Angela R. McLean, Robert M. May, John Pattison, and Robin A. Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568193
- eISBN:
- 9780191718175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568193.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This introductory chapter discusses the rationale behind this book on how to deal with emerging infections. It considers why such a study is necessary. It details how the topics were chosen and why ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the rationale behind this book on how to deal with emerging infections. It considers why such a study is necessary. It details how the topics were chosen and why SARS is used as the example for the study.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the rationale behind this book on how to deal with emerging infections. It considers why such a study is necessary. It details how the topics were chosen and why SARS is used as the example for the study.
Tanya Stivers
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195311150
- eISBN:
- 9780199870837
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311150.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Antibiotics will soon no longer be able to cure common illnesses such as strep throat, sinusitis, and middle ear infections as they have done previously. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasing ...
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Antibiotics will soon no longer be able to cure common illnesses such as strep throat, sinusitis, and middle ear infections as they have done previously. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasing at a much faster rate than new antibiotics to treat them are being developed. The prescription of antibiotics for viral illnesses is a key cause of increasing bacterial resistance. Despite this fact, many children continue to receive antibiotics unnecessarily for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. Why do American physicians continue to prescribe inappropriately given the high social stakes of this action? The answer appears to lie in the fundamentally social nature of medical practice: physicians do not prescribe as the result of a clinical algorithm but prescribe in the context of a conversation with a parent and a child. Thus, physicians have a classic social dilemma which pits individual parents and children against a greater social good. This book examines parent-physician conversations in detail, showing how parents put pressure on doctors in largely covert ways. It also shows how physicians yield to this seemingly subtle pressure evidencing that apparently small differences in wording have important consequences for diagnosis and treatment recommendations. Following parents use of these interactional practices, physicians are more likely to make concessions, alter their diagnosis or alter their treatment recommendation. This book also shows how small changes in the way physicians present their findings and recommendations can decrease parent pressure for antibiotics. It carefully documents the important and observable link between micro social interaction and macro public health domains.Less
Antibiotics will soon no longer be able to cure common illnesses such as strep throat, sinusitis, and middle ear infections as they have done previously. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasing at a much faster rate than new antibiotics to treat them are being developed. The prescription of antibiotics for viral illnesses is a key cause of increasing bacterial resistance. Despite this fact, many children continue to receive antibiotics unnecessarily for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. Why do American physicians continue to prescribe inappropriately given the high social stakes of this action? The answer appears to lie in the fundamentally social nature of medical practice: physicians do not prescribe as the result of a clinical algorithm but prescribe in the context of a conversation with a parent and a child. Thus, physicians have a classic social dilemma which pits individual parents and children against a greater social good. This book examines parent-physician conversations in detail, showing how parents put pressure on doctors in largely covert ways. It also shows how physicians yield to this seemingly subtle pressure evidencing that apparently small differences in wording have important consequences for diagnosis and treatment recommendations. Following parents use of these interactional practices, physicians are more likely to make concessions, alter their diagnosis or alter their treatment recommendation. This book also shows how small changes in the way physicians present their findings and recommendations can decrease parent pressure for antibiotics. It carefully documents the important and observable link between micro social interaction and macro public health domains.
Jaap Goudsmit
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195130348
- eISBN:
- 9780199790166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130348.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This chapter discusses viral infections existing efforts to eradicate viruses. Topics covered include smallpox, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, rabbit poxvirus, and monkeypox.
This chapter discusses viral infections existing efforts to eradicate viruses. Topics covered include smallpox, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, rabbit poxvirus, and monkeypox.
Jaap Goudsmit
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195130348
- eISBN:
- 9780199790166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130348.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This chapter discusses the flu virus. The virus that causes the annual epidemics of influenza travels through the air. Although flu is widely viewed as a human disease, its agent is by nature a virus ...
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This chapter discusses the flu virus. The virus that causes the annual epidemics of influenza travels through the air. Although flu is widely viewed as a human disease, its agent is by nature a virus of birds. Circumstances may force this avian virus to infect other animals, but it is most at home in wild ducks. Contact with wild birds or their excrement causes epidemics of flu virus infections in seals, whales, horses, chickens, turkeys, and pigs. The transmission of the flu virus to humans and flu epidemics are discussed.Less
This chapter discusses the flu virus. The virus that causes the annual epidemics of influenza travels through the air. Although flu is widely viewed as a human disease, its agent is by nature a virus of birds. Circumstances may force this avian virus to infect other animals, but it is most at home in wild ducks. Contact with wild birds or their excrement causes epidemics of flu virus infections in seals, whales, horses, chickens, turkeys, and pigs. The transmission of the flu virus to humans and flu epidemics are discussed.
Diana J. Bell, Scott Roberton, and Paul R. Hunter
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568193
- eISBN:
- 9780191718175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568193.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the search for the wildlife reservoir of SARS-CoV. It starts by presenting the case for extending the search for the zoonotic reservoir in terms of both geographical area and ...
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This chapter discusses the search for the wildlife reservoir of SARS-CoV. It starts by presenting the case for extending the search for the zoonotic reservoir in terms of both geographical area and the range of species investigated. It highlights regional ecological shifts associated with an illegal international wildlife trade and the growing ‘bush-meat’ trade, which simultaneously favours the emergence of new zoonotic infection risks to humans and poses the primary threat to biodiversity across the Indochina Hotspot. The chapter concludes with the presentation of possible solutions to this problem, including interdisciplinary collaboration with vertebrate and conservation biologists with specialist knowledge of potential host species and the wildlife trade.Less
This chapter discusses the search for the wildlife reservoir of SARS-CoV. It starts by presenting the case for extending the search for the zoonotic reservoir in terms of both geographical area and the range of species investigated. It highlights regional ecological shifts associated with an illegal international wildlife trade and the growing ‘bush-meat’ trade, which simultaneously favours the emergence of new zoonotic infection risks to humans and poses the primary threat to biodiversity across the Indochina Hotspot. The chapter concludes with the presentation of possible solutions to this problem, including interdisciplinary collaboration with vertebrate and conservation biologists with specialist knowledge of potential host species and the wildlife trade.
Gregory P. Cheplick and Stanley H. Faeth
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195308082
- eISBN:
- 9780199867462
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195308082.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Because systemic endophytes predominantly inhabit caespitose perennial grasses and seedling recruitment may be relatively scarce, understanding how infection alters the population dynamics and ...
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Because systemic endophytes predominantly inhabit caespitose perennial grasses and seedling recruitment may be relatively scarce, understanding how infection alters the population dynamics and evolutionary ecology of grass populations is challenging. Thus, genet and ramet survival, and size and seedling recruitment must be considered. In some cases, infected grasses increase in numbers and relative frequency while in others infection is neutral or negative with respect to relative frequencies, much like the case with individual host-endophyte interactions. In long-term studies of perennial ryegrass, infection can increase tiller production, change allometric relationships between growth and reproduction with grass ontogeny, and impact the dynamics of the grass population. Further complicating population dynamics of infected and uninfected grasses is the largely unknown dynamics of infected seeds in the seed bank. Nonetheless, this chapter suggests that changes in genotypic sorting in most grass populations based upon infection status is likely to be a relatively slow process that requires long-term experiments to observe. The observation that infection frequencies are highly variable among grass populations and among grass species suggests that there are many genetic, ecological, and geographical (e.g., metapopulation dynamics) factors that determine whether infected plants persist, increase or decline relative to uninfected counterparts. Like other species interactions, Thompson's (1994) geographic mosaic model of coevolution provides a conceptual basis for coevolution of grass-endophyte interactions. Local selection pressures acting on local populations shape endophyte-host grass interactions, and interacting populations may evolve antagonistically or mutualistically such that a broad characterization of the endophyte-grass interaction may prove difficult.Less
Because systemic endophytes predominantly inhabit caespitose perennial grasses and seedling recruitment may be relatively scarce, understanding how infection alters the population dynamics and evolutionary ecology of grass populations is challenging. Thus, genet and ramet survival, and size and seedling recruitment must be considered. In some cases, infected grasses increase in numbers and relative frequency while in others infection is neutral or negative with respect to relative frequencies, much like the case with individual host-endophyte interactions. In long-term studies of perennial ryegrass, infection can increase tiller production, change allometric relationships between growth and reproduction with grass ontogeny, and impact the dynamics of the grass population. Further complicating population dynamics of infected and uninfected grasses is the largely unknown dynamics of infected seeds in the seed bank. Nonetheless, this chapter suggests that changes in genotypic sorting in most grass populations based upon infection status is likely to be a relatively slow process that requires long-term experiments to observe. The observation that infection frequencies are highly variable among grass populations and among grass species suggests that there are many genetic, ecological, and geographical (e.g., metapopulation dynamics) factors that determine whether infected plants persist, increase or decline relative to uninfected counterparts. Like other species interactions, Thompson's (1994) geographic mosaic model of coevolution provides a conceptual basis for coevolution of grass-endophyte interactions. Local selection pressures acting on local populations shape endophyte-host grass interactions, and interacting populations may evolve antagonistically or mutualistically such that a broad characterization of the endophyte-grass interaction may prove difficult.
Nancy J. Rothwell (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781872748795
- eISBN:
- 9780191724381
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9781872748795.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This new edition covers recent advances in understanding immunological and inflammatory responses in the nervous system, research driven by the potential to use knowledge of the molecules and ...
More
This new edition covers recent advances in understanding immunological and inflammatory responses in the nervous system, research driven by the potential to use knowledge of the molecules and mechanisms involved to intervene in, and arrest, neurodegenerative disease processes. This book covers developmental aspects of immune/inflammatory responses in the CNS and basic aspects of glial function, as well as inflammatory mediators and their mechanisms of action, clinical importance, and sites of infection. There is also coverage of the major diseases of the CNS, including stroke, brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Throughout, the focus is on the underlying basic neuroscience, clinical relevance and the potential for therapeutic interventions. This book aims to contribute to the understanding and improving of the diagnosis of neuroimmune diseases and determining therapeutic measures.Less
This new edition covers recent advances in understanding immunological and inflammatory responses in the nervous system, research driven by the potential to use knowledge of the molecules and mechanisms involved to intervene in, and arrest, neurodegenerative disease processes. This book covers developmental aspects of immune/inflammatory responses in the CNS and basic aspects of glial function, as well as inflammatory mediators and their mechanisms of action, clinical importance, and sites of infection. There is also coverage of the major diseases of the CNS, including stroke, brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Throughout, the focus is on the underlying basic neuroscience, clinical relevance and the potential for therapeutic interventions. This book aims to contribute to the understanding and improving of the diagnosis of neuroimmune diseases and determining therapeutic measures.
Nancy Rothwell and Sarah Loddick (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198509806
- eISBN:
- 9780191724596
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509806.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This new edition covers advances in understanding immunological and inflammatory responses in the nervous system, research driven by the potential to use knowledge of the molecules and mechanisms ...
More
This new edition covers advances in understanding immunological and inflammatory responses in the nervous system, research driven by the potential to use knowledge of the molecules and mechanisms involved to intervene in, and arrest, neurodegenerative disease processes. This book covers developmental aspects of immune/inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS), basic aspects of glial function, as well as inflammatory mediators, their mechanisms of action, clinical importance, and sites of infection. There is also coverage of the major diseases of the CNS, including stroke, brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Throughout, the focus is on the underlying basic neuroscience, clinical relevance, and the potential for therapeutic interventions. The book will be useful for improving the diagnosis of neuroimmune diseases and determining therapeutic measures.Less
This new edition covers advances in understanding immunological and inflammatory responses in the nervous system, research driven by the potential to use knowledge of the molecules and mechanisms involved to intervene in, and arrest, neurodegenerative disease processes. This book covers developmental aspects of immune/inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS), basic aspects of glial function, as well as inflammatory mediators, their mechanisms of action, clinical importance, and sites of infection. There is also coverage of the major diseases of the CNS, including stroke, brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Throughout, the focus is on the underlying basic neuroscience, clinical relevance, and the potential for therapeutic interventions. The book will be useful for improving the diagnosis of neuroimmune diseases and determining therapeutic measures.
Angela McLean, Robert May, John Pattison, and Robin Weiss (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568193
- eISBN:
- 9780191718175
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568193.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
The sudden appearance and rapid spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 alerted the world to the fact that emerging infections are a global problem. Living in affluent societies ...
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The sudden appearance and rapid spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 alerted the world to the fact that emerging infections are a global problem. Living in affluent societies with well-developed healthcare systems does not necessarily protect people from the dangers posed by life-threatening infections. The SARS epidemic tested global preparedness for dealing with a new infectious agent and raised important questions: How did we do, and what did we learn? This book uses the SARS outbreak as a case study to enumerate the generic issues that must be considered when planning the control of emerging infections. Emerging infections are more than just a current biological fashion: the bitter ongoing experience of AIDS and the looming threat of pandemic influenza teach us that the control of infectious disease is a problem that has not been solved. Scientists from a broad range of disciplines — biologists, veterinarians, physicians, and policy makers — all need to prepare. But prepare for what? The book provides an overview of the tasks that must be addressed by a community that wishes to confront emerging infections. While focusing on SARS, the book addresses a whole range of considerations and issues, from the use of new mathematical models to account for the spread of infection across global airline networks, to a discussion of the ethics of quarantining individuals in order to protect communities.Less
The sudden appearance and rapid spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 alerted the world to the fact that emerging infections are a global problem. Living in affluent societies with well-developed healthcare systems does not necessarily protect people from the dangers posed by life-threatening infections. The SARS epidemic tested global preparedness for dealing with a new infectious agent and raised important questions: How did we do, and what did we learn? This book uses the SARS outbreak as a case study to enumerate the generic issues that must be considered when planning the control of emerging infections. Emerging infections are more than just a current biological fashion: the bitter ongoing experience of AIDS and the looming threat of pandemic influenza teach us that the control of infectious disease is a problem that has not been solved. Scientists from a broad range of disciplines — biologists, veterinarians, physicians, and policy makers — all need to prepare. But prepare for what? The book provides an overview of the tasks that must be addressed by a community that wishes to confront emerging infections. While focusing on SARS, the book addresses a whole range of considerations and issues, from the use of new mathematical models to account for the spread of infection across global airline networks, to a discussion of the ethics of quarantining individuals in order to protect communities.
Joseph J. Amon
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157382
- eISBN:
- 9781400846801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157382.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
Human rights abuses fuel vulnerability to HIV infection and act as barriers to universal access to prevention, treatment, and care. This has been recognized in numerous international declarations, ...
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Human rights abuses fuel vulnerability to HIV infection and act as barriers to universal access to prevention, treatment, and care. This has been recognized in numerous international declarations, and attention to human rights has been incorporated into the mission statements and work plans of grassroots groups and global organizations alike. Yet how recognition of this relationship is translated into action varies. This explores different contexts in which the claim of one particular right, the “right to know,” has emerged, and how this claim relates to the experience of people living with HIV. The “right to know,” defined variously and used to advance competing and controversial agendas, is then contrasted with efforts encouraging individuals to “know their rights.”Less
Human rights abuses fuel vulnerability to HIV infection and act as barriers to universal access to prevention, treatment, and care. This has been recognized in numerous international declarations, and attention to human rights has been incorporated into the mission statements and work plans of grassroots groups and global organizations alike. Yet how recognition of this relationship is translated into action varies. This explores different contexts in which the claim of one particular right, the “right to know,” has emerged, and how this claim relates to the experience of people living with HIV. The “right to know,” defined variously and used to advance competing and controversial agendas, is then contrasted with efforts encouraging individuals to “know their rights.”
Andrew Davies and Ilora Finlay
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192632432
- eISBN:
- 9780191730375
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632432.003.0007
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter discusses bacteria and the infections brought about by these organisms. Two of the most common infections caused by bacteria are dental caries and periodontal disease. Bacteria are also ...
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This chapter discusses bacteria and the infections brought about by these organisms. Two of the most common infections caused by bacteria are dental caries and periodontal disease. Bacteria are also responsible for infections in the neck and head region including dental abscesses, salivary gland infections, and osteomyelitis. The prevalence of bacterial infections resulted in the increasing focus on the association between oral infections and systemic health as oral infections caused by bacteria can have an adverse effect on the holistic health and welfare of patients, particularly in debilitated patients. Such concerns were spurred on by the assumption that oral cavity can act as a reservoir of respiratory pathogens for elderly and terminally ill patients. Similarly, oral streptococci are a significant cause of bacteria in neutropenic patients with cancer. These bacteria can cause septicaemic shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and death in cancer patients and the elderly. This chapter places emphasis on the most prevalent and common oral infections that can pose great dangers to patients with advanced disease. These oral infections include dental caries, dentoalveolar abscess, periodontal disease, salivary gland infections, and oral mucosa infections. Aside from discussing the clinical features of these oral infections, the chapter also provides and suggests methods for managing and treating such infections.Less
This chapter discusses bacteria and the infections brought about by these organisms. Two of the most common infections caused by bacteria are dental caries and periodontal disease. Bacteria are also responsible for infections in the neck and head region including dental abscesses, salivary gland infections, and osteomyelitis. The prevalence of bacterial infections resulted in the increasing focus on the association between oral infections and systemic health as oral infections caused by bacteria can have an adverse effect on the holistic health and welfare of patients, particularly in debilitated patients. Such concerns were spurred on by the assumption that oral cavity can act as a reservoir of respiratory pathogens for elderly and terminally ill patients. Similarly, oral streptococci are a significant cause of bacteria in neutropenic patients with cancer. These bacteria can cause septicaemic shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and death in cancer patients and the elderly. This chapter places emphasis on the most prevalent and common oral infections that can pose great dangers to patients with advanced disease. These oral infections include dental caries, dentoalveolar abscess, periodontal disease, salivary gland infections, and oral mucosa infections. Aside from discussing the clinical features of these oral infections, the chapter also provides and suggests methods for managing and treating such infections.
Nizam Damani
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199698356
- eISBN:
- 9780191732126
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199698356.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the following: clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea, gastrointestinal infections, blood-borne viral infections, tuberculosis, respiratory viral infections, respiratory ...
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This chapter discusses the following: clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea, gastrointestinal infections, blood-borne viral infections, tuberculosis, respiratory viral infections, respiratory syncytial virus, Legionnaires' disease, meningococcal infections, Varicella zoster virus, viral haemorrhagic fevers, prion disease, and scabies and pediculosis.Less
This chapter discusses the following: clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea, gastrointestinal infections, blood-borne viral infections, tuberculosis, respiratory viral infections, respiratory syncytial virus, Legionnaires' disease, meningococcal infections, Varicella zoster virus, viral haemorrhagic fevers, prion disease, and scabies and pediculosis.
Jaap Goudsmit
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195130348
- eISBN:
- 9780199790166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130348.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This chapter discusses the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) virus, which originated from Guangdong Province in China. Topics covered include symptoms, spread of the virus, and research on the ...
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This chapter discusses the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) virus, which originated from Guangdong Province in China. Topics covered include symptoms, spread of the virus, and research on the SARS virus.Less
This chapter discusses the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) virus, which originated from Guangdong Province in China. Topics covered include symptoms, spread of the virus, and research on the SARS virus.
Jaap Goudsmit
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195130348
- eISBN:
- 9780199790166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130348.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This chapter discusses several issues concerning viruses. These include the increasing threat to humans posed by viruses, the settlement of virus families in the population, and the spread of viruses ...
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This chapter discusses several issues concerning viruses. These include the increasing threat to humans posed by viruses, the settlement of virus families in the population, and the spread of viruses when their hosts are older. The chapter also discusses the fact that viruses spread easily when dependant upon the conditions under which a host lives or is forced to live. Viruses destroy life and protect it at the same time, and the failure to defend against virus invasion with vaccines reduces the chances for survival of many people on several continents.Less
This chapter discusses several issues concerning viruses. These include the increasing threat to humans posed by viruses, the settlement of virus families in the population, and the spread of viruses when their hosts are older. The chapter also discusses the fact that viruses spread easily when dependant upon the conditions under which a host lives or is forced to live. Viruses destroy life and protect it at the same time, and the failure to defend against virus invasion with vaccines reduces the chances for survival of many people on several continents.
Jaap Goudsmit
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195130348
- eISBN:
- 9780199790166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130348.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This chapter discusses HIV. Approximately 90% of people infected with HIV die from AIDS within 15 years if no drugs are provided. HIV is a unique virus in that, by itself, it does not cause the ...
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This chapter discusses HIV. Approximately 90% of people infected with HIV die from AIDS within 15 years if no drugs are provided. HIV is a unique virus in that, by itself, it does not cause the disease symptoms that eventually occur with HIV infection. Instead, it causes a complete breakdown of the immune system.Less
This chapter discusses HIV. Approximately 90% of people infected with HIV die from AIDS within 15 years if no drugs are provided. HIV is a unique virus in that, by itself, it does not cause the disease symptoms that eventually occur with HIV infection. Instead, it causes a complete breakdown of the immune system.
Sara Booth and Andrew Davies (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198530749
- eISBN:
- 9780191730467
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530749.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This is the fifth book in an international, multi-contributed series aimed at providing practical, clinical guidance on how to deal with difficult symptoms related to specific cancer sites. In it, ...
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This is the fifth book in an international, multi-contributed series aimed at providing practical, clinical guidance on how to deal with difficult symptoms related to specific cancer sites. In it, the editors bring together palliative care and oncological treatment for patients with head and neck cancer. Head and neck cancer is one of the most frightening and distressing cancers for patients and their families as it affects appearance, the ability to speak, and the ability to eat. Pain, which is difficult to treat, infection, and disfiguring surgery with wounds that often do not heal, are common accompaniments of advanced disease. In addition, psychological distress, loneliness, and isolation are often experienced by patients. Head and neck cancer is not that common but, when it does occur, it very often needs specialist help from palliative care and hospice clinicians. There is little written on this subject and this book provides a practical guide that draws together all the information in an easily accessible format. The Palliative Care Consultations series is primarily aimed at those individuals working in an acute hospital cancer centre and/or tertiary referral centre. The books are designed to give the busy clinician advice on clinical problems, both those rarely encountered and those that are very common but difficult.Less
This is the fifth book in an international, multi-contributed series aimed at providing practical, clinical guidance on how to deal with difficult symptoms related to specific cancer sites. In it, the editors bring together palliative care and oncological treatment for patients with head and neck cancer. Head and neck cancer is one of the most frightening and distressing cancers for patients and their families as it affects appearance, the ability to speak, and the ability to eat. Pain, which is difficult to treat, infection, and disfiguring surgery with wounds that often do not heal, are common accompaniments of advanced disease. In addition, psychological distress, loneliness, and isolation are often experienced by patients. Head and neck cancer is not that common but, when it does occur, it very often needs specialist help from palliative care and hospice clinicians. There is little written on this subject and this book provides a practical guide that draws together all the information in an easily accessible format. The Palliative Care Consultations series is primarily aimed at those individuals working in an acute hospital cancer centre and/or tertiary referral centre. The books are designed to give the busy clinician advice on clinical problems, both those rarely encountered and those that are very common but difficult.
Christopher Dye
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154626
- eISBN:
- 9781400866571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154626.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter examines the factors that affect the risk of exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the risk of developing tuberculosis. Exposure to infection depends on a wide range of ...
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This chapter examines the factors that affect the risk of exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the risk of developing tuberculosis. Exposure to infection depends on a wide range of exogenous factors linked to the environment, the pathogen and the structure of the human host population. The purpose of identifying such risk factors is to help explain the distribution and abundance of infection and disease in populations, as well as find ways of mitigating the risks to individuals and populations as a means of TB control. This chapter takes a dynamic view of the causes of TB, where risk factors determine the rates of transition between states of health. It discusses comparative risk assessment, dynamic risk assessment, the use of epidemiological models to help refine questions about risk and etiology, and variation in risk of developing TB with age and sex.Less
This chapter examines the factors that affect the risk of exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the risk of developing tuberculosis. Exposure to infection depends on a wide range of exogenous factors linked to the environment, the pathogen and the structure of the human host population. The purpose of identifying such risk factors is to help explain the distribution and abundance of infection and disease in populations, as well as find ways of mitigating the risks to individuals and populations as a means of TB control. This chapter takes a dynamic view of the causes of TB, where risk factors determine the rates of transition between states of health. It discusses comparative risk assessment, dynamic risk assessment, the use of epidemiological models to help refine questions about risk and etiology, and variation in risk of developing TB with age and sex.
Christopher Dye
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154626
- eISBN:
- 9781400866571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154626.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter considers a variety of tuberculosis control measures that can change the rates of transition between states of health. Without a better understanding of who is most at risk of infection ...
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This chapter considers a variety of tuberculosis control measures that can change the rates of transition between states of health. Without a better understanding of who is most at risk of infection and disease, the opportunities for targeted prevention and treatment are limited. This is why dominant TB control efforts today do not focus on hotspots but rather confront the disease in whole populations. The principal approach to TB control, drug treatment of active disease, has saved millions of lives but has been much less effective in stopping TB transmission. The chapter examines the effects of different approaches to TB control, current and future technologies, and the outcomes for infection, disease, and mortality. It shows that while the mitigation of risk factors such as diabetes, undernutrition, or tobacco smoking is helpful as an accessory to TB control, the greater opportunity for immediate impact lies with the early diagnosis and curative treatment of TB disease.Less
This chapter considers a variety of tuberculosis control measures that can change the rates of transition between states of health. Without a better understanding of who is most at risk of infection and disease, the opportunities for targeted prevention and treatment are limited. This is why dominant TB control efforts today do not focus on hotspots but rather confront the disease in whole populations. The principal approach to TB control, drug treatment of active disease, has saved millions of lives but has been much less effective in stopping TB transmission. The chapter examines the effects of different approaches to TB control, current and future technologies, and the outcomes for infection, disease, and mortality. It shows that while the mitigation of risk factors such as diabetes, undernutrition, or tobacco smoking is helpful as an accessory to TB control, the greater opportunity for immediate impact lies with the early diagnosis and curative treatment of TB disease.
Christopher Dye
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154626
- eISBN:
- 9781400866571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154626.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter examines the dual epidemic of tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. There have been some major successes in the control of both HIV/AIDS and TB. The discovery and widespread use of antiretroviral ...
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This chapter examines the dual epidemic of tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. There have been some major successes in the control of both HIV/AIDS and TB. The discovery and widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is among the greatest advances in public health during the past thirty years. The rise of TB cases in Africa and elsewhere and on the discovery and implementation of control measures raise a series of questions about the population biology of TB linked to HIV/AIDS. The chapter first provides an overview of HIV infection as a risk factor for TB before discussing the global epidemiology of TB linked to HIV/AIDS. It then describes the anatomy of a TB-HIV epidemic, along with TB control in the presence of HIV. In particular, it considers ART and isoniazid preventive therapy. The chapter concludes with the argument that the DOTS strategy is necessary but not sufficient for TB–HIV control.Less
This chapter examines the dual epidemic of tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. There have been some major successes in the control of both HIV/AIDS and TB. The discovery and widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is among the greatest advances in public health during the past thirty years. The rise of TB cases in Africa and elsewhere and on the discovery and implementation of control measures raise a series of questions about the population biology of TB linked to HIV/AIDS. The chapter first provides an overview of HIV infection as a risk factor for TB before discussing the global epidemiology of TB linked to HIV/AIDS. It then describes the anatomy of a TB-HIV epidemic, along with TB control in the presence of HIV. In particular, it considers ART and isoniazid preventive therapy. The chapter concludes with the argument that the DOTS strategy is necessary but not sufficient for TB–HIV control.
Christopher Dye
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154626
- eISBN:
- 9781400866571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154626.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter examines the prospects for elimination and eradication of tuberculosis. It considers how TB elimination could be achieved in principle, making use of the interventions and procedures ...
More
This chapter examines the prospects for elimination and eradication of tuberculosis. It considers how TB elimination could be achieved in principle, making use of the interventions and procedures available now and anticipating new technologies in the future. It places special emphasis on combining interventions for maximum effect and gives a guide to the combinations that work best. These principles are then applied in a detailed analysis of five countries with contrasting TB epidemics: South Africa, India, China, Kiribati, and the United States. To achieve very low incidence rates in their entire populations, these countries must maintain low TB transmission rates domestically and prevent TB arising from old infections in the native-born population. They must also prevent TB arising from imported infections in the foreign-born population. This underscores the point that in today's highly interconnected world, elimination in any country depends on effective TB control in every country.Less
This chapter examines the prospects for elimination and eradication of tuberculosis. It considers how TB elimination could be achieved in principle, making use of the interventions and procedures available now and anticipating new technologies in the future. It places special emphasis on combining interventions for maximum effect and gives a guide to the combinations that work best. These principles are then applied in a detailed analysis of five countries with contrasting TB epidemics: South Africa, India, China, Kiribati, and the United States. To achieve very low incidence rates in their entire populations, these countries must maintain low TB transmission rates domestically and prevent TB arising from old infections in the native-born population. They must also prevent TB arising from imported infections in the foreign-born population. This underscores the point that in today's highly interconnected world, elimination in any country depends on effective TB control in every country.
