts actually have been questioned in the literature and so are revisited. The chapter summarizes ways in which memory and attention appear to be closely interrelated. This is important because it includes observations that could be drawn only by aggregating across previous chapters. Directions for evolution of the theoretical framework are considered. The cognitive concepts are mapped onto brain structures. Moreover, both behavioral and brain research methods are challenged to make the best use of multiple levels of analysis. In this regard, even positing a homunculus, a portion of the mind that somehow carries out volition, is useful to divide human information processing into subcategories, allowing some of them to be better understood.
Allan Paivio
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195066661
- eISBN:
- 9780199894086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195066661.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews neuropsychological evidence concerning representational processes and dual coding theory. The evidence is provided by studies of functional differences between the two cerebral ...
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This chapter reviews neuropsychological evidence concerning representational processes and dual coding theory. The evidence is provided by studies of functional differences between the two cerebral hemispheres and different regions within each hemisphere as inferred from performance on tasks that implicate verbal and nonverbal processes in different degrees. The theoretical emphasis is on observations that bear on the verbal-nonverbal symbolic distinction, the more specific sensorimotor systems of which the symbolic systems are comprised, and the different levels of processing within and between systems. Evidence relevant to specific functional distinctions, such as sequential as compared to synchronous or parallel processing, is also considered.Less
This chapter reviews neuropsychological evidence concerning representational processes and dual coding theory. The evidence is provided by studies of functional differences between the two cerebral hemispheres and different regions within each hemisphere as inferred from performance on tasks that implicate verbal and nonverbal processes in different degrees. The theoretical emphasis is on observations that bear on the verbal-nonverbal symbolic distinction, the more specific sensorimotor systems of which the symbolic systems are comprised, and the different levels of processing within and between systems. Evidence relevant to specific functional distinctions, such as sequential as compared to synchronous or parallel processing, is also considered.
Maureen Hoskyn
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195327694
- eISBN:
- 9780199776962
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327694.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
The influence of social communicative activities on the emergence of working memory capacity in infants and young children is not well understood. On one hand, working memory capacity is thought to ...
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The influence of social communicative activities on the emergence of working memory capacity in infants and young children is not well understood. On one hand, working memory capacity is thought to be an attentional executive resource that resides within the psychology of the individual. However, the complexity of children's social worlds sets the attentional demands that, in turn, require children to draw on working memory resources. Therefore, the issue is not whether working memory develops, but how does it develop and what are the influences that mediate the course of this development? The chapter begins with a discussion of constructivist theories and information processing models of an executive working memory system. Findings from studies of brain activity in infants are then presented to affirm that working memory is available to children early in the lifespan. The remaining discussion describes how social communication potentially influences the course of working memory development.Less
The influence of social communicative activities on the emergence of working memory capacity in infants and young children is not well understood. On one hand, working memory capacity is thought to be an attentional executive resource that resides within the psychology of the individual. However, the complexity of children's social worlds sets the attentional demands that, in turn, require children to draw on working memory resources. Therefore, the issue is not whether working memory develops, but how does it develop and what are the influences that mediate the course of this development? The chapter begins with a discussion of constructivist theories and information processing models of an executive working memory system. Findings from studies of brain activity in infants are then presented to affirm that working memory is available to children early in the lifespan. The remaining discussion describes how social communication potentially influences the course of working memory development.
Kelly L. Madole, Lisa M. Oakes, and David H. Rakison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195366709
- eISBN:
- 9780199863969
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366709.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Vision
A primary task for the developing infant is to categorize and represent the large number of complex and wide-ranging objects in the world. Without this ability, memory storage would be overstretched, ...
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A primary task for the developing infant is to categorize and represent the large number of complex and wide-ranging objects in the world. Without this ability, memory storage would be overstretched, developing a faculty of language would be impossible, and inductive generalization would often err. This chapter presents findings following an examination of the processes of such categorization and representation. The work can broadly be characterized by two themes that emerge from an information-processing background. The first theme is the importance of understanding infants themselves as information processors. The second theme is the critical role of categorization in cognitive development. These themes are apparent as seen in individual and collaborative work on understanding how infants attend to, process, and use dynamic features such as moving parts and function in categorization. This chapter illustrates how the same constructivist approach applies to understanding when and how infants use dynamic features to categorize across those phenomena.Less
A primary task for the developing infant is to categorize and represent the large number of complex and wide-ranging objects in the world. Without this ability, memory storage would be overstretched, developing a faculty of language would be impossible, and inductive generalization would often err. This chapter presents findings following an examination of the processes of such categorization and representation. The work can broadly be characterized by two themes that emerge from an information-processing background. The first theme is the importance of understanding infants themselves as information processors. The second theme is the critical role of categorization in cognitive development. These themes are apparent as seen in individual and collaborative work on understanding how infants attend to, process, and use dynamic features such as moving parts and function in categorization. This chapter illustrates how the same constructivist approach applies to understanding when and how infants use dynamic features to categorize across those phenomena.
Eric F. Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195151947
- eISBN:
- 9780199870400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195151947.003.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Psychology of Music
This introductory chapter sets out the basic framework for the book, imagining the ways in which a person might perceive and interpret the meaning of some sounds recorded onto an unlabelled CD. It ...
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This introductory chapter sets out the basic framework for the book, imagining the ways in which a person might perceive and interpret the meaning of some sounds recorded onto an unlabelled CD. It goes on to present the book's basic perspective on music and ecological theory; the relationship between listening and meaning; the relationship between psychology and musicology; the musical repertories and cultures considered; and the book's relationship to music history. The chapter concludes with a critical discussion of the information processing approach to music perception.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the basic framework for the book, imagining the ways in which a person might perceive and interpret the meaning of some sounds recorded onto an unlabelled CD. It goes on to present the book's basic perspective on music and ecological theory; the relationship between listening and meaning; the relationship between psychology and musicology; the musical repertories and cultures considered; and the book's relationship to music history. The chapter concludes with a critical discussion of the information processing approach to music perception.
Brian Skyrms
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199580828
- eISBN:
- 9780191722769
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580828.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Science
This chapter discusses the combination of simple signals to form complex signals. When multiple senders convey different information to a receiver (or to multiple receivers) the receiver is ...
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This chapter discusses the combination of simple signals to form complex signals. When multiple senders convey different information to a receiver (or to multiple receivers) the receiver is confronted with a problem of information processing. How does one take all these inputs and fix on what to output — what to do? Logical inference is only part of this bigger problem of information processing. It is a problem routinely solved every second by our nervous system as floods of sensory information are filtered, integrated, and used to control conscious and unconscious actions.Less
This chapter discusses the combination of simple signals to form complex signals. When multiple senders convey different information to a receiver (or to multiple receivers) the receiver is confronted with a problem of information processing. How does one take all these inputs and fix on what to output — what to do? Logical inference is only part of this bigger problem of information processing. It is a problem routinely solved every second by our nervous system as floods of sensory information are filtered, integrated, and used to control conscious and unconscious actions.
Vinod K. Wadhawan
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199229178
- eISBN:
- 9780191711282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199229178.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter begins with a brief survey of the history of logical thought, and of the basics of the interplay of natural processes that have led to the evolution of computational intelligence, both ...
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This chapter begins with a brief survey of the history of logical thought, and of the basics of the interplay of natural processes that have led to the evolution of computational intelligence, both biological and artificial. This is followed by a compact introduction to Darwin's theory of biological evolution. The relevance and importance of Lamarckism in artificial evolution is emphasized. The notion of self-organizing systems and the evolution of distributed intelligence in such systems is illustrated by considering the example of a beehive. Emergent behaviour, pattern formation, and perpetual novelty in complex open systems are described. The various topics coming under the umbrella term ‘computational intelligence’ are introduced. Not only software, but even hardware can evolve, and some examples are described. The last section of this chapter is about some of the design principles discovered by scientists in biological networks.Less
This chapter begins with a brief survey of the history of logical thought, and of the basics of the interplay of natural processes that have led to the evolution of computational intelligence, both biological and artificial. This is followed by a compact introduction to Darwin's theory of biological evolution. The relevance and importance of Lamarckism in artificial evolution is emphasized. The notion of self-organizing systems and the evolution of distributed intelligence in such systems is illustrated by considering the example of a beehive. Emergent behaviour, pattern formation, and perpetual novelty in complex open systems are described. The various topics coming under the umbrella term ‘computational intelligence’ are introduced. Not only software, but even hardware can evolve, and some examples are described. The last section of this chapter is about some of the design principles discovered by scientists in biological networks.
Thomas Ahrens and Christopher S. Chapman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199283361
- eISBN:
- 9780191712623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283361.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter discusses various aspects of the relationship between measurement and day-to-day activity. It emphasizes the potential contribution of academic knowledge to performance management ...
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This chapter discusses various aspects of the relationship between measurement and day-to-day activity. It emphasizes the potential contribution of academic knowledge to performance management activities. It first reviews situations and ways in which performance management has a track record of working well, then moves on to note that unfortunately, such activity on its own was unlikely to contribute to sustainable competitive advantage. Finally, using a practice theory perspective, it turns the problem of ‘you get what you measure’ on its head. This perspective offers an appreciation of the role of measurement in the construction of orderly behaviour that can help re-establish a positive link between performance measurement and skilful practical activity.Less
This chapter discusses various aspects of the relationship between measurement and day-to-day activity. It emphasizes the potential contribution of academic knowledge to performance management activities. It first reviews situations and ways in which performance management has a track record of working well, then moves on to note that unfortunately, such activity on its own was unlikely to contribute to sustainable competitive advantage. Finally, using a practice theory perspective, it turns the problem of ‘you get what you measure’ on its head. This perspective offers an appreciation of the role of measurement in the construction of orderly behaviour that can help re-establish a positive link between performance measurement and skilful practical activity.
William Lyons
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198752226
- eISBN:
- 9780191695087
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198752226.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Language
This chapter deals with the information-processing account of Fred Dretske, an account that combines the representational aspect of mental content and the teleological interpretation of its cognitive ...
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This chapter deals with the information-processing account of Fred Dretske, an account that combines the representational aspect of mental content and the teleological interpretation of its cognitive aspect. The core of his account of intentionality lies in his view of the human brain and its perceptual organs as an information-processing system, which in turn is based on ‘information theory’. His works Knowledge and the Flow of Information and Seeing and Knowing show that by using the information-processing input mechanism called the senses, and treating the brain as the information processor, one can build up an account of those paradigms' sophisticated intentional states, knowledge and belief. The chapter also discusses belief states, representational systems, and brain-level functional accounts and consciousness.Less
This chapter deals with the information-processing account of Fred Dretske, an account that combines the representational aspect of mental content and the teleological interpretation of its cognitive aspect. The core of his account of intentionality lies in his view of the human brain and its perceptual organs as an information-processing system, which in turn is based on ‘information theory’. His works Knowledge and the Flow of Information and Seeing and Knowing show that by using the information-processing input mechanism called the senses, and treating the brain as the information processor, one can build up an account of those paradigms' sophisticated intentional states, knowledge and belief. The chapter also discusses belief states, representational systems, and brain-level functional accounts and consciousness.
E. Michael Foster, Rebecca Wells, and Yu Bai
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398465
- eISBN:
- 9780199863426
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398465.003.0014
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Health and Mental Health
This presents a multiple-level contextual approach to test the impact of contextual variables on child-level outcomes. It is hypothesized that child welfare agencies with high levels of both ...
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This presents a multiple-level contextual approach to test the impact of contextual variables on child-level outcomes. It is hypothesized that child welfare agencies with high levels of both information processing and interagency collaboration will be associated with better child functioning outcomes.Less
This presents a multiple-level contextual approach to test the impact of contextual variables on child-level outcomes. It is hypothesized that child welfare agencies with high levels of both information processing and interagency collaboration will be associated with better child functioning outcomes.
William Lyons
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198752226
- eISBN:
- 9780191695087
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198752226.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Language
What is intentionality? Intentionality is a distinguishing characteristic of states of mind such as beliefs, thoughts, wishes, dreams, and desires, which are about things outside themselves. This ...
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What is intentionality? Intentionality is a distinguishing characteristic of states of mind such as beliefs, thoughts, wishes, dreams, and desires, which are about things outside themselves. This book explores various ways in which philosophers have tried to explain intentionality, and then suggests a new way. Part I of the book gives a critical account of the five most comprehensive and prominent current approaches to intentionality. These approaches can be summarized as the instrumentalist approach, derived from Carnap and Quine, and culminating in the work of Daniel Dennett; the linguistic approach, derived from the work of Chomsky and exhibited most fully in the work of Jerry Fodor; the biological approach, developed by Ruth Garrett Millikan, Colin McGinn, and others; the information-processing approach, which has been given a definitive form in the work of Fred Dretske; and the functional role approach of Brian Loar. Part II sets out a multi-level, developmental approach to intentionality. Drawing upon work in neurophysiology and psychology, the book argues that intentionality is to be found, in different forms, at the levels of brain functioning, prelinguistic consciousness, language, and at the holistic level of ‘whole person performance’ which is demarcated by our ordinary everyday talk about beliefs, desires, hopes, intentions, and the other ‘propositional attitudes’.Less
What is intentionality? Intentionality is a distinguishing characteristic of states of mind such as beliefs, thoughts, wishes, dreams, and desires, which are about things outside themselves. This book explores various ways in which philosophers have tried to explain intentionality, and then suggests a new way. Part I of the book gives a critical account of the five most comprehensive and prominent current approaches to intentionality. These approaches can be summarized as the instrumentalist approach, derived from Carnap and Quine, and culminating in the work of Daniel Dennett; the linguistic approach, derived from the work of Chomsky and exhibited most fully in the work of Jerry Fodor; the biological approach, developed by Ruth Garrett Millikan, Colin McGinn, and others; the information-processing approach, which has been given a definitive form in the work of Fred Dretske; and the functional role approach of Brian Loar. Part II sets out a multi-level, developmental approach to intentionality. Drawing upon work in neurophysiology and psychology, the book argues that intentionality is to be found, in different forms, at the levels of brain functioning, prelinguistic consciousness, language, and at the holistic level of ‘whole person performance’ which is demarcated by our ordinary everyday talk about beliefs, desires, hopes, intentions, and the other ‘propositional attitudes’.
