Yezid Sayigh
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198296430
- eISBN:
- 9780191685224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296430.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Infiltration was a widespread phenomenon, as former mujahidin set up their own bands or operated on ‘contract’ for Arab military intelligence services, but neither they nor Husayni attempted to ...
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Infiltration was a widespread phenomenon, as former mujahidin set up their own bands or operated on ‘contract’ for Arab military intelligence services, but neither they nor Husayni attempted to construct modem political organizations on that basis. Egypt was the first country to conclude an armistice agreement with Israel, and, like Jordan, was anxious to avoid further conflict after 1949. The Egyptian command then placed a section of the police under another officer, ʻAbd-al-'Azim al-Saharti, to guard public installations in Gaza. Unlike the border police, the Saharti battalion, as it came to be known, was attached to the military governor's office. This caused considerable resentment among the Palestinian personnel, who took this to indicate a lower status. Palestinian anger at Israeli reprisals and Egyptian restrictions erupted in March, as demonstrators took to the streets of Gaza to demand conscription and the distribution of arms to the local population.Less
Infiltration was a widespread phenomenon, as former mujahidin set up their own bands or operated on ‘contract’ for Arab military intelligence services, but neither they nor Husayni attempted to construct modem political organizations on that basis. Egypt was the first country to conclude an armistice agreement with Israel, and, like Jordan, was anxious to avoid further conflict after 1949. The Egyptian command then placed a section of the police under another officer, ʻAbd-al-'Azim al-Saharti, to guard public installations in Gaza. Unlike the border police, the Saharti battalion, as it came to be known, was attached to the military governor's office. This caused considerable resentment among the Palestinian personnel, who took this to indicate a lower status. Palestinian anger at Israeli reprisals and Egyptian restrictions erupted in March, as demonstrators took to the streets of Gaza to demand conscription and the distribution of arms to the local population.
Abhijit Dasgupta
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199461172
- eISBN:
- 9780199086986
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199461172.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies), Population and Demography
This volume highlights some emerging issues in the study of displaced persons in India, like the agency and voices of people who flee across an international border, the identities they forge for ...
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This volume highlights some emerging issues in the study of displaced persons in India, like the agency and voices of people who flee across an international border, the identities they forge for themselves, their relations with the hosts and their interactions with the state and non-governmental organizations. Three case studies included here are: (a) ‘Partition refugees’ from East Pakistan to West Bengal, (b) ‘Tamil refugees’ from Sri Lanka to India, and (c) ‘Bangladesh Liberation War refugees’ from East Pakistan to West Bengal. The reader will find that each case is in itself highly complex. The treatment meted out to the displaced people in India has not been consistent. The volume shows that the responses of the state to cross-border displacement have been varied over space and time.Less
This volume highlights some emerging issues in the study of displaced persons in India, like the agency and voices of people who flee across an international border, the identities they forge for themselves, their relations with the hosts and their interactions with the state and non-governmental organizations. Three case studies included here are: (a) ‘Partition refugees’ from East Pakistan to West Bengal, (b) ‘Tamil refugees’ from Sri Lanka to India, and (c) ‘Bangladesh Liberation War refugees’ from East Pakistan to West Bengal. The reader will find that each case is in itself highly complex. The treatment meted out to the displaced people in India has not been consistent. The volume shows that the responses of the state to cross-border displacement have been varied over space and time.
Burnett Bolloten
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469624464
- eISBN:
- 9781469624488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469624464.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on Dr. Juan Negrín, the minister of finance, and Julio Alvarez del Vayo, the foreign minister, as the central figures in the Communists' influence over the government. Alvarez ...
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This chapter focuses on Dr. Juan Negrín, the minister of finance, and Julio Alvarez del Vayo, the foreign minister, as the central figures in the Communists' influence over the government. Alvarez del Vayo in particular was a trusted adviser to Largo Caballero during the early months of the Civil War. Alvarez del Vayo would later help the Communists implement their strategy of infiltration and domination in the early stages of the Civil War. Despite his contributions, however, the main instrument in bringing their plans to fruition in its final stages was Dr. Negrín, who even after fifty years remains the most controversial figure of the war.Less
This chapter focuses on Dr. Juan Negrín, the minister of finance, and Julio Alvarez del Vayo, the foreign minister, as the central figures in the Communists' influence over the government. Alvarez del Vayo in particular was a trusted adviser to Largo Caballero during the early months of the Civil War. Alvarez del Vayo would later help the Communists implement their strategy of infiltration and domination in the early stages of the Civil War. Despite his contributions, however, the main instrument in bringing their plans to fruition in its final stages was Dr. Negrín, who even after fifty years remains the most controversial figure of the war.
Hillel Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257672
- eISBN:
- 9780520944886
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257672.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
Palestinian nationalists maintained that Arab refugees who were uprooted during the 1948 hostilities had the right to return to their homes. Infiltration was one of the most acute challenges faced by ...
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Palestinian nationalists maintained that Arab refugees who were uprooted during the 1948 hostilities had the right to return to their homes. Infiltration was one of the most acute challenges faced by the young state of Israel. Some infiltrators were out to kill and avenge as well as to act as spies. Others were motivated by destitution. Some of them lived by robbery and theft in the country that had arisen on the ruins of their villages, and others worked as smugglers. Arabs who crossed the border with the intention of remaining in the country jeopardized Israel's demographic balance, and smugglers undercut the country's sovereignty within its borders. It is hardly surprising, then, that the battle against infiltration, both defensive and offensive, was the focal point of Israel Defense Forces operations; the police force and military government also worked hard against it. There were collaborators with Arab intelligence organizations who conveyed information about Israel over the border, nationalists who sheltered infiltrators, and informers who turned them in.Less
Palestinian nationalists maintained that Arab refugees who were uprooted during the 1948 hostilities had the right to return to their homes. Infiltration was one of the most acute challenges faced by the young state of Israel. Some infiltrators were out to kill and avenge as well as to act as spies. Others were motivated by destitution. Some of them lived by robbery and theft in the country that had arisen on the ruins of their villages, and others worked as smugglers. Arabs who crossed the border with the intention of remaining in the country jeopardized Israel's demographic balance, and smugglers undercut the country's sovereignty within its borders. It is hardly surprising, then, that the battle against infiltration, both defensive and offensive, was the focal point of Israel Defense Forces operations; the police force and military government also worked hard against it. There were collaborators with Arab intelligence organizations who conveyed information about Israel over the border, nationalists who sheltered infiltrators, and informers who turned them in.
Sam H. Ahmedzai and Martin F. Muers
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192631411
- eISBN:
- 9780191730160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192631411.003.0026
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter examines the pathophysiological mechanisms of pain associated with respiratory disease, focusing on the chest wall, diaphragm, and mediastinal pain, and with brachial plexopathy. It ...
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This chapter examines the pathophysiological mechanisms of pain associated with respiratory disease, focusing on the chest wall, diaphragm, and mediastinal pain, and with brachial plexopathy. It explains that thoracic pain can be nociceptive, neuropathic, or mixed, and that pain may arise from the thoracic viscera, muscles, bony cage, or skin or nerve structures. Thoracic pains are mainly caused by tumour, trauma, infection, or inflammation and there are difficult pain syndromes that arise with postherpetic neuralgia, pleural involvement, mediastinal disease, and brachial plexus infiltration.Less
This chapter examines the pathophysiological mechanisms of pain associated with respiratory disease, focusing on the chest wall, diaphragm, and mediastinal pain, and with brachial plexopathy. It explains that thoracic pain can be nociceptive, neuropathic, or mixed, and that pain may arise from the thoracic viscera, muscles, bony cage, or skin or nerve structures. Thoracic pains are mainly caused by tumour, trauma, infection, or inflammation and there are difficult pain syndromes that arise with postherpetic neuralgia, pleural involvement, mediastinal disease, and brachial plexus infiltration.
John Sbardellati
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450082
- eISBN:
- 9780801464218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450082.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter looks at the House Un-American Activities Committee. HUAC had shown occasional interest in Hollywood since its inception in 1938, but the committee largely neglected the film industry ...
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This chapter looks at the House Un-American Activities Committee. HUAC had shown occasional interest in Hollywood since its inception in 1938, but the committee largely neglected the film industry until postwar labor unrest in Hollywood drew national attention and red-baiting became prevalent. The labor strife, the cooperation of anti-Communist allies in the Motion Picture Alliance and the FBI, and the conservative victories in the 1946 midterm elections all encouraged HUAC to finally prepare for public hearings on the question of Communist infiltration of the motion picture industry. Subsequently, acknowledging that the FBI had a far more thorough surveillance program, HUAC appealed to the bureau for assistance. The FBI's documentary proof of the existence of Communist members in the film industry would be used to support the ideological claims of the existence of Communist propaganda in the films.Less
This chapter looks at the House Un-American Activities Committee. HUAC had shown occasional interest in Hollywood since its inception in 1938, but the committee largely neglected the film industry until postwar labor unrest in Hollywood drew national attention and red-baiting became prevalent. The labor strife, the cooperation of anti-Communist allies in the Motion Picture Alliance and the FBI, and the conservative victories in the 1946 midterm elections all encouraged HUAC to finally prepare for public hearings on the question of Communist infiltration of the motion picture industry. Subsequently, acknowledging that the FBI had a far more thorough surveillance program, HUAC appealed to the bureau for assistance. The FBI's documentary proof of the existence of Communist members in the film industry would be used to support the ideological claims of the existence of Communist propaganda in the films.
John Sbardellati
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450082
- eISBN:
- 9780801464218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450082.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines the 1947 HUAC hearings on Communist infiltration in Hollywood. Through these public hearings, HUAC, the Motion Picture Alliance, and the FBI achieved a transformation in the ...
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This chapter examines the 1947 HUAC hearings on Communist infiltration in Hollywood. Through these public hearings, HUAC, the Motion Picture Alliance, and the FBI achieved a transformation in the types of films Hollywood produced. For example, HUAC—particularly committee member Richard Nixon—intimidated the studios into pledging to produce anti-Communist propaganda films. Moreover, the emerging Hollywood blacklist served not just to purge radical individuals from employment but also their suspect ideas from the screen. Indeed, although HUAC's move away from investigating film content initially angered J. Edgar Hoover, his FBI and its allies in the Motion Picture Alliance soon came to appreciate the blacklist as the most effective means of altering film content.Less
This chapter examines the 1947 HUAC hearings on Communist infiltration in Hollywood. Through these public hearings, HUAC, the Motion Picture Alliance, and the FBI achieved a transformation in the types of films Hollywood produced. For example, HUAC—particularly committee member Richard Nixon—intimidated the studios into pledging to produce anti-Communist propaganda films. Moreover, the emerging Hollywood blacklist served not just to purge radical individuals from employment but also their suspect ideas from the screen. Indeed, although HUAC's move away from investigating film content initially angered J. Edgar Hoover, his FBI and its allies in the Motion Picture Alliance soon came to appreciate the blacklist as the most effective means of altering film content.
Edwin Bakker
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199327638
- eISBN:
- 9780199388097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199327638.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter analyses the many intelligence reports on the Muslim Brotherhood by the AIVD (the Dutch intelligence service) over the past years. It demonstrates that while in the press there has been ...
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This chapter analyses the many intelligence reports on the Muslim Brotherhood by the AIVD (the Dutch intelligence service) over the past years. It demonstrates that while in the press there has been an uproar over the Muslim Brotherhood, the organisation hardly has a presence in the Netherlands.Less
This chapter analyses the many intelligence reports on the Muslim Brotherhood by the AIVD (the Dutch intelligence service) over the past years. It demonstrates that while in the press there has been an uproar over the Muslim Brotherhood, the organisation hardly has a presence in the Netherlands.
Marc Illgen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199563562
- eISBN:
- 9780191774713
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563562.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
The chapter describes the general hydrological processes and phenomena of urban environments. The major components of the urban water cycle, together with the processes occurring between atmosphere, ...
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The chapter describes the general hydrological processes and phenomena of urban environments. The major components of the urban water cycle, together with the processes occurring between atmosphere, surface, and subsurface are explained in the context of land use characteristics. In particular the fundamental physical processes of precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, soil water transport, and surface runoff are pointed out. With regard to the specific infiltration and runoff performance of urban surfaces the stormwater retention capacities of paved and unpaved surfaces are specified. Characteristic values of the particular water balance components on an annual basis as well as event-based runoff coefficients are outlined for several types of typical urban surfaces, reflecting the interactions between the atmospheric impact by rainfall and the hydrological phenomena on urban areas.Less
The chapter describes the general hydrological processes and phenomena of urban environments. The major components of the urban water cycle, together with the processes occurring between atmosphere, surface, and subsurface are explained in the context of land use characteristics. In particular the fundamental physical processes of precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, soil water transport, and surface runoff are pointed out. With regard to the specific infiltration and runoff performance of urban surfaces the stormwater retention capacities of paved and unpaved surfaces are specified. Characteristic values of the particular water balance components on an annual basis as well as event-based runoff coefficients are outlined for several types of typical urban surfaces, reflecting the interactions between the atmospheric impact by rainfall and the hydrological phenomena on urban areas.
Danielle Fosler-Lussier
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780520284135
- eISBN:
- 9780520959781
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520284135.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
The State Department’s Cultural Presentations program famously sent jazz and classical musicians as well as dancers to the USSR. Although commentators have sometimes characterized U.S. music in the ...
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The State Department’s Cultural Presentations program famously sent jazz and classical musicians as well as dancers to the USSR. Although commentators have sometimes characterized U.S. music in the Soviet Union as a form of “infiltration,” musical diplomacy did little to destabilize the Soviet Union. Rather, it allowed the enemy superpowers to engage competitively without military action before an attentive worldwide media audience. Leonard Bernstein, for example, made intentionally provocative statements alongside his conciliatory speeches during and after his 1959 visit. These exchanges allowed the enemy peoples to grow accustomed to the idea that their competing states could coexist peacefully, thereby laying the groundwork for détente.Less
The State Department’s Cultural Presentations program famously sent jazz and classical musicians as well as dancers to the USSR. Although commentators have sometimes characterized U.S. music in the Soviet Union as a form of “infiltration,” musical diplomacy did little to destabilize the Soviet Union. Rather, it allowed the enemy superpowers to engage competitively without military action before an attentive worldwide media audience. Leonard Bernstein, for example, made intentionally provocative statements alongside his conciliatory speeches during and after his 1959 visit. These exchanges allowed the enemy peoples to grow accustomed to the idea that their competing states could coexist peacefully, thereby laying the groundwork for détente.
Jody Azzouni
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199967407
- eISBN:
- 9780199346066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199967407.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter focuses on the phenomenological notion of implicated content. It’s shown that the distinction between what the nonprofessional perceives as what is said and what is implicated is robust. ...
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This chapter focuses on the phenomenological notion of implicated content. It’s shown that the distinction between what the nonprofessional perceives as what is said and what is implicated is robust. The speaker-hearer expects agreement on what is said; the speaker-hearer expects debates over what is implicated. What can be implicated, based on what is said, is seen to be quite open-ended—subject only to the ingenuity of the speaker and the speaker’s audience. The topic of how much contextual infiltration into what is said is then taken up. Against Cappelen and Lepore, Travis, and others, it is argued that what is said is fairly circumscribed in how much it can be affected by context.Less
This chapter focuses on the phenomenological notion of implicated content. It’s shown that the distinction between what the nonprofessional perceives as what is said and what is implicated is robust. The speaker-hearer expects agreement on what is said; the speaker-hearer expects debates over what is implicated. What can be implicated, based on what is said, is seen to be quite open-ended—subject only to the ingenuity of the speaker and the speaker’s audience. The topic of how much contextual infiltration into what is said is then taken up. Against Cappelen and Lepore, Travis, and others, it is argued that what is said is fairly circumscribed in how much it can be affected by context.
William J. Rust
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813144764
- eISBN:
- 9780813145457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813144764.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Political History
Immediately after the Geneva conference, Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma traveled to Washington for talks with President Kennedy and his senior advisers. The primary concern of US officials was ...
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Immediately after the Geneva conference, Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma traveled to Washington for talks with President Kennedy and his senior advisers. The primary concern of US officials was communist compliance with the Geneva provisions calling for the withdrawal all foreign troops from Laos and prohibiting the use of Lao territory for infiltration from North to South Vietnam. Souvanna sought to allay the fears of his hosts, who had been building up clandestine intelligence capabilities in Laos. Upon Souvanna's return to Laos, the coalition government began to fall apart almost immediately, with sharp internal disagreements over troop withdrawals and other issues. To the dismay of US officials, the Lao government intended to control investigations of alleged Geneva violations conducted by the ICC. Kennedy, referring to his administration's gamble on Souvanna's government and the neutral solution, told his advisers: “We’ve got so much to lose if that thing goes sour.”Less
Immediately after the Geneva conference, Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma traveled to Washington for talks with President Kennedy and his senior advisers. The primary concern of US officials was communist compliance with the Geneva provisions calling for the withdrawal all foreign troops from Laos and prohibiting the use of Lao territory for infiltration from North to South Vietnam. Souvanna sought to allay the fears of his hosts, who had been building up clandestine intelligence capabilities in Laos. Upon Souvanna's return to Laos, the coalition government began to fall apart almost immediately, with sharp internal disagreements over troop withdrawals and other issues. To the dismay of US officials, the Lao government intended to control investigations of alleged Geneva violations conducted by the ICC. Kennedy, referring to his administration's gamble on Souvanna's government and the neutral solution, told his advisers: “We’ve got so much to lose if that thing goes sour.”
Anna Estera Mrozewicz
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474418102
- eISBN:
- 9781474444675
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474418102.003.0003
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Whereas Eastern noir narratives reproduce the ‘iron’ border and operate by means of clear-cut national identities, Chapter 2 reconsiders the hard border promulgated by the master narrative of the ...
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Whereas Eastern noir narratives reproduce the ‘iron’ border and operate by means of clear-cut national identities, Chapter 2 reconsiders the hard border promulgated by the master narrative of the Cold War. Devoted to a set of films which address historical themes (late 20th-century and 21st-century productions looking back to the Cold War and earlier periods), the chapter focuses on spies and double agents, who by default operate by navigating across borders. The films analysed do not utilise typical spy film formulas and their protagonists are nowhere near the affirmative James Bondian narrative. The films re-examine a range of historical issues which during the Cold War qualified as inconvenient (and were therefore censored), often relating to the complicated past of the border regions (such as Finnmark) and involvement of Nordic citizens on the wrong side of the global conflict. Using the concept of infiltration, the analysis follows the spies that embody the discourses of boundary, ‘contaminating’ an assumed pure national community. These films (such as Jörn Donner’s The Interrogation or Knut Erik Jensen’s Ice Kiss) produce affective and relational spaces, alternatives to arbitrary maps, and highlight the protagonists’ entanglement in identities which might be defined as transnational.Less
Whereas Eastern noir narratives reproduce the ‘iron’ border and operate by means of clear-cut national identities, Chapter 2 reconsiders the hard border promulgated by the master narrative of the Cold War. Devoted to a set of films which address historical themes (late 20th-century and 21st-century productions looking back to the Cold War and earlier periods), the chapter focuses on spies and double agents, who by default operate by navigating across borders. The films analysed do not utilise typical spy film formulas and their protagonists are nowhere near the affirmative James Bondian narrative. The films re-examine a range of historical issues which during the Cold War qualified as inconvenient (and were therefore censored), often relating to the complicated past of the border regions (such as Finnmark) and involvement of Nordic citizens on the wrong side of the global conflict. Using the concept of infiltration, the analysis follows the spies that embody the discourses of boundary, ‘contaminating’ an assumed pure national community. These films (such as Jörn Donner’s The Interrogation or Knut Erik Jensen’s Ice Kiss) produce affective and relational spaces, alternatives to arbitrary maps, and highlight the protagonists’ entanglement in identities which might be defined as transnational.
Fredy González
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520290198
- eISBN:
- 9780520964488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520290198.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
As the Cold War dragged on and the Republic of China failed to effect its reconquest of mainland China, not all Chinese Mexicans continued to support the Republic of China. Some defected to support ...
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As the Cold War dragged on and the Republic of China failed to effect its reconquest of mainland China, not all Chinese Mexicans continued to support the Republic of China. Some defected to support the People’s Republic of China, or openly traveled to mainland China or expressed their reservations about the ROC. For this, they were exposed as subversives and surveilled by the ROC, Mexican, and US governments. This chapter illustrates how transnational causes could have local repercussions, as some Chinese Mexicans began to chafe under their relationship with the ROC.Less
As the Cold War dragged on and the Republic of China failed to effect its reconquest of mainland China, not all Chinese Mexicans continued to support the Republic of China. Some defected to support the People’s Republic of China, or openly traveled to mainland China or expressed their reservations about the ROC. For this, they were exposed as subversives and surveilled by the ROC, Mexican, and US governments. This chapter illustrates how transnational causes could have local repercussions, as some Chinese Mexicans began to chafe under their relationship with the ROC.
Holger Nehring
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252037894
- eISBN:
- 9780252095153
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252037894.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the relationship between peace movement activism and demilitarization in both East and West Germany during the 1970s and 1980s. It focuses on the history of peace activism in ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between peace movement activism and demilitarization in both East and West Germany during the 1970s and 1980s. It focuses on the history of peace activism in the two parts of the divided Germany: the liberal-democratic West German Federal Republic (FRG) and the socialist dictatorship of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Such an approach reveals not only the common themes they addressed and the transfers of ideas across the Iron Curtain, but also the ways in which governments addressed them as mirror images in the Cold War for ideas. While the peace movements in the West could appear in the contemporary political-cultural mainstream as the results of communist infiltration, the GDR government regarded the independent peace movement in the East as the result of the infiltration of the GDR by dangerous bourgeois-capitalist pacifists.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between peace movement activism and demilitarization in both East and West Germany during the 1970s and 1980s. It focuses on the history of peace activism in the two parts of the divided Germany: the liberal-democratic West German Federal Republic (FRG) and the socialist dictatorship of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Such an approach reveals not only the common themes they addressed and the transfers of ideas across the Iron Curtain, but also the ways in which governments addressed them as mirror images in the Cold War for ideas. While the peace movements in the West could appear in the contemporary political-cultural mainstream as the results of communist infiltration, the GDR government regarded the independent peace movement in the East as the result of the infiltration of the GDR by dangerous bourgeois-capitalist pacifists.
Barry Riley
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190228873
- eISBN:
- 9780190228903
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190228873.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration was an international organization created during the war by the governments of the United States, Britain and Canada to provide emergency ...
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The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration was an international organization created during the war by the governments of the United States, Britain and Canada to provide emergency food relief for citizens and freed prisoners-of-war of several European countries being liberated from Nazi and Fascist military control by advancing Allied armed forces. It proved to be a good idea gone terribly wrong amid the confusion of rapid liberation and the deep hostility and criticism from Congress, the press and even disgruntled employees of UNRRA itself. The image of incompetence and corruption created by its critics was later found to be vastly overblown, but, nonetheless, led to its being terminated long before the job was done. Millions were left hungry and unaided. America would have to take up the task, alone.Less
The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration was an international organization created during the war by the governments of the United States, Britain and Canada to provide emergency food relief for citizens and freed prisoners-of-war of several European countries being liberated from Nazi and Fascist military control by advancing Allied armed forces. It proved to be a good idea gone terribly wrong amid the confusion of rapid liberation and the deep hostility and criticism from Congress, the press and even disgruntled employees of UNRRA itself. The image of incompetence and corruption created by its critics was later found to be vastly overblown, but, nonetheless, led to its being terminated long before the job was done. Millions were left hungry and unaided. America would have to take up the task, alone.
Abhijit Dasgupta
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199461172
- eISBN:
- 9780199086986
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199461172.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies), Population and Demography
This chapter deals with the mass exodus of the Bangladeshi refugees in 1971. In the case of Bangladeshi refugees, the Indian state responded with alacrity in order to come to terms with a grave ...
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This chapter deals with the mass exodus of the Bangladeshi refugees in 1971. In the case of Bangladeshi refugees, the Indian state responded with alacrity in order to come to terms with a grave crisis. The state dealt with the crisis without being a signatory to the 1951 Convention or the 1967 Protocol and it handled a gigantic problem in an efficient manner. What, then, were the policies that worked in India’s favour? The state had four broad objectives in dealing with the influx that began in 1971: first, to allow access to the refugees into the Indian territory by opening up the border; second, to involve non-state organizations in massive relief operations; third, to carry out diplomatic effort to resolve the crisis; and, finally, to intervene militarily, if necessary, to put an end to a humanitarian crisis. The chapter also focuses on the influx after 1971.Less
This chapter deals with the mass exodus of the Bangladeshi refugees in 1971. In the case of Bangladeshi refugees, the Indian state responded with alacrity in order to come to terms with a grave crisis. The state dealt with the crisis without being a signatory to the 1951 Convention or the 1967 Protocol and it handled a gigantic problem in an efficient manner. What, then, were the policies that worked in India’s favour? The state had four broad objectives in dealing with the influx that began in 1971: first, to allow access to the refugees into the Indian territory by opening up the border; second, to involve non-state organizations in massive relief operations; third, to carry out diplomatic effort to resolve the crisis; and, finally, to intervene militarily, if necessary, to put an end to a humanitarian crisis. The chapter also focuses on the influx after 1971.
Marco Bittelli, Gaylon S. Campbell, and Fausto Tomei
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199683093
- eISBN:
- 9780191763175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199683093.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, Geophysics, Atmospheric and Environmental Physics
In this chapter, the equations and numerical solutions presented in Chapter 8 are extended to a three-dimensional network for application at the catchment scale. The simulation domain is a ...
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In this chapter, the equations and numerical solutions presented in Chapter 8 are extended to a three-dimensional network for application at the catchment scale. The simulation domain is a triangulated irregular network, as described in Chapter 9. This chapter also addresses surface runoff by coupling the infiltration and runoff processes. The coupling algorithm is based on the use of a volumetric term to account for the change in volume of the surface computational element. Specifically, for subsurface flow, the element volume is constant (assuming a rigid soil that does not undergo swelling and shrinking), while the volumetric water content within the element volume changes according to Richards’ equation. It is an innovative solution that simplifies the numerical formulation and improves model performanceLess
In this chapter, the equations and numerical solutions presented in Chapter 8 are extended to a three-dimensional network for application at the catchment scale. The simulation domain is a triangulated irregular network, as described in Chapter 9. This chapter also addresses surface runoff by coupling the infiltration and runoff processes. The coupling algorithm is based on the use of a volumetric term to account for the change in volume of the surface computational element. Specifically, for subsurface flow, the element volume is constant (assuming a rigid soil that does not undergo swelling and shrinking), while the volumetric water content within the element volume changes according to Richards’ equation. It is an innovative solution that simplifies the numerical formulation and improves model performance
Marco Bittelli, Gaylon S. Campbell, and Fausto Tomei
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199683093
- eISBN:
- 9780191763175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199683093.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Geophysics, Atmospheric and Environmental Physics
This chapter describes the numerical solution of transient water flow problems. First the mass conservation and water flow equations are presented, then the processes of infiltration and ...
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This chapter describes the numerical solution of transient water flow problems. First the mass conservation and water flow equations are presented, then the processes of infiltration and redistribution are described. Numerical solutions are presented for solution of infiltration and redistribution equations, including linear methods, finite differences with the Newton–Raphson method and integral transform methods. Infiltration and redistribution into layered soil is also addressed. The Python code is described and examples are presented.Less
This chapter describes the numerical solution of transient water flow problems. First the mass conservation and water flow equations are presented, then the processes of infiltration and redistribution are described. Numerical solutions are presented for solution of infiltration and redistribution equations, including linear methods, finite differences with the Newton–Raphson method and integral transform methods. Infiltration and redistribution into layered soil is also addressed. The Python code is described and examples are presented.
Kali Nicole Gross
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190241216
- eISBN:
- 9780190494407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241216.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Chapter 5 follows the case through the coroner’s inquest and subsequent finding by a grand jury that George Wilson and Hannah Mary Tabbs face murder charges. Building on the arguments in chapter 4, ...
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Chapter 5 follows the case through the coroner’s inquest and subsequent finding by a grand jury that George Wilson and Hannah Mary Tabbs face murder charges. Building on the arguments in chapter 4, this chapter explores how authorities and the press regarded Wilson with both suspicion and contempt, largely because of his ability to pass, while regarding Tabbs as more trustworthy because of the ways that she performed racial deference. In other words, despite evidence against Tabbs and a compelling motive, Philadelphia detectives position Wilson as the primary culprit because they resented his proximity to whiteness as it stirred fears of racial infiltration.Less
Chapter 5 follows the case through the coroner’s inquest and subsequent finding by a grand jury that George Wilson and Hannah Mary Tabbs face murder charges. Building on the arguments in chapter 4, this chapter explores how authorities and the press regarded Wilson with both suspicion and contempt, largely because of his ability to pass, while regarding Tabbs as more trustworthy because of the ways that she performed racial deference. In other words, despite evidence against Tabbs and a compelling motive, Philadelphia detectives position Wilson as the primary culprit because they resented his proximity to whiteness as it stirred fears of racial infiltration.
