Irvine Loudon
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198229971
- eISBN:
- 9780191678950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198229971.003.0029
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter examines the relationship between maternal and infant mortality. Case histories of major obstetric complications leading directly to the death of both mother and child suggest that the ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between maternal and infant mortality. Case histories of major obstetric complications leading directly to the death of both mother and child suggest that the same factors probably determined the levels of infant and maternal mortality. However, a comparison of secular trends in different countries and regions reveals that there were no close links between maternal and infant mortality rates. It also reveals that the predominant form of infant mortality in the West was post-neonatal mortality in the 19th century and neonatal in the 20th century.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between maternal and infant mortality. Case histories of major obstetric complications leading directly to the death of both mother and child suggest that the same factors probably determined the levels of infant and maternal mortality. However, a comparison of secular trends in different countries and regions reveals that there were no close links between maternal and infant mortality rates. It also reveals that the predominant form of infant mortality in the West was post-neonatal mortality in the 19th century and neonatal in the 20th century.
Milton Kotelchuck
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150698
- eISBN:
- 9780199865185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150698.003.06
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The decline of infant and maternal mortality represents one of the greatest public health achievements of the 20th century. From 1900 through 2000, infant mortality in the United States declined ...
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The decline of infant and maternal mortality represents one of the greatest public health achievements of the 20th century. From 1900 through 2000, infant mortality in the United States declined dramatically from estimated 10,000–15,000 deaths to 690 deaths per 100,000 births; similarly, maternal mortality declined from an estimated 600–900 deaths to under ten deaths per 100,000 births. Reductions in both morbidity and mortality have improved the lives of parents and children and have altered expectations for women. Public health actions to improve sanitation, maternal hygiene, nutrition, and prenatal care played a central role in the transformation of reproductive health in the 20th century. This chapter describes decade by decade the evolving concepts and debates about the causes of infant and maternal mortality, the initiatives to ameliorate them, the institutionalization of the major public health advances, and the resulting epidemiologic transformations in the United States.Less
The decline of infant and maternal mortality represents one of the greatest public health achievements of the 20th century. From 1900 through 2000, infant mortality in the United States declined dramatically from estimated 10,000–15,000 deaths to 690 deaths per 100,000 births; similarly, maternal mortality declined from an estimated 600–900 deaths to under ten deaths per 100,000 births. Reductions in both morbidity and mortality have improved the lives of parents and children and have altered expectations for women. Public health actions to improve sanitation, maternal hygiene, nutrition, and prenatal care played a central role in the transformation of reproductive health in the 20th century. This chapter describes decade by decade the evolving concepts and debates about the causes of infant and maternal mortality, the initiatives to ameliorate them, the institutionalization of the major public health advances, and the resulting epidemiologic transformations in the United States.
Alok Bhargava
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199269143
- eISBN:
- 9780191710117
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269143.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter reviews diverse literature to highlight the importance of demographic factors for economic development. Section 5.1 begins by pointing out methodological difficulties in using ...
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This chapter reviews diverse literature to highlight the importance of demographic factors for economic development. Section 5.1 begins by pointing out methodological difficulties in using anthropometric indicators such as children's heights and weights for investigating possible discrimination against girls. Section 5.2 discusses the proximate determinants of child mortality using cross-country data at the national level. Section 5.3 addresses conceptual issues in the analysis of household-level demographic data and presents findings for the proximate determinants of infant mortality using the NFHS-1 data from Uttar Pradesh, which is the most populous Indian state. Section 5.4 addresses conceptual issues in modeling the proximate determinants of fertility, emphasizing the role of public and private health care providers.Less
This chapter reviews diverse literature to highlight the importance of demographic factors for economic development. Section 5.1 begins by pointing out methodological difficulties in using anthropometric indicators such as children's heights and weights for investigating possible discrimination against girls. Section 5.2 discusses the proximate determinants of child mortality using cross-country data at the national level. Section 5.3 addresses conceptual issues in the analysis of household-level demographic data and presents findings for the proximate determinants of infant mortality using the NFHS-1 data from Uttar Pradesh, which is the most populous Indian state. Section 5.4 addresses conceptual issues in modeling the proximate determinants of fertility, emphasizing the role of public and private health care providers.
Anna Davin
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520205406
- eISBN:
- 9780520918085
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520205406.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, European Cultural Anthropology
This chapter highlights the importance of motherhood to imperialism. It explains that healthier babies were required not only for the maintenance of empire, but also for production under the changing ...
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This chapter highlights the importance of motherhood to imperialism. It explains that healthier babies were required not only for the maintenance of empire, but also for production under the changing conditions made necessary by imperialist competition. The chapter furthermore discusses the works of George Newman and Arthur Newsholme on infant mortality and education for motherhood, and describes the works of the Saint Pancras School for Mothers and working-class family life.Less
This chapter highlights the importance of motherhood to imperialism. It explains that healthier babies were required not only for the maintenance of empire, but also for production under the changing conditions made necessary by imperialist competition. The chapter furthermore discusses the works of George Newman and Arthur Newsholme on infant mortality and education for motherhood, and describes the works of the Saint Pancras School for Mothers and working-class family life.
Robert Woods
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199542758
- eISBN:
- 9780191715358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542758.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter explains why the health and survival chances of the fetus are so important in developed economies today, since late-fetal is often higher than infant mortality, and it establishes the ...
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This chapter explains why the health and survival chances of the fetus are so important in developed economies today, since late-fetal is often higher than infant mortality, and it establishes the need to provide a full account of how fetal health and obstetric knowledge have changed during the past centuries. The chapter also argues the case for taking an inter-disciplinary approach (medical and demographic history combined); of considering long-term changes in practice and experience; and making comparisons between the priorities and approaches adopted in different countries.Less
This chapter explains why the health and survival chances of the fetus are so important in developed economies today, since late-fetal is often higher than infant mortality, and it establishes the need to provide a full account of how fetal health and obstetric knowledge have changed during the past centuries. The chapter also argues the case for taking an inter-disciplinary approach (medical and demographic history combined); of considering long-term changes in practice and experience; and making comparisons between the priorities and approaches adopted in different countries.
Juanita De Barros
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781469616056
- eISBN:
- 9781469617930
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469616056.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
In the years after the end of slavery, declining populations due to high death rates, especially among the very young, sparked deep concerns. Disease causation and infant mortality were blamed on ...
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In the years after the end of slavery, declining populations due to high death rates, especially among the very young, sparked deep concerns. Disease causation and infant mortality were blamed on former slaves. In Guyana, Jamaica, and Barbados, investigations into the causes of infant mortality highlighted the need for healthy populations, resulting in the introduction of infant and maternal welfare initiatives in the early twentieth century. This chapter examines the debates about the health and size of populations, much of which was centred on the problem of infant mortality, in Britain's Caribbean colonies during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It looks at the emergence of a range of new ideas about medicine and public health, together with immigration, designed to ensure the population growth needed to sustain the colonial economies.Less
In the years after the end of slavery, declining populations due to high death rates, especially among the very young, sparked deep concerns. Disease causation and infant mortality were blamed on former slaves. In Guyana, Jamaica, and Barbados, investigations into the causes of infant mortality highlighted the need for healthy populations, resulting in the introduction of infant and maternal welfare initiatives in the early twentieth century. This chapter examines the debates about the health and size of populations, much of which was centred on the problem of infant mortality, in Britain's Caribbean colonies during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It looks at the emergence of a range of new ideas about medicine and public health, together with immigration, designed to ensure the population growth needed to sustain the colonial economies.
SHEILAGH OGILVIE
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198205548
- eISBN:
- 9780191719219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205548.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter analyses the economic experience of married women in the pre-industrial German society under analysis in this book. It uses a database of work observations extracted from church-court ...
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This chapter analyses the economic experience of married women in the pre-industrial German society under analysis in this book. It uses a database of work observations extracted from church-court records to explore the economic activities of married women, comparing them with those of other women (and men). The chapter explores alternative hypotheses explaining married women's work in terms of biological, technological, cultural, and institutional factors, including the impact of ‘social capital’. Finally, it analyses patterns of infant mortality, marital conflict, and consumption practices, with particular reference to theories of the early modern consumer and ‘Industrious’ Revolutions. The chapter concludes by using this evidence to explore the repercussions of married women's economic position on the women themselves and on the wider pre-industrial economy.Less
This chapter analyses the economic experience of married women in the pre-industrial German society under analysis in this book. It uses a database of work observations extracted from church-court records to explore the economic activities of married women, comparing them with those of other women (and men). The chapter explores alternative hypotheses explaining married women's work in terms of biological, technological, cultural, and institutional factors, including the impact of ‘social capital’. Finally, it analyses patterns of infant mortality, marital conflict, and consumption practices, with particular reference to theories of the early modern consumer and ‘Industrious’ Revolutions. The chapter concludes by using this evidence to explore the repercussions of married women's economic position on the women themselves and on the wider pre-industrial economy.
Jacqueline H. Wolf
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150698
- eISBN:
- 9780199865185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150698.003.07
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter examines the efforts of late-19th and early-20th century reformers to lower infant and maternal mortality in the United States. Earlier fatalistic attitudes toward infant and maternal ...
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This chapter examines the efforts of late-19th and early-20th century reformers to lower infant and maternal mortality in the United States. Earlier fatalistic attitudes toward infant and maternal mortality shifted to the view that all premature deaths were inexcusable, prompting assertive state toward setting and maintaining minimal living standards. The chapter focuses in particular on the efforts to lower infant death from diarrhea via dual campaigns, one to encourage mothers to breastfeed and the other to regulate the dairy industry. It also discusses the successful work of home-birth and lying-in dispensaries to lower the maternal mortality rate by providing free obstetric care to the poor and training physicians in the art of obstetrics.Less
This chapter examines the efforts of late-19th and early-20th century reformers to lower infant and maternal mortality in the United States. Earlier fatalistic attitudes toward infant and maternal mortality shifted to the view that all premature deaths were inexcusable, prompting assertive state toward setting and maintaining minimal living standards. The chapter focuses in particular on the efforts to lower infant death from diarrhea via dual campaigns, one to encourage mothers to breastfeed and the other to regulate the dairy industry. It also discusses the successful work of home-birth and lying-in dispensaries to lower the maternal mortality rate by providing free obstetric care to the poor and training physicians in the art of obstetrics.
Robert Woods
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199542758
- eISBN:
- 9780191715358
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542758.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This book is a study of fetal health from the 17th century to the present day principally among European and American populations. It is a contribution to both medical and demographic research using ...
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This book is a study of fetal health from the 17th century to the present day principally among European and American populations. It is a contribution to both medical and demographic research using distinctly long-term and comparative perspectives. It provides an account of how fetal health and the risks facing the unborn (miscarriages, abortions, stillbirths) have changed, but it also offers an interpretation of the causes, one that focuses on the role of obstetrics and the epidemiology of maternal infections. The following themes are given particularly detailed treatment: varying cultural practices in the recognition of stillbirths, especially the critical ‘signs of life’; the age pattern of mortality risk between conception and live birth; comparative trends in late-fetal mortality and their causes; fetal mortality and obstetric care during the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries; the contrasting approaches of the pathology and social obstetrics to the causes of fetal death. The study concludes with a discussion of the fetus as patient, which includes issues surrounding the legalization of abortion in many western countries and the public health challenges of persistently high mortality in less developed countries.Less
This book is a study of fetal health from the 17th century to the present day principally among European and American populations. It is a contribution to both medical and demographic research using distinctly long-term and comparative perspectives. It provides an account of how fetal health and the risks facing the unborn (miscarriages, abortions, stillbirths) have changed, but it also offers an interpretation of the causes, one that focuses on the role of obstetrics and the epidemiology of maternal infections. The following themes are given particularly detailed treatment: varying cultural practices in the recognition of stillbirths, especially the critical ‘signs of life’; the age pattern of mortality risk between conception and live birth; comparative trends in late-fetal mortality and their causes; fetal mortality and obstetric care during the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries; the contrasting approaches of the pathology and social obstetrics to the causes of fetal death. The study concludes with a discussion of the fetus as patient, which includes issues surrounding the legalization of abortion in many western countries and the public health challenges of persistently high mortality in less developed countries.
Sara Wakefield and Christopher Wildeman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199989225
- eISBN:
- 9780199347612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199989225.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, Law, Crime and Deviance
Infant mortality—the death of a child before the first birthday—is the most consequential of all of the outcomes considered in the book. Infant mortality and imprisonment in the United States share ...
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Infant mortality—the death of a child before the first birthday—is the most consequential of all of the outcomes considered in the book. Infant mortality and imprisonment in the United States share common features. Both the rates of Imprisonment and infant mortality rates are racially disparate and high relative to other developed democracies. As with mental health and behavioral problems, paternal incarceration increases infant mortality rates. Importantly, these negative effects are concentrated almost exclusively among infants of fathers who had not engaged in domestic violence. About 40 percent of fathers who had been recently incarcerated were abusive. Removing these men from families appears to have little effect on their infant’s mortality risk. For the other 60 percent of families, however, paternal incarceration increases the risk of infant mortality, often substantially so.Less
Infant mortality—the death of a child before the first birthday—is the most consequential of all of the outcomes considered in the book. Infant mortality and imprisonment in the United States share common features. Both the rates of Imprisonment and infant mortality rates are racially disparate and high relative to other developed democracies. As with mental health and behavioral problems, paternal incarceration increases infant mortality rates. Importantly, these negative effects are concentrated almost exclusively among infants of fathers who had not engaged in domestic violence. About 40 percent of fathers who had been recently incarcerated were abusive. Removing these men from families appears to have little effect on their infant’s mortality risk. For the other 60 percent of families, however, paternal incarceration increases the risk of infant mortality, often substantially so.
K.S. Joseph
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195387902
- eISBN:
- 9780199895328
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387902.003.0060
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology
Fetal and infant death and serious neonatal morbidty are important adverse outcomes in perinatology. The definitions of these terms, the timing of fetal death (e.g., early fetal death and late fetal ...
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Fetal and infant death and serious neonatal morbidty are important adverse outcomes in perinatology. The definitions of these terms, the timing of fetal death (e.g., early fetal death and late fetal death; antepartum and intrapartum), the timing of infant death (early neonatal, late neonatal and post-neonatal) and the conventions for estimating rates (period and birth cohort types of infant mortality) are critical for making appropriate comparisons of temporal changes and regional differences in mortality and morbidity. These issues are highlighted using contemporary information on international infant mortality rates. Other issues discussed in the chapter include the Millennium Development Goals, causes of death, the principal types of serious neonatal morbidity, cerebral palsy, recent interventions that have affected infant morbidity and mortality rates. Specific conceptual and semantic issues that arise in the perinatal epidemiologic literature are also discussed.Less
Fetal and infant death and serious neonatal morbidty are important adverse outcomes in perinatology. The definitions of these terms, the timing of fetal death (e.g., early fetal death and late fetal death; antepartum and intrapartum), the timing of infant death (early neonatal, late neonatal and post-neonatal) and the conventions for estimating rates (period and birth cohort types of infant mortality) are critical for making appropriate comparisons of temporal changes and regional differences in mortality and morbidity. These issues are highlighted using contemporary information on international infant mortality rates. Other issues discussed in the chapter include the Millennium Development Goals, causes of death, the principal types of serious neonatal morbidity, cerebral palsy, recent interventions that have affected infant morbidity and mortality rates. Specific conceptual and semantic issues that arise in the perinatal epidemiologic literature are also discussed.
T. Kue Young
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195158540
- eISBN:
- 9780199864379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158540.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents key mathematical concepts of ratio, proportion, and rate and basic epidemiologic measures of incidence and prevalence and their subtypes; describes the structure of populations ...
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This chapter presents key mathematical concepts of ratio, proportion, and rate and basic epidemiologic measures of incidence and prevalence and their subtypes; describes the structure of populations and how they change through fertility and mortality; demonstrates how to compare occurrence of health events in populations differing in composition such as age structure, including the use of standardization; and reviews the concepts of demographic and health transitions that populations undergo.Less
This chapter presents key mathematical concepts of ratio, proportion, and rate and basic epidemiologic measures of incidence and prevalence and their subtypes; describes the structure of populations and how they change through fertility and mortality; demonstrates how to compare occurrence of health events in populations differing in composition such as age structure, including the use of standardization; and reviews the concepts of demographic and health transitions that populations undergo.
John Tobin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199603299
- eISBN:
- 9780191731662
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199603299.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The formulation of the right to health in international law lists a series of explicit measures that states must pursue in order to secure the full implementation of this right. These measures, which ...
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The formulation of the right to health in international law lists a series of explicit measures that states must pursue in order to secure the full implementation of this right. These measures, which range from an obligation to reduce infant mortality to the development of preventive health care and family planning services, are extremely broad and open textured. This chapter seeks to examine the extent to which parameters can be placed around their meaning in a way that allows states and the broader interpretative community to agree on the nature of the practical steps required to secure their implementation. Although considerable deference must be given to states' margin of appreciation to allow for a context-sensitive implementation of these specific measures, this margin remains subject to the overriding caveat that whatever measures are adopted by states must be effective.Less
The formulation of the right to health in international law lists a series of explicit measures that states must pursue in order to secure the full implementation of this right. These measures, which range from an obligation to reduce infant mortality to the development of preventive health care and family planning services, are extremely broad and open textured. This chapter seeks to examine the extent to which parameters can be placed around their meaning in a way that allows states and the broader interpretative community to agree on the nature of the practical steps required to secure their implementation. Although considerable deference must be given to states' margin of appreciation to allow for a context-sensitive implementation of these specific measures, this margin remains subject to the overriding caveat that whatever measures are adopted by states must be effective.
James W. Collins, Jr. and Nancy Fisher Schulte
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195138382
- eISBN:
- 9780199865505
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195138382.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The prevalence of disadvantages among individual African Americans does not fully explain their poor birth outcomes, nor is there a biological vulnerability specific to African-Americans. This ...
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The prevalence of disadvantages among individual African Americans does not fully explain their poor birth outcomes, nor is there a biological vulnerability specific to African-Americans. This chapter looks beyond individual attributes and explores where and how African-American women live in an effort to understand these enduring inequalities. It focuses on the residents of Chicago, the third most segregated city in the United States.Less
The prevalence of disadvantages among individual African Americans does not fully explain their poor birth outcomes, nor is there a biological vulnerability specific to African-Americans. This chapter looks beyond individual attributes and explores where and how African-American women live in an effort to understand these enduring inequalities. It focuses on the residents of Chicago, the third most segregated city in the United States.
Hera Cook
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199252183
- eISBN:
- 9780191719240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252183.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter introduces the concept of ‘reproductive labour’ to describe women's biological contribution to reproduction (omitted from the concept of domestic labour), and the impact of this upon the ...
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This chapter introduces the concept of ‘reproductive labour’ to describe women's biological contribution to reproduction (omitted from the concept of domestic labour), and the impact of this upon the gendered experience of sexuality is discussed. The North West European marriage system is explained. Gross reproduction (fertility) rates from 1750 to 1976 show a peak around 1820. Analysis of the gendered nature of the proximate and remote determinants of fertility demonstrates the limits of demographic analysis. Women's response to breastfeeding and infant mortality rates are considered in relation to reproductive labour.Less
This chapter introduces the concept of ‘reproductive labour’ to describe women's biological contribution to reproduction (omitted from the concept of domestic labour), and the impact of this upon the gendered experience of sexuality is discussed. The North West European marriage system is explained. Gross reproduction (fertility) rates from 1750 to 1976 show a peak around 1820. Analysis of the gendered nature of the proximate and remote determinants of fertility demonstrates the limits of demographic analysis. Women's response to breastfeeding and infant mortality rates are considered in relation to reproductive labour.
Alessandro Cigno and Furio Camillo Rosati
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199264452
- eISBN:
- 9780191602511
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199264457.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Decisions concerning birth control, and expenditure on pre-school children, take into account what will be done with these children if they survive to school age. Depending on whether it crowds-in or ...
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Decisions concerning birth control, and expenditure on pre-school children, take into account what will be done with these children if they survive to school age. Depending on whether it crowds-in or crowds-out parental expenditure on pre-school children’s nutrition and medical care, public expenditure on sanitation, preventive medicine, and the like can have a large or a small effect on infant mortality. Fertility tends to decrease as a woman’s bargaining power increases. Dowries, the education of girls, and the sexual division of labour are explained within the same theoretical framework.Less
Decisions concerning birth control, and expenditure on pre-school children, take into account what will be done with these children if they survive to school age. Depending on whether it crowds-in or crowds-out parental expenditure on pre-school children’s nutrition and medical care, public expenditure on sanitation, preventive medicine, and the like can have a large or a small effect on infant mortality. Fertility tends to decrease as a woman’s bargaining power increases. Dowries, the education of girls, and the sexual division of labour are explained within the same theoretical framework.
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781846310218
- eISBN:
- 9781781380482
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781846310218.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter focuses on la mort subie: the changing and varying risk of dying at an early age. Specifically, it deals with foetal, infant, and child mortality, that is, the risk of dying between ...
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This chapter focuses on la mort subie: the changing and varying risk of dying at an early age. Specifically, it deals with foetal, infant, and child mortality, that is, the risk of dying between conception and age 10 years. The chapter attempts a comparison of experiences in France and England: the former because this will allow us to consider in more detail some of the demographic observations raised by Philippe Ariès; and the latter because two of Michel Vovelle's three levels – la mort vécue and les discours sur la mort, which are influenced by la mort subie – are considered using mainly English examples. It concludes by discussing childcare behaviour (particularly the issue of infant feeding) and the practice of mourning in France and England.Less
This chapter focuses on la mort subie: the changing and varying risk of dying at an early age. Specifically, it deals with foetal, infant, and child mortality, that is, the risk of dying between conception and age 10 years. The chapter attempts a comparison of experiences in France and England: the former because this will allow us to consider in more detail some of the demographic observations raised by Philippe Ariès; and the latter because two of Michel Vovelle's three levels – la mort vécue and les discours sur la mort, which are influenced by la mort subie – are considered using mainly English examples. It concludes by discussing childcare behaviour (particularly the issue of infant feeding) and the practice of mourning in France and England.
David M. Pomfret
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780804795173
- eISBN:
- 9780804796866
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804795173.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
The Great War compromised British and French power in Asian empire centres and exposed the dangers of structuring justifications of liberal governmentalities around the unstable child subject. ...
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The Great War compromised British and French power in Asian empire centres and exposed the dangers of structuring justifications of liberal governmentalities around the unstable child subject. ‘Trouble in Fairyland’ shows how. It takes the case of a child monarch to illustrate the problems the French encountered as they sought real Vietnamese children to perform ideals of the docile ‘associate’ that were so integral to Republican political symbolism. In the years that followed, amid a rising tide of anti-colonial nationalism elites completely transformed public displays of children and childhood in British and French colonial centres. The chapter explains how new didactic presentations and representations of ideal colonial children and childhoods emerged in response to this problem in an ultimately futile effort to absorb the tensions and contradictions of empire and to broker inter-ethnic collaboration.Less
The Great War compromised British and French power in Asian empire centres and exposed the dangers of structuring justifications of liberal governmentalities around the unstable child subject. ‘Trouble in Fairyland’ shows how. It takes the case of a child monarch to illustrate the problems the French encountered as they sought real Vietnamese children to perform ideals of the docile ‘associate’ that were so integral to Republican political symbolism. In the years that followed, amid a rising tide of anti-colonial nationalism elites completely transformed public displays of children and childhood in British and French colonial centres. The chapter explains how new didactic presentations and representations of ideal colonial children and childhoods emerged in response to this problem in an ultimately futile effort to absorb the tensions and contradictions of empire and to broker inter-ethnic collaboration.
Irvine Loudon
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198229971
- eISBN:
- 9780191678950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198229971.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter discusses the features and condition of maternal care in Great Britain during the period from 1900 to 1935. This period witnessed the increasing involvement of medical, government, and ...
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This chapter discusses the features and condition of maternal care in Great Britain during the period from 1900 to 1935. This period witnessed the increasing involvement of medical, government, and charitable authorities in the care of mothers and children. It was also during this period that the terms ‘maternal and child health’ and ‘maternal and infant welfare’ were coined to symbolize the politics of maternal care. However, despite these developments and the decline in infant mortality, maternal mortality reached 35.5 percent in 1910, 38.7 percent in 1911, and 41.7 percent in 1914. To address the issue, several laws were passed including the Midwives Act of 1902, and the Midwives Act of 1918 and 1936 in England and Wales.Less
This chapter discusses the features and condition of maternal care in Great Britain during the period from 1900 to 1935. This period witnessed the increasing involvement of medical, government, and charitable authorities in the care of mothers and children. It was also during this period that the terms ‘maternal and child health’ and ‘maternal and infant welfare’ were coined to symbolize the politics of maternal care. However, despite these developments and the decline in infant mortality, maternal mortality reached 35.5 percent in 1910, 38.7 percent in 1911, and 41.7 percent in 1914. To address the issue, several laws were passed including the Midwives Act of 1902, and the Midwives Act of 1918 and 1936 in England and Wales.
HAROLD L. WILENSKY
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520231764
- eISBN:
- 9780520928336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520231764.003.0016
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter examines the influence of affluence, political economy and public policy on health performance. Although there is much healthy skepticism regarding the effectiveness of the medical ...
More
This chapter examines the influence of affluence, political economy and public policy on health performance. Although there is much healthy skepticism regarding the effectiveness of the medical community in improving health and well-being relative to the influence of improved living standards rooted in economic growth, this chapter shows that both are important. This chapter also suggests that medical intervention has had substantial effects in both preventing and managing many diseases and it had extended life expectancy free of disability for elderly men and women by several years and reduced infant mortality rates.Less
This chapter examines the influence of affluence, political economy and public policy on health performance. Although there is much healthy skepticism regarding the effectiveness of the medical community in improving health and well-being relative to the influence of improved living standards rooted in economic growth, this chapter shows that both are important. This chapter also suggests that medical intervention has had substantial effects in both preventing and managing many diseases and it had extended life expectancy free of disability for elderly men and women by several years and reduced infant mortality rates.
