Mića Panić
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289845
- eISBN:
- 9780191684777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289845.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter deals with the role of the national government as well as the creation of a supranational government. The authors say that if the operation of the market shall be left to the effective ...
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This chapter deals with the role of the national government as well as the creation of a supranational government. The authors say that if the operation of the market shall be left to the effective control of the state, these states are preparing to risk a return to the economic warfare wherein each state uses their economic might in order to hostage other states. On the other hand, a supranational government is also needed in order to govern the conduct of the market or the flow of the world trade. Absence of a supranational government and control of the market left to the national government will leave the states just like the industrialised nations in 1973 wherein their economic growth stagnated and no improvement was made in their economies.Less
This chapter deals with the role of the national government as well as the creation of a supranational government. The authors say that if the operation of the market shall be left to the effective control of the state, these states are preparing to risk a return to the economic warfare wherein each state uses their economic might in order to hostage other states. On the other hand, a supranational government is also needed in order to govern the conduct of the market or the flow of the world trade. Absence of a supranational government and control of the market left to the national government will leave the states just like the industrialised nations in 1973 wherein their economic growth stagnated and no improvement was made in their economies.
Koen Vleminckx and Timothy M. Smeeding (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861342539
- eISBN:
- 9781447301738
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861342539.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
Child poverty and the well-being of children is an important policy issue throughout the industrialised world. Some 47 million children in ‘rich’ countries live in families so poor that their health ...
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Child poverty and the well-being of children is an important policy issue throughout the industrialised world. Some 47 million children in ‘rich’ countries live in families so poor that their health and well-being are at risk. The main themes addressed in this book are: the extent and trend of child poverty in industrialised nations; outcomes for children – for example, the relationship between childhood experiences and children's health; country studies and emerging issues; and child and family policies. All the contributions underline the urgent need for a comprehensive policy to reduce child poverty rates and to improve the well-being of children. Findings are clearly presented and key focus points are identified for policy makers to consider.Less
Child poverty and the well-being of children is an important policy issue throughout the industrialised world. Some 47 million children in ‘rich’ countries live in families so poor that their health and well-being are at risk. The main themes addressed in this book are: the extent and trend of child poverty in industrialised nations; outcomes for children – for example, the relationship between childhood experiences and children's health; country studies and emerging issues; and child and family policies. All the contributions underline the urgent need for a comprehensive policy to reduce child poverty rates and to improve the well-being of children. Findings are clearly presented and key focus points are identified for policy makers to consider.
Melissa M. Burnham and Erika and E. Gaylor
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395754
- eISBN:
- 9780199894468
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395754.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter delineates the sleep environments found in industrialized nations using the Developmental Systems Theory (DST) as a framework for understanding their variability. It discusses the ...
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This chapter delineates the sleep environments found in industrialized nations using the Developmental Systems Theory (DST) as a framework for understanding their variability. It discusses the environments of both nighttime and daytime sleep, focusing on infants and young children. It argues that sleep environments cannot be understood as unitary constructs, but rather only by examining the characteristics of individuals who choose them and the society, community, and culture within which those individuals are embedded.Less
This chapter delineates the sleep environments found in industrialized nations using the Developmental Systems Theory (DST) as a framework for understanding their variability. It discusses the environments of both nighttime and daytime sleep, focusing on infants and young children. It argues that sleep environments cannot be understood as unitary constructs, but rather only by examining the characteristics of individuals who choose them and the society, community, and culture within which those individuals are embedded.
M. Ezzati and A. D. Lopez
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525738
- eISBN:
- 9780191724114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter employs the indirect smoking impact ratio method (Peto et al. 1992), which uses absolute lung cancer mortality in a population as a marker for accumulated hazards of smoking, to estimate ...
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This chapter employs the indirect smoking impact ratio method (Peto et al. 1992), which uses absolute lung cancer mortality in a population as a marker for accumulated hazards of smoking, to estimate the global impact of smoking on coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. In 2000, an estimated 873,000 people died from CHD in the world due to smoking, accounting for 15% of global adult CHD mortality. This figure represents a significant proportion of the more than 4.8 million smoking-attributable deaths in 2000. Of these deaths, 359,000 were in developing countries, marking a transition to an era in which smoking kills a comparable number of people from CHD in developing countries as in industrialized nations.Less
This chapter employs the indirect smoking impact ratio method (Peto et al. 1992), which uses absolute lung cancer mortality in a population as a marker for accumulated hazards of smoking, to estimate the global impact of smoking on coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. In 2000, an estimated 873,000 people died from CHD in the world due to smoking, accounting for 15% of global adult CHD mortality. This figure represents a significant proportion of the more than 4.8 million smoking-attributable deaths in 2000. Of these deaths, 359,000 were in developing countries, marking a transition to an era in which smoking kills a comparable number of people from CHD in developing countries as in industrialized nations.
Mario Polèse
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226673158
- eISBN:
- 9780226673172
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226673172.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Examining the relationship between national economic growth and urbanization allows for a better understanding of why the relationship between cities and the origins of wealth is not straightforward, ...
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Examining the relationship between national economic growth and urbanization allows for a better understanding of why the relationship between cities and the origins of wealth is not straightforward, but also why the experience of today's urbanizing nations is different from that of industrialized nations, which urbanized many decades earlier. This chapter emphasizes the positive relationship between size and wealth that leads to the conclusion that cities, especially big ones, automatically create wealth. The growth of wealth and the growth of cities go hand in hand. The process of wealth creation is like a many-layered cake. The ultimate source is seldom purely local. And, in the porous world of regional economics, the sources of wealth can be won and lost. For the nation's largest city, the accumulation over many decades, even centuries, of human population gives it an advantage over its smaller rivals.Less
Examining the relationship between national economic growth and urbanization allows for a better understanding of why the relationship between cities and the origins of wealth is not straightforward, but also why the experience of today's urbanizing nations is different from that of industrialized nations, which urbanized many decades earlier. This chapter emphasizes the positive relationship between size and wealth that leads to the conclusion that cities, especially big ones, automatically create wealth. The growth of wealth and the growth of cities go hand in hand. The process of wealth creation is like a many-layered cake. The ultimate source is seldom purely local. And, in the porous world of regional economics, the sources of wealth can be won and lost. For the nation's largest city, the accumulation over many decades, even centuries, of human population gives it an advantage over its smaller rivals.
Anne Daguerre and Corinne Nativel (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346780
- eISBN:
- 9781447304272
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346780.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
Teenage parenthood is recognised as a significant disadvantage in western industrialised nations. It has been found to increase the likelihood of poverty and to reinforce inequalities. This book ...
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Teenage parenthood is recognised as a significant disadvantage in western industrialised nations. It has been found to increase the likelihood of poverty and to reinforce inequalities. This book explores the links between welfare state provision and teenage reproductive behaviour across a range of countries with differing welfare regimes. Drawing on both welfare state and feminist literature, as well as on new empirical evidence, the book compares public policy responses to teenage parenthood in each ‘family’ of welfare regime: Nordic, Liberal and Continental (Western European); analyses the different socio-political contexts in which teenage pregnancy is constructed as a social problem and identifies best practice in Europe and the USA. The countries included in the study are the UK, USA, New Zealand, France, Italy, Poland, Denmark, Norway, the Canadian province of Québec and Russia. The contributors are all experts in the fields of welfare and/or gender studies.Less
Teenage parenthood is recognised as a significant disadvantage in western industrialised nations. It has been found to increase the likelihood of poverty and to reinforce inequalities. This book explores the links between welfare state provision and teenage reproductive behaviour across a range of countries with differing welfare regimes. Drawing on both welfare state and feminist literature, as well as on new empirical evidence, the book compares public policy responses to teenage parenthood in each ‘family’ of welfare regime: Nordic, Liberal and Continental (Western European); analyses the different socio-political contexts in which teenage pregnancy is constructed as a social problem and identifies best practice in Europe and the USA. The countries included in the study are the UK, USA, New Zealand, France, Italy, Poland, Denmark, Norway, the Canadian province of Québec and Russia. The contributors are all experts in the fields of welfare and/or gender studies.
Michael Marmot and Richard G. Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198565895
- eISBN:
- 9780191723988
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565895.003.12
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
In both the US and the UK, data limitations have greatly hampered investigations of ethnic inequalities in health and how they might be structured by social and economic disadvantages. This chapter ...
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In both the US and the UK, data limitations have greatly hampered investigations of ethnic inequalities in health and how they might be structured by social and economic disadvantages. This chapter illustrates the impact of some of these limitations on how data are interpreted, and suggests that social and economic inequalities are fundamental causes of ethnic inequalities in health. It then relates the socio-economic patterning of ethnic inequalities in health to the potential explanations for such inequalities explored in other chapters in this book. The chapter concludes by suggesting that an adequate understanding of racism is fundamental to an understanding of ethnic inequalities in health.Less
In both the US and the UK, data limitations have greatly hampered investigations of ethnic inequalities in health and how they might be structured by social and economic disadvantages. This chapter illustrates the impact of some of these limitations on how data are interpreted, and suggests that social and economic inequalities are fundamental causes of ethnic inequalities in health. It then relates the socio-economic patterning of ethnic inequalities in health to the potential explanations for such inequalities explored in other chapters in this book. The chapter concludes by suggesting that an adequate understanding of racism is fundamental to an understanding of ethnic inequalities in health.
Robert D. Crutchfield
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814717073
- eISBN:
- 9781479829729
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814717073.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This introductory chapter briefly explores how labor market experiences influence crime. The general public easily accepts the idea that crime can be attributed to a poor economy. But recurring ...
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This introductory chapter briefly explores how labor market experiences influence crime. The general public easily accepts the idea that crime can be attributed to a poor economy. But recurring anomalies suggest that this may not, or at least not always, be true. For example, during the Great Depression of the 1930s the rates of some crimes declined, even though unemployment rates exceeded twenty-five percent for extended periods. During the 1960s, along with sustained economic expansion the United States experienced large increases in both property and violent crime rates. Considering the link between economy and crime more globally, it is no secret among criminologists that comparative poverty rates are not highly correlated with crime rates within western industrialized nations. And while some of the poorest nations of the word have high crime rates, many poor countries have relatively low rates.Less
This introductory chapter briefly explores how labor market experiences influence crime. The general public easily accepts the idea that crime can be attributed to a poor economy. But recurring anomalies suggest that this may not, or at least not always, be true. For example, during the Great Depression of the 1930s the rates of some crimes declined, even though unemployment rates exceeded twenty-five percent for extended periods. During the 1960s, along with sustained economic expansion the United States experienced large increases in both property and violent crime rates. Considering the link between economy and crime more globally, it is no secret among criminologists that comparative poverty rates are not highly correlated with crime rates within western industrialized nations. And while some of the poorest nations of the word have high crime rates, many poor countries have relatively low rates.
Ravi Kohli
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847421845
- eISBN:
- 9781447301813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847421845.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter examines how refugee and asylum-seeking children, when they have arrived in industrialised nations, often remain silent, or speak in guarded ways, about their lives and circumstances. It ...
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This chapter examines how refugee and asylum-seeking children, when they have arrived in industrialised nations, often remain silent, or speak in guarded ways, about their lives and circumstances. It notes that not only their presence, but also their limited talk, can be the cause of suspicion among citizens of host nations. It looks at how silence and limited talk are used as powerful protective shields, when refugee children feel their sense of safety and belonging to be threatened in hostile contexts. It reviews research evidence about ways of establishing trust for refugee children, as a foundation for resettled lives. It proposes that only with the establishment of such trust, combined with an unthreatened future, can such children begin to talk about their lives in depth and detail.Less
This chapter examines how refugee and asylum-seeking children, when they have arrived in industrialised nations, often remain silent, or speak in guarded ways, about their lives and circumstances. It notes that not only their presence, but also their limited talk, can be the cause of suspicion among citizens of host nations. It looks at how silence and limited talk are used as powerful protective shields, when refugee children feel their sense of safety and belonging to be threatened in hostile contexts. It reviews research evidence about ways of establishing trust for refugee children, as a foundation for resettled lives. It proposes that only with the establishment of such trust, combined with an unthreatened future, can such children begin to talk about their lives in depth and detail.
Stephen Farrall, Jonathan Jackson, and Emily Gray
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199540815
- eISBN:
- 9780191701191
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199540815.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter recaps what has been learnt from the investigations into the fear of crime. The discussion touches on a number of issues, including economic change, rising affluence, and the notion of ...
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This chapter recaps what has been learnt from the investigations into the fear of crime. The discussion touches on a number of issues, including economic change, rising affluence, and the notion of ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ during periods of socio-economic change, and — of course — the role of these factors in the (re)production of anxiety. It also explore a number of pressing issues, including the frequency with which the fear of crime is encountered within the lives of citizens in industrialized nations such as the US, Canada, Australia, and those in the EU, and what governments can ‘do’ to address popular anxieties about crime.Less
This chapter recaps what has been learnt from the investigations into the fear of crime. The discussion touches on a number of issues, including economic change, rising affluence, and the notion of ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ during periods of socio-economic change, and — of course — the role of these factors in the (re)production of anxiety. It also explore a number of pressing issues, including the frequency with which the fear of crime is encountered within the lives of citizens in industrialized nations such as the US, Canada, Australia, and those in the EU, and what governments can ‘do’ to address popular anxieties about crime.
Martin Feldstein (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226241098
- eISBN:
- 9780226241104
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226241104.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
In the late 1990s, economic and financial crises raged through East Asia, devastating economies that had previously been considered among the strongest in the developing world. The crises eventually ...
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In the late 1990s, economic and financial crises raged through East Asia, devastating economies that had previously been considered among the strongest in the developing world. The crises eventually spread to Russia, Turkey, and Latin America, and impacted the economies of many industrialized nations as well. In today's increasingly interdependent world, finding ways to reduce the risk of future crises—and to improve the management of crises when they occur—has become an international policy challenge of paramount importance. This book rises to that challenge, presenting accessible papers and commentaries on the topic not only from academic economists, but also from high-ranking government officials (in both industrial and developing nations), senior policymakers at international institutions, and major financial investors. Six non-technical papers, each written by a specialist in the topic, provide economic background, introducing sections on exchange rate regimes, financial policies, industrial country policies, IMF stabilization policies, IMF structural programs, and creditor relations. Next, personal statements from the major players give firsthand accounts of what really went on behind the scenes during the crises, giving us a rare glimpse into how international economic policy decisions are actually made. Finally, wide-ranging discussions and debates sparked by these papers and statements are summarized at the end of each section. The result is an overview of the key issues at work in these crises, written by the people who move markets and reshape economies.Less
In the late 1990s, economic and financial crises raged through East Asia, devastating economies that had previously been considered among the strongest in the developing world. The crises eventually spread to Russia, Turkey, and Latin America, and impacted the economies of many industrialized nations as well. In today's increasingly interdependent world, finding ways to reduce the risk of future crises—and to improve the management of crises when they occur—has become an international policy challenge of paramount importance. This book rises to that challenge, presenting accessible papers and commentaries on the topic not only from academic economists, but also from high-ranking government officials (in both industrial and developing nations), senior policymakers at international institutions, and major financial investors. Six non-technical papers, each written by a specialist in the topic, provide economic background, introducing sections on exchange rate regimes, financial policies, industrial country policies, IMF stabilization policies, IMF structural programs, and creditor relations. Next, personal statements from the major players give firsthand accounts of what really went on behind the scenes during the crises, giving us a rare glimpse into how international economic policy decisions are actually made. Finally, wide-ranging discussions and debates sparked by these papers and statements are summarized at the end of each section. The result is an overview of the key issues at work in these crises, written by the people who move markets and reshape economies.
Takatoshi Ito and Anne O. Krueger (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226386775
- eISBN:
- 9780226386782
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226386782.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
In recent years the tremendous growth of the service sector—including international trade in services—has outstripped that of manufacturing in many industrialized nations. As the importance of ...
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In recent years the tremendous growth of the service sector—including international trade in services—has outstripped that of manufacturing in many industrialized nations. As the importance of services has grown, economists have begun to focus on policy issues raised by them and have tried to understand what, if any, differences there are between production and delivery of goods and services. This volume is a book-length attempt to analyze trade in services in the Asia-Pacific region. Contributors provide overviews of basic issues involved in studying the service sector; investigate the impact of increasing trade in services on the economies of Taiwan, Korea, and Hong Kong; present detailed analyses of specific service sectors (telecommunications, financial services, international tourism, and accounting); and extend our understanding of trade in services beyond the usual concept (measured in balance of payment statistics) to include indirect services and services undertaken abroad by subsidiaries and affiliates.Less
In recent years the tremendous growth of the service sector—including international trade in services—has outstripped that of manufacturing in many industrialized nations. As the importance of services has grown, economists have begun to focus on policy issues raised by them and have tried to understand what, if any, differences there are between production and delivery of goods and services. This volume is a book-length attempt to analyze trade in services in the Asia-Pacific region. Contributors provide overviews of basic issues involved in studying the service sector; investigate the impact of increasing trade in services on the economies of Taiwan, Korea, and Hong Kong; present detailed analyses of specific service sectors (telecommunications, financial services, international tourism, and accounting); and extend our understanding of trade in services beyond the usual concept (measured in balance of payment statistics) to include indirect services and services undertaken abroad by subsidiaries and affiliates.
Tom Baker and Jonathan Simon (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226035185
- eISBN:
- 9780226035178
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226035178.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
For much of the twentieth century, industrialized nations addressed social problems, such as workers' compensation benefits and social welfare programs, in terms of spreading risk. But in recent ...
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For much of the twentieth century, industrialized nations addressed social problems, such as workers' compensation benefits and social welfare programs, in terms of spreading risk. But in recent years a new approach has emerged: using risk both as a way to conceive of and address social problems and as an incentive to reduce individual claims on collective resources. This book explores this new approach from a variety of perspectives. The first part of the book focuses on the interplay between risk and insurance in various historical and social contexts. The second part examines how risk is used to govern fields outside the realm of insurance, from extreme sports to policing, mental health institutions, and international law. Offering an original approach to risk, insurance, and responsibility, this book demonstrates that risk has moved well beyond its origins in the insurance trade to become a central organizing principle of social and cultural life.Less
For much of the twentieth century, industrialized nations addressed social problems, such as workers' compensation benefits and social welfare programs, in terms of spreading risk. But in recent years a new approach has emerged: using risk both as a way to conceive of and address social problems and as an incentive to reduce individual claims on collective resources. This book explores this new approach from a variety of perspectives. The first part of the book focuses on the interplay between risk and insurance in various historical and social contexts. The second part examines how risk is used to govern fields outside the realm of insurance, from extreme sports to policing, mental health institutions, and international law. Offering an original approach to risk, insurance, and responsibility, this book demonstrates that risk has moved well beyond its origins in the insurance trade to become a central organizing principle of social and cultural life.
