Jay Schulkin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157443
- eISBN:
- 9781400849031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157443.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter examines the evolution of bird brain, social contact, and birdsong. Communicative capabilities are widespread, whether in song or through other forms of intimate social contact. One ...
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This chapter examines the evolution of bird brain, social contact, and birdsong. Communicative capabilities are widespread, whether in song or through other forms of intimate social contact. One mechanism for this is the regulation of information molecules in the brain such as vasopressin and oxytocin. The chapter first provides an overview of information molecules before connecting these processes to song in frogs, crickets, and birds. It then considers neurogenesis and how information molecules work in the human brain, focusing on some core biology underlying animal song and social contact. It shows that steroid hormones facilitate neuropeptide expression in many species, which underlies song tied to the regulation of the internal milieu, territorial expression, reproduction, and a much wider range of social behaviors.Less
This chapter examines the evolution of bird brain, social contact, and birdsong. Communicative capabilities are widespread, whether in song or through other forms of intimate social contact. One mechanism for this is the regulation of information molecules in the brain such as vasopressin and oxytocin. The chapter first provides an overview of information molecules before connecting these processes to song in frogs, crickets, and birds. It then considers neurogenesis and how information molecules work in the human brain, focusing on some core biology underlying animal song and social contact. It shows that steroid hormones facilitate neuropeptide expression in many species, which underlies song tied to the regulation of the internal milieu, territorial expression, reproduction, and a much wider range of social behaviors.
Jay Schulkin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198793694
- eISBN:
- 9780191835506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793694.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
CRF is well known and studied as a hypothalamic-releasing factor. It, along with ACTH and cortisol, are mobilized under diverse conditions, including adversity, and are often thought of as part of ...
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CRF is well known and studied as a hypothalamic-releasing factor. It, along with ACTH and cortisol, are mobilized under diverse conditions, including adversity, and are often thought of as part of the stress axis. CRF, however, is much more than this. One aim of this book is pushing the conception of CRF beyond the HPA axis, and what most people know about CRF. Since its original discovery, research has shown that this molecule is much broader than a hypothalamic-releasing factor. It took a while to discern CRF and its properties outside of its role as an ACTH-releasing factor. Now, the scientific community knows that CRF is a dynamic and diversely widespread peptide hormone with many roles and functions, beyond its role as a releasing factor in the brain. CRF in invertebrates is linked to basic regulatory functions such as osmotic regulation, food intake, learning, and circadian rhythmicity.Less
CRF is well known and studied as a hypothalamic-releasing factor. It, along with ACTH and cortisol, are mobilized under diverse conditions, including adversity, and are often thought of as part of the stress axis. CRF, however, is much more than this. One aim of this book is pushing the conception of CRF beyond the HPA axis, and what most people know about CRF. Since its original discovery, research has shown that this molecule is much broader than a hypothalamic-releasing factor. It took a while to discern CRF and its properties outside of its role as an ACTH-releasing factor. Now, the scientific community knows that CRF is a dynamic and diversely widespread peptide hormone with many roles and functions, beyond its role as a releasing factor in the brain. CRF in invertebrates is linked to basic regulatory functions such as osmotic regulation, food intake, learning, and circadian rhythmicity.
Jay Schulkin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198793694
- eISBN:
- 9780191835506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793694.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
Chapter 2 begins with a depiction of the evolutionary origins of CRF in living things. CRF appears to date back hundreds of millions of years. It is found in diverse invertebrates, including flies ...
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Chapter 2 begins with a depiction of the evolutionary origins of CRF in living things. CRF appears to date back hundreds of millions of years. It is found in diverse invertebrates, including flies and bees. Invertebrates’ brains look nothing like those of vertebrates except for the diverse information molecules that underlie both brain systems. There is no clear anatomical organ like the HPA axis in invertebrates, yet information molecules, including CRF, are just as important to invertebrate functioning as they are to vertebrates. CRF in invertebrates is linked to basic regulatory functions such as osmotic regulation, food intake, learning, and circadian rhythmicity. There are many examples of regulatory molecules that, over time, become adapted to serve multiple functions. Once a gene for a potent regulatory molecule exists, the potential for the differentiation of function, regulation, and mode of action exist as well.Less
Chapter 2 begins with a depiction of the evolutionary origins of CRF in living things. CRF appears to date back hundreds of millions of years. It is found in diverse invertebrates, including flies and bees. Invertebrates’ brains look nothing like those of vertebrates except for the diverse information molecules that underlie both brain systems. There is no clear anatomical organ like the HPA axis in invertebrates, yet information molecules, including CRF, are just as important to invertebrate functioning as they are to vertebrates. CRF in invertebrates is linked to basic regulatory functions such as osmotic regulation, food intake, learning, and circadian rhythmicity. There are many examples of regulatory molecules that, over time, become adapted to serve multiple functions. Once a gene for a potent regulatory molecule exists, the potential for the differentiation of function, regulation, and mode of action exist as well.
Jay Schulkin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198793694
- eISBN:
- 9780191835506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793694.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
Chapter 9 addresses what constitutes an information molecule, in general, and CRF, in particular. Our age is the age of information and CRF is now set in the larger context of the information age of ...
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Chapter 9 addresses what constitutes an information molecule, in general, and CRF, in particular. Our age is the age of information and CRF is now set in the larger context of the information age of the last 100 years. Thus, the conclusion summarizes the preceding chapters and looks at the large social context and the great range of scientific fields to promote a fuller understanding of this peptide, its structure, and its history. Our understanding of this one information molecule is expanding, as we learn more about its expression or overexpression beyond what is adaptive, as well as its moderation by other information molecules (e.g., GABA and oxytocin) and various contexts (e.g., species, age, gender, setting, or incentive). Information molecules cannot be looked at as independent entities, isolated from their context and other molecules, but rather in view of multiple factors that contribute to diverse outcomes.Less
Chapter 9 addresses what constitutes an information molecule, in general, and CRF, in particular. Our age is the age of information and CRF is now set in the larger context of the information age of the last 100 years. Thus, the conclusion summarizes the preceding chapters and looks at the large social context and the great range of scientific fields to promote a fuller understanding of this peptide, its structure, and its history. Our understanding of this one information molecule is expanding, as we learn more about its expression or overexpression beyond what is adaptive, as well as its moderation by other information molecules (e.g., GABA and oxytocin) and various contexts (e.g., species, age, gender, setting, or incentive). Information molecules cannot be looked at as independent entities, isolated from their context and other molecules, but rather in view of multiple factors that contribute to diverse outcomes.
Jay Schulkin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198793694
- eISBN:
- 9780191835506
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793694.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This book discusses just how diverse a peptide corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) is, as demonstrated by its presence in various tissues in the body, including the skin, the placenta, and various ...
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This book discusses just how diverse a peptide corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) is, as demonstrated by its presence in various tissues in the body, including the skin, the placenta, and various regions of the brain. As Dobzhansky (1962) noted, in light of Darwin (1874), and beyond, CRF must be placed in the larger world of regulatory biology. Evolutionary trends do not proceed in a continuous one-dimensional direction; there are starts, turns, and abrupt ends. The study of CRF is mostly about diverse functions in physiological and behavioral regulation of the internal milieu and adapting to an ecological and or social context. The book begins with a depiction of the evolutionary origins of CRF in living things, dating back hundreds of millions of years. The book pushes the conception of CRF beyond the HPA axis and common knowledge. We study the role of CRF in metamorphosis and parturition. Further, CRF is a contributor to fear and anxiety, and the book explains how excessive fear is tied to anxiety disorders and vulnerability to the breakdown of mental and physical health. Also discussed is CRF in approach/avoidance behaviors across pre- and postnatal events. CRF is intimately involved in organ development, but it is also linked to devolution of function and conditions of danger. Cravings, addictions, and how CRF is tied both to the ingestion of diverse drugs and to withdrawal are explored. CRF is considered as an epistemic object, addressing what constitutes an information molecule, in general, and CRF, in particular.Less
This book discusses just how diverse a peptide corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) is, as demonstrated by its presence in various tissues in the body, including the skin, the placenta, and various regions of the brain. As Dobzhansky (1962) noted, in light of Darwin (1874), and beyond, CRF must be placed in the larger world of regulatory biology. Evolutionary trends do not proceed in a continuous one-dimensional direction; there are starts, turns, and abrupt ends. The study of CRF is mostly about diverse functions in physiological and behavioral regulation of the internal milieu and adapting to an ecological and or social context. The book begins with a depiction of the evolutionary origins of CRF in living things, dating back hundreds of millions of years. The book pushes the conception of CRF beyond the HPA axis and common knowledge. We study the role of CRF in metamorphosis and parturition. Further, CRF is a contributor to fear and anxiety, and the book explains how excessive fear is tied to anxiety disorders and vulnerability to the breakdown of mental and physical health. Also discussed is CRF in approach/avoidance behaviors across pre- and postnatal events. CRF is intimately involved in organ development, but it is also linked to devolution of function and conditions of danger. Cravings, addictions, and how CRF is tied both to the ingestion of diverse drugs and to withdrawal are explored. CRF is considered as an epistemic object, addressing what constitutes an information molecule, in general, and CRF, in particular.
