Paul Hammond and Blair Worden (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264706
- eISBN:
- 9780191734557
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264706.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Milton Studies
This volume offers a series of fresh explorations of the life, writing, and reputation of John Milton. The ten papers take us inside Milton's verse and prose, into the context of the events and the ...
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This volume offers a series of fresh explorations of the life, writing, and reputation of John Milton. The ten papers take us inside Milton's verse and prose, into the context of the events and the intellectual debates within which they were written, and into the later worlds within which his reputation evolved and fluctuated. Key topics discussed include: his political beliefs and career; the characteristics of his poetry – especially Paradise Lost; the literary influences upon his verse; his perception of women; and the ways he has been seen since his death.Less
This volume offers a series of fresh explorations of the life, writing, and reputation of John Milton. The ten papers take us inside Milton's verse and prose, into the context of the events and the intellectual debates within which they were written, and into the later worlds within which his reputation evolved and fluctuated. Key topics discussed include: his political beliefs and career; the characteristics of his poetry – especially Paradise Lost; the literary influences upon his verse; his perception of women; and the ways he has been seen since his death.
S.C. Dube
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077312
- eISBN:
- 9780199081158
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077312.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This book takes a comprehensive look at the Kamar tribe, an aboriginal tribe located within the Central Province (present day Chhattisgarh) of India. It presents an anthropological monograph on the ...
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This book takes a comprehensive look at the Kamar tribe, an aboriginal tribe located within the Central Province (present day Chhattisgarh) of India. It presents an anthropological monograph on the tribe, starting with a basic description of its location, population, and organization. The rest of the book is devoted to several aspects of the Kamar culture, including tribal law, its myths and rituals, attitudes towards marriage and sex, and religious ceremonies and rituals. The final part of the book focuses on the various changes that have occurred within the Kamar tribe due to the influences of other castes, tribes, and cultures. In order to clearly demonstrate the tribal organization, physical appearance, and sources of livelihood of the Kamars, several photographs and illustrations have been provided throughout the book.Less
This book takes a comprehensive look at the Kamar tribe, an aboriginal tribe located within the Central Province (present day Chhattisgarh) of India. It presents an anthropological monograph on the tribe, starting with a basic description of its location, population, and organization. The rest of the book is devoted to several aspects of the Kamar culture, including tribal law, its myths and rituals, attitudes towards marriage and sex, and religious ceremonies and rituals. The final part of the book focuses on the various changes that have occurred within the Kamar tribe due to the influences of other castes, tribes, and cultures. In order to clearly demonstrate the tribal organization, physical appearance, and sources of livelihood of the Kamars, several photographs and illustrations have been provided throughout the book.
Peter van der Merwe
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198166474
- eISBN:
- 9780191713880
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198166474.003.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This introductory chapter points out how grievously scholars have neglected popular influences on classical music. It challenges the tradition of ‘homage musicology’, whereby musical analysis is seen ...
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This introductory chapter points out how grievously scholars have neglected popular influences on classical music. It challenges the tradition of ‘homage musicology’, whereby musical analysis is seen as a gesture of reverence towards the great composers. The banal, commonplace, or third-rate are equally worthy of study, and historically at least equally important. Further, the chapter introduces the main theoretical theme of the book: melody and its patterns, as found particularly in the simplest and most spontaneous music. Everything else — harmony, polyphony, and tonality — is an elaboration on these.Less
This introductory chapter points out how grievously scholars have neglected popular influences on classical music. It challenges the tradition of ‘homage musicology’, whereby musical analysis is seen as a gesture of reverence towards the great composers. The banal, commonplace, or third-rate are equally worthy of study, and historically at least equally important. Further, the chapter introduces the main theoretical theme of the book: melody and its patterns, as found particularly in the simplest and most spontaneous music. Everything else — harmony, polyphony, and tonality — is an elaboration on these.
Chris Jones
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199278329
- eISBN:
- 9780191707889
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278329.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
This book provides the first full account of how major 20th-century poets studied, appropriated, and redeployed Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) poetry in their own work. The book concentrates on the ...
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This book provides the first full account of how major 20th-century poets studied, appropriated, and redeployed Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) poetry in their own work. The book concentrates on the stylistic debts that Ezra Pound, W. H. Auden, Edwin Morgan, and Seamus Heaney owe to the language and prosody of Old English poetry — and to the prevailing scholarly attitudes towards Old English, which they encountered at university. Both Edwin Morgan, Scotland's First Makar, and Nobel-laureate Seamus Heaney continue to write under the influence of Old English forms, as their latest books bear witness. This book provides the first full account of how Heaney's translation of Beowulf relates to the rest of his oeuvre, and embeds Morgan's work within a wider tradition of Scots who translate and appropriate Old English. The book pays particular attention to ideas of linguistic primitivism, notions of ‘purity’ of the English language, the politics and ethics of translation, and the construction of ‘Englishness’ across a millennium of literary history. The book argues that for 20th-century poets, Old English simultaneously represents a possible origin for the English poetic tradition, and also a site of estrangement. It is this double nature of the material, of Old English as both ‘native’ and ‘other’, that makes it so attractive to a variety of important poets. The book argues that the 20th-century encounter with Old English constitutes ‘an enormous transfer of poetic energy’, one that has a marked and lasting effect on the evolution of poetry in English.Less
This book provides the first full account of how major 20th-century poets studied, appropriated, and redeployed Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) poetry in their own work. The book concentrates on the stylistic debts that Ezra Pound, W. H. Auden, Edwin Morgan, and Seamus Heaney owe to the language and prosody of Old English poetry — and to the prevailing scholarly attitudes towards Old English, which they encountered at university. Both Edwin Morgan, Scotland's First Makar, and Nobel-laureate Seamus Heaney continue to write under the influence of Old English forms, as their latest books bear witness. This book provides the first full account of how Heaney's translation of Beowulf relates to the rest of his oeuvre, and embeds Morgan's work within a wider tradition of Scots who translate and appropriate Old English. The book pays particular attention to ideas of linguistic primitivism, notions of ‘purity’ of the English language, the politics and ethics of translation, and the construction of ‘Englishness’ across a millennium of literary history. The book argues that for 20th-century poets, Old English simultaneously represents a possible origin for the English poetic tradition, and also a site of estrangement. It is this double nature of the material, of Old English as both ‘native’ and ‘other’, that makes it so attractive to a variety of important poets. The book argues that the 20th-century encounter with Old English constitutes ‘an enormous transfer of poetic energy’, one that has a marked and lasting effect on the evolution of poetry in English.
Jon Hanson (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199737512
- eISBN:
- 9780199918638
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737512.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Formally, the law purports to be based solely in reasoned analysis, devoid of ideological bias or unconscious influences. Judges claim to act as umpires applying the rules, not making them. They ...
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Formally, the law purports to be based solely in reasoned analysis, devoid of ideological bias or unconscious influences. Judges claim to act as umpires applying the rules, not making them. They frame their decisions as straightforward applications of an established set of legal doctrines, principles, and mandates to a given set of facts. As scholars who carefully study the law understand, that frame is a façade, and the impression that the legal system projects is an illusion. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. made a similar claim more than a century ago when he wrote that “the felt necessities of the time, the prevalent moral and political theories, intuitions of public policy, avowed or unconscious, even the prejudices which judges share with their fellow-men, have a good deal more to do than the syllogism in determining the rules by which men should be governed.” A century later, though, we are much closer to understanding the mechanisms responsible for the gap between the formal face of the law and the actual forces shaping it. Over the last decade or so, political scientists and legal academics have begun studying the linkages between ideologies, on one hand, and legal principles and policy outcomes on the other. During that same period, mind scientists have turned to understanding the psychological sources of ideology. This book is the first to bring many of the world’s experts on those topics together to examine the sometimes unsettling interactions between psychology, ideology and law.Less
Formally, the law purports to be based solely in reasoned analysis, devoid of ideological bias or unconscious influences. Judges claim to act as umpires applying the rules, not making them. They frame their decisions as straightforward applications of an established set of legal doctrines, principles, and mandates to a given set of facts. As scholars who carefully study the law understand, that frame is a façade, and the impression that the legal system projects is an illusion. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. made a similar claim more than a century ago when he wrote that “the felt necessities of the time, the prevalent moral and political theories, intuitions of public policy, avowed or unconscious, even the prejudices which judges share with their fellow-men, have a good deal more to do than the syllogism in determining the rules by which men should be governed.” A century later, though, we are much closer to understanding the mechanisms responsible for the gap between the formal face of the law and the actual forces shaping it. Over the last decade or so, political scientists and legal academics have begun studying the linkages between ideologies, on one hand, and legal principles and policy outcomes on the other. During that same period, mind scientists have turned to understanding the psychological sources of ideology. This book is the first to bring many of the world’s experts on those topics together to examine the sometimes unsettling interactions between psychology, ideology and law.
Sean Mcconnell
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199644384
- eISBN:
- 9780191743344
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644384.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
Cicero's general interest in Dicaearchus' ethical and political thought can be detected in his letters to Atticus and De legibus. At present, however, we do not possess a clear and detailed picture ...
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Cicero's general interest in Dicaearchus' ethical and political thought can be detected in his letters to Atticus and De legibus. At present, however, we do not possess a clear and detailed picture of Dicaearchus' influence on Cicero's own ethical and political thought. This chapter argues that, despite these obstacles, we can construct a positive account of the nature and extent of Dicaearchus' influence that offers new insights into key aspects of Cicero's philosophical thought and practice. First it offers a novel reconstruction of Dicaearchus' argument for the supremacy of the praktikos bios and his relationship with Aristotle and Theophrastus in the Peripatetic tradition. The chapter then considers how Dicaearchus figures in Cicero's political and ethical deliberations by analysing a letter to Atticus in which Dicaearchus is referred to by name. At this point we are in a position to identify the precise nature of Dicaearchus' influence on Cicero's De republica, which is the subject of the final and concluding section. Here the chapter argues that Cicero's vision of philosophy and its role in Roman political culture, as showcased in the preface to De republica, is appropriated in all fundamental respects from Dicaearchus.Less
Cicero's general interest in Dicaearchus' ethical and political thought can be detected in his letters to Atticus and De legibus. At present, however, we do not possess a clear and detailed picture of Dicaearchus' influence on Cicero's own ethical and political thought. This chapter argues that, despite these obstacles, we can construct a positive account of the nature and extent of Dicaearchus' influence that offers new insights into key aspects of Cicero's philosophical thought and practice. First it offers a novel reconstruction of Dicaearchus' argument for the supremacy of the praktikos bios and his relationship with Aristotle and Theophrastus in the Peripatetic tradition. The chapter then considers how Dicaearchus figures in Cicero's political and ethical deliberations by analysing a letter to Atticus in which Dicaearchus is referred to by name. At this point we are in a position to identify the precise nature of Dicaearchus' influence on Cicero's De republica, which is the subject of the final and concluding section. Here the chapter argues that Cicero's vision of philosophy and its role in Roman political culture, as showcased in the preface to De republica, is appropriated in all fundamental respects from Dicaearchus.
M. L. Gasparov
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198158790
- eISBN:
- 9780191673368
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198158790.003.0012
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, European Literature
The first chapter talked about the national versification systems in Europe as they exist in a close inter-relationship. The next chapter focused on the development of one or another verse form in ...
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The first chapter talked about the national versification systems in Europe as they exist in a close inter-relationship. The next chapter focused on the development of one or another verse form in particular languages. The other chapters talked about the cultural influences that defined the development and the struggles observed between the demands of the language and system of versification. Permanent interaction between literary and popular culture is important for the development of a particular verse forms.Less
The first chapter talked about the national versification systems in Europe as they exist in a close inter-relationship. The next chapter focused on the development of one or another verse form in particular languages. The other chapters talked about the cultural influences that defined the development and the struggles observed between the demands of the language and system of versification. Permanent interaction between literary and popular culture is important for the development of a particular verse forms.
Dov-Ber Kerler
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198151661
- eISBN:
- 9780191672798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198151661.003.0012
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
The Tsene rene re-edition in 1786 was one of the earliest in Yiddish literature to have an enormous amount of alteration to fit modern Eastern Yiddish. What is noteworthy is that this was done in an ...
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The Tsene rene re-edition in 1786 was one of the earliest in Yiddish literature to have an enormous amount of alteration to fit modern Eastern Yiddish. What is noteworthy is that this was done in an extremely organized manner. This was a narration of Biblical proportions and was considered to have a huge influence and popularity during its time. Its recognition prompted numerous re-prints and re-editions, with over 100 editions known. Tsene rene therefore served as a prototype for analysis of a substantial alteration to cater to modern literature. This included adaptations to High German, Western, and Central European forms. Four editions have been selected for comparison of the changes that occurred in this extensive act to modernize Yiddish literature, one that paved the way for other works to follow.Less
The Tsene rene re-edition in 1786 was one of the earliest in Yiddish literature to have an enormous amount of alteration to fit modern Eastern Yiddish. What is noteworthy is that this was done in an extremely organized manner. This was a narration of Biblical proportions and was considered to have a huge influence and popularity during its time. Its recognition prompted numerous re-prints and re-editions, with over 100 editions known. Tsene rene therefore served as a prototype for analysis of a substantial alteration to cater to modern literature. This included adaptations to High German, Western, and Central European forms. Four editions have been selected for comparison of the changes that occurred in this extensive act to modernize Yiddish literature, one that paved the way for other works to follow.
Nikolas Rose and Joelle M. Abi-Rached
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149608
- eISBN:
- 9781400846337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149608.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter examines the neuromolecular and plastic brain. Ideas about plasticity and the openness of brains to environment influences, from initial evidence about nerve development, through the ...
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This chapter examines the neuromolecular and plastic brain. Ideas about plasticity and the openness of brains to environment influences, from initial evidence about nerve development, through the recognition that synaptic plasticity was the very basis of learning and memory, to evidence about the influence of environment on gene expression and the persistence throughout life of the capacity to make new neurons—all this made the neuromolecular brain seem exquisitely open to its milieu, with changes at the molecular level occurring throughout the course of a human life and thus shaping the growth, organization, and regeneration of neurons and neuronal circuits at time scales from the millisecond to the decade. This was an opportunity to explore the myriad ways in which the milieu got “under the skin,” implying an openness of these molecular processes of the brain to biography, sociality, and culture, and hence perhaps even to history and politics.Less
This chapter examines the neuromolecular and plastic brain. Ideas about plasticity and the openness of brains to environment influences, from initial evidence about nerve development, through the recognition that synaptic plasticity was the very basis of learning and memory, to evidence about the influence of environment on gene expression and the persistence throughout life of the capacity to make new neurons—all this made the neuromolecular brain seem exquisitely open to its milieu, with changes at the molecular level occurring throughout the course of a human life and thus shaping the growth, organization, and regeneration of neurons and neuronal circuits at time scales from the millisecond to the decade. This was an opportunity to explore the myriad ways in which the milieu got “under the skin,” implying an openness of these molecular processes of the brain to biography, sociality, and culture, and hence perhaps even to history and politics.
Young‐Iob Chung
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195178302
- eISBN:
- 9780199783557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195178300.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter investigates how foreign influences through trade, investment, and other forms of interaction affected the capital formation and economic transformation of Korea during the 30-year ...
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This chapter investigates how foreign influences through trade, investment, and other forms of interaction affected the capital formation and economic transformation of Korea during the 30-year transitional period between the opening of the country to the outside world in 1876 and when it became a Japanese protectorate in 1904. It examines the extent to which the infusion of foreign resources, Western technology, and education from foreign countries played a major role as the purveyors of Western thought, technology, investment, and the forces of change and innovation. Korea's responses to the encroaching new foreign forces in terms of domestic institutional reforms and public investments including investment in human capital are assessed. The responses of the private sector, including the Korean people (e.g., society's elites (yangban), merchants, craftsmen, and common citizens) during the transitional period are analyzed. The chapter also examines the question of whether Korea had the motivation to transform into a modern economy. The last part of the chapter assesses Korea's national income, consumption, and savings during the transitional period as a result of foreign incursion.Less
This chapter investigates how foreign influences through trade, investment, and other forms of interaction affected the capital formation and economic transformation of Korea during the 30-year transitional period between the opening of the country to the outside world in 1876 and when it became a Japanese protectorate in 1904. It examines the extent to which the infusion of foreign resources, Western technology, and education from foreign countries played a major role as the purveyors of Western thought, technology, investment, and the forces of change and innovation. Korea's responses to the encroaching new foreign forces in terms of domestic institutional reforms and public investments including investment in human capital are assessed. The responses of the private sector, including the Korean people (e.g., society's elites (yangban), merchants, craftsmen, and common citizens) during the transitional period are analyzed. The chapter also examines the question of whether Korea had the motivation to transform into a modern economy. The last part of the chapter assesses Korea's national income, consumption, and savings during the transitional period as a result of foreign incursion.
Hassan Malik
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691170169
- eISBN:
- 9780691185002
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691170169.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Following an unprecedented economic boom fed by foreign investment, the Russian Revolution triggered the worst sovereign default in history. This book tells the dramatic story of this boom and bust, ...
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Following an unprecedented economic boom fed by foreign investment, the Russian Revolution triggered the worst sovereign default in history. This book tells the dramatic story of this boom and bust, chronicling the forgotten experiences of leading financiers of the age. Shedding critical new light on the decision making of the powerful personalities who acted as the gatekeepers of international finance, the book explains how they channeled foreign capital into Russia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While economists have long relied on quantitative analysis to grapple with questions relating to the drivers of cross-border capital flows, this book adopts an historical approach, drawing on banking and government archives in four countries. It provides rare insights into the thinking of influential figures in world finance as they sought to navigate one of the most challenging and lucrative markets of the first modern age of globalization. The book reveals how a complex web of factors—from government interventions to competitive dynamics and cultural influences—drove a large inflow of capital during this tumultuous period in world history. The book demonstrates how the realms of finance and politics—of bankers and Bolsheviks—grew increasingly intertwined, and how investing in Russia became a political act with unforeseen repercussions.Less
Following an unprecedented economic boom fed by foreign investment, the Russian Revolution triggered the worst sovereign default in history. This book tells the dramatic story of this boom and bust, chronicling the forgotten experiences of leading financiers of the age. Shedding critical new light on the decision making of the powerful personalities who acted as the gatekeepers of international finance, the book explains how they channeled foreign capital into Russia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While economists have long relied on quantitative analysis to grapple with questions relating to the drivers of cross-border capital flows, this book adopts an historical approach, drawing on banking and government archives in four countries. It provides rare insights into the thinking of influential figures in world finance as they sought to navigate one of the most challenging and lucrative markets of the first modern age of globalization. The book reveals how a complex web of factors—from government interventions to competitive dynamics and cultural influences—drove a large inflow of capital during this tumultuous period in world history. The book demonstrates how the realms of finance and politics—of bankers and Bolsheviks—grew increasingly intertwined, and how investing in Russia became a political act with unforeseen repercussions.
Mark D. Regnerus
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195320947
- eISBN:
- 9780199785452
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320947.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter reviews and evaluates the various ways in which social scientists have come to understand how religion affects human behavior in general, and adolescent sex in particular. In a nutshell, ...
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This chapter reviews and evaluates the various ways in which social scientists have come to understand how religion affects human behavior in general, and adolescent sex in particular. In a nutshell, social scientific debate about the real influence of religion on human behavior remains intense. However, some reasonable conclusions about it can be made.Less
This chapter reviews and evaluates the various ways in which social scientists have come to understand how religion affects human behavior in general, and adolescent sex in particular. In a nutshell, social scientific debate about the real influence of religion on human behavior remains intense. However, some reasonable conclusions about it can be made.
Mark D. Regnerus
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195320947
- eISBN:
- 9780199785452
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320947.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter focuses on the stated and implicit motivation behind adolescent religious discourse about sexual decision making. It introduces a typology of religious influence, which should help make ...
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This chapter focuses on the stated and implicit motivation behind adolescent religious discourse about sexual decision making. It introduces a typology of religious influence, which should help make sense of the ways in which religion actually affects teenagers' sexual behavior. It concludes with a summary of the book's key findings and contributions, followed by an unscientific postscript — a series of the author's own reflections about adolescent sex and the social scientific study of it.Less
This chapter focuses on the stated and implicit motivation behind adolescent religious discourse about sexual decision making. It introduces a typology of religious influence, which should help make sense of the ways in which religion actually affects teenagers' sexual behavior. It concludes with a summary of the book's key findings and contributions, followed by an unscientific postscript — a series of the author's own reflections about adolescent sex and the social scientific study of it.
Vernon Bogdanor
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293347
- eISBN:
- 9780191598821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293348.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The office of head of state should be distinguished from that of head of government. The head of state has three main functions. First, there are constitutional functions, which today are primarily ...
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The office of head of state should be distinguished from that of head of government. The head of state has three main functions. First, there are constitutional functions, which today are primarily of a residual or formal kind, such as appointing a prime minister and agreeing to dissolve the legislature. Second are the ceremonial functions that President de Gaulle once dismissed as opening exhibitions of chrysanthemums. Third, and perhaps most important, there is the symbolic or representative function, by means of which the head of state represents and symbolizes not just the state but also the nation. The head of state represents the nation to itself. These last two functions are, in Bagehot's terminology, `dignified’ rather than `efficient’ functions. They are likely to be better performed when the office of head of state is separated from that of head of government so that the head of state is not an active party politician. The fundamental principle of constitutional monarchy is that of acting on the advice of ministers. But this does not exclude a considerable amount of influence being wielded by an assiduous sovereign.Less
The office of head of state should be distinguished from that of head of government. The head of state has three main functions. First, there are constitutional functions, which today are primarily of a residual or formal kind, such as appointing a prime minister and agreeing to dissolve the legislature. Second are the ceremonial functions that President de Gaulle once dismissed as opening exhibitions of chrysanthemums. Third, and perhaps most important, there is the symbolic or representative function, by means of which the head of state represents and symbolizes not just the state but also the nation. The head of state represents the nation to itself. These last two functions are, in Bagehot's terminology, `dignified’ rather than `efficient’ functions. They are likely to be better performed when the office of head of state is separated from that of head of government so that the head of state is not an active party politician. The fundamental principle of constitutional monarchy is that of acting on the advice of ministers. But this does not exclude a considerable amount of influence being wielded by an assiduous sovereign.
Delia Cortese and Simonetta Calderini
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748617326
- eISBN:
- 9780748671366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748617326.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This book has looked at women belonging to and living under medieval Islamic dynasties by comprehensively covering women under the Fatimid dynasty. To this dynasty were linked those women who, on ...
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This book has looked at women belonging to and living under medieval Islamic dynasties by comprehensively covering women under the Fatimid dynasty. To this dynasty were linked those women who, on account of the power they commanded, were to become among the most famous female personalities of the medieval Islamic world: Sitt al-Mulk, the Sulayhid queens of the Yemen and the mother of the imam-caliph al-Mustansir. Court women marked their status and influence by way of grand-scale architectural patronage for the use of propaganda. The Fatimids were forerunners in the practice of frequently appointing heirs as children born of concubines rather than those born of wives. Being culturally and doctrinally ‘foreigners’ themselves in the regions they ruled, the imam-caliphs encouraged diversity when, for instance, appointing Berbers and Turks, Christians and Jews as their viziers, secretaries and military commanders. Another focus of this book has been the interconnectedness between Fatimids, women and trade.Less
This book has looked at women belonging to and living under medieval Islamic dynasties by comprehensively covering women under the Fatimid dynasty. To this dynasty were linked those women who, on account of the power they commanded, were to become among the most famous female personalities of the medieval Islamic world: Sitt al-Mulk, the Sulayhid queens of the Yemen and the mother of the imam-caliph al-Mustansir. Court women marked their status and influence by way of grand-scale architectural patronage for the use of propaganda. The Fatimids were forerunners in the practice of frequently appointing heirs as children born of concubines rather than those born of wives. Being culturally and doctrinally ‘foreigners’ themselves in the regions they ruled, the imam-caliphs encouraged diversity when, for instance, appointing Berbers and Turks, Christians and Jews as their viziers, secretaries and military commanders. Another focus of this book has been the interconnectedness between Fatimids, women and trade.
Antony Black
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199533206
- eISBN:
- 9780191714498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533206.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
After the Reformation, European political philosophy blossomed and produced a diversity of ideas. Meanwhile Islamic political thought stagnated. These two political thought-worlds were now completely ...
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After the Reformation, European political philosophy blossomed and produced a diversity of ideas. Meanwhile Islamic political thought stagnated. These two political thought-worlds were now completely different and no longer comparable. The Byzantine ideology of sacred monarchy was adopted by Russia. Western ideas influenced first Russia, then the Muslim-majority countries. The influence on Russia has so far been more extensive. Russia contributed to the Western dialogue. Western influence among Muslims is contested by fundamentalists such as Qutb. To a certain extent the West was transmitting the heritage of classical Greece.Less
After the Reformation, European political philosophy blossomed and produced a diversity of ideas. Meanwhile Islamic political thought stagnated. These two political thought-worlds were now completely different and no longer comparable. The Byzantine ideology of sacred monarchy was adopted by Russia. Western ideas influenced first Russia, then the Muslim-majority countries. The influence on Russia has so far been more extensive. Russia contributed to the Western dialogue. Western influence among Muslims is contested by fundamentalists such as Qutb. To a certain extent the West was transmitting the heritage of classical Greece.
Gloria L. Schaab
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195329124
- eISBN:
- 9780199785711
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329124.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Chapter 4 examines the impact of Arthur Peacocke's evolutionary cosmology, biology, epistemology, and methodology on Christian theology and demonstrates how these insights come to fruition in an ...
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Chapter 4 examines the impact of Arthur Peacocke's evolutionary cosmology, biology, epistemology, and methodology on Christian theology and demonstrates how these insights come to fruition in an understanding of a Triune God. A particular model concerning the God‐world relationship emerges from the interaction of these insights. The model is panentheism, which denotes that the Being of God includes and penetrates the whole universe—a universe pervaded by pain, suffering, and death—but is not exhausted by the universe itself. Within this panentheistic paradigm, the Triune God is conceived as the transcendent Ground of Being who is immanently creative under the groaning of the cosmos and who becomes incarnate in the cruciformity of the cosmos with its ubiquitous suffering. It concludes with an analysis of Peacocke's proposals using fourfold criteria of intelligibility: fit with data, simplicity, fecundity, and pastoral efficacy.Less
Chapter 4 examines the impact of Arthur Peacocke's evolutionary cosmology, biology, epistemology, and methodology on Christian theology and demonstrates how these insights come to fruition in an understanding of a Triune God. A particular model concerning the God‐world relationship emerges from the interaction of these insights. The model is panentheism, which denotes that the Being of God includes and penetrates the whole universe—a universe pervaded by pain, suffering, and death—but is not exhausted by the universe itself. Within this panentheistic paradigm, the Triune God is conceived as the transcendent Ground of Being who is immanently creative under the groaning of the cosmos and who becomes incarnate in the cruciformity of the cosmos with its ubiquitous suffering. It concludes with an analysis of Peacocke's proposals using fourfold criteria of intelligibility: fit with data, simplicity, fecundity, and pastoral efficacy.
Gloria L. Schaab
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195329124
- eISBN:
- 9780199785711
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329124.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Key concepts in the evolutionary theology provide primary grounding for an affirmation of divine suffering. Chapter 5 explores six elements that factor significantly into a proposal of divine ...
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Key concepts in the evolutionary theology provide primary grounding for an affirmation of divine suffering. Chapter 5 explores six elements that factor significantly into a proposal of divine passibility: the costly process of evolution, the reality of cosmic indeterminacy, God‐world interaction through whole‐part influence, the notion of the anthropic universe, the transcendent and immanent creativity of God, and the panentheistic paradigm of the God‐world relationship. It analyzes each element specifically in terms of its impact on a theology of the creative suffering of the Triune God. It concludes by analyzing the proposal of suffering in God according to the criteria delineated in chapter 4.Less
Key concepts in the evolutionary theology provide primary grounding for an affirmation of divine suffering. Chapter 5 explores six elements that factor significantly into a proposal of divine passibility: the costly process of evolution, the reality of cosmic indeterminacy, God‐world interaction through whole‐part influence, the notion of the anthropic universe, the transcendent and immanent creativity of God, and the panentheistic paradigm of the God‐world relationship. It analyzes each element specifically in terms of its impact on a theology of the creative suffering of the Triune God. It concludes by analyzing the proposal of suffering in God according to the criteria delineated in chapter 4.
W. P. Stephens
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198263630
- eISBN:
- 9780191682629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198263630.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, History of Christianity
This study aims to unfold Zwingli's thought historically. Writings are examined from every period of his life, showing the development of his thought. This chapter notes some important areas where ...
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This study aims to unfold Zwingli's thought historically. Writings are examined from every period of his life, showing the development of his thought. This chapter notes some important areas where interpretations of various scholars differ. First, there is the question of the influences on Zwingli's development, including the relative importance of Erasmus, Luther, Augustine, and the humanist and scholastic thought he encountered. Second, there is the question of when he emerged as a reformer, a theological and a historical issue. Third, the relation of church and state raises other questions dealing with Zwingli's political role and his understanding of the prophet. Of his reformation practices, the most influential was the prophecy. Its impact can be seen in the development of prophesying in the English Reformation.Less
This study aims to unfold Zwingli's thought historically. Writings are examined from every period of his life, showing the development of his thought. This chapter notes some important areas where interpretations of various scholars differ. First, there is the question of the influences on Zwingli's development, including the relative importance of Erasmus, Luther, Augustine, and the humanist and scholastic thought he encountered. Second, there is the question of when he emerged as a reformer, a theological and a historical issue. Third, the relation of church and state raises other questions dealing with Zwingli's political role and his understanding of the prophet. Of his reformation practices, the most influential was the prophecy. Its impact can be seen in the development of prophesying in the English Reformation.
Naomi Roht‐Arriaza
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240906
- eISBN:
- 9780191598869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240906.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The response of an incoming government to past crimes and gross violations of human rights depends primarily on a combination of domestic political, military and socioeconomic factors. However, ...
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The response of an incoming government to past crimes and gross violations of human rights depends primarily on a combination of domestic political, military and socioeconomic factors. However, international influences and institutions play an increasing role in shaping and affecting these processes. International efforts are in turn shaped partly by the perceived success or failure of domestic attempts to deal with the past. This chapter focuses on three areas in which these mutual influences manifest themselves: first, it examines the impact of international and transnational activity on the work of national courts, truth commissions, reparation schemes and political discourses about the past; second, it looks at the possibility of simultaneous actions in multiple arenas, since transnational justice also takes the form of legal actions brought in the national courts of one country against civil or criminal defendants based in another; the third area of influence discussed is the creation of new international institutions for accountability, although the extent to which these international efforts have influenced political or social reconstruction within societies is still unclear. The different sections of the chapter are: Introduction; Human Rights Institutions and Norms; Transnational Justice: The Pinochet Precedent; International Justice: The ‘Ad Hoc’ Tribunals and the ICC (International Criminal Court); and Conclusion.Less
The response of an incoming government to past crimes and gross violations of human rights depends primarily on a combination of domestic political, military and socioeconomic factors. However, international influences and institutions play an increasing role in shaping and affecting these processes. International efforts are in turn shaped partly by the perceived success or failure of domestic attempts to deal with the past. This chapter focuses on three areas in which these mutual influences manifest themselves: first, it examines the impact of international and transnational activity on the work of national courts, truth commissions, reparation schemes and political discourses about the past; second, it looks at the possibility of simultaneous actions in multiple arenas, since transnational justice also takes the form of legal actions brought in the national courts of one country against civil or criminal defendants based in another; the third area of influence discussed is the creation of new international institutions for accountability, although the extent to which these international efforts have influenced political or social reconstruction within societies is still unclear. The different sections of the chapter are: Introduction; Human Rights Institutions and Norms; Transnational Justice: The Pinochet Precedent; International Justice: The ‘Ad Hoc’ Tribunals and the ICC (International Criminal Court); and Conclusion.
