Jonah D. Levy
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240920
- eISBN:
- 9780191600180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240922.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The Bismarckian welfare state in France is financed by social security contributions to an even greater degree than is true in Germany. During the oil‐price crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, job ...
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The Bismarckian welfare state in France is financed by social security contributions to an even greater degree than is true in Germany. During the oil‐price crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, job losses could be contained through an expansion of nationalized industries and subsidies to private firms. This changed with the end of dirigisme in industry after 1983. Thereafter, early retirement was expanded to absorb the massive job losses caused by industrial restructuring. Since rising non‐wage labour costs impeded job creation in the private services, the government has shifted part of the burden to a special income tax, whereas attempts by successive governments to reduce the generosity of welfare benefits were typically blocked by large‐scale public protests.Less
The Bismarckian welfare state in France is financed by social security contributions to an even greater degree than is true in Germany. During the oil‐price crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, job losses could be contained through an expansion of nationalized industries and subsidies to private firms. This changed with the end of dirigisme in industry after 1983. Thereafter, early retirement was expanded to absorb the massive job losses caused by industrial restructuring. Since rising non‐wage labour costs impeded job creation in the private services, the government has shifted part of the burden to a special income tax, whereas attempts by successive governments to reduce the generosity of welfare benefits were typically blocked by large‐scale public protests.
Scott B. Martin
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198781837
- eISBN:
- 9780191598968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198781830.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Between 1991 and 1993, metalworkers’ unions, automotive firms, and state agencies in Brazil engaged in an institutionalized, comprehensive negotiation of industrial policy issues in auto ...
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Between 1991 and 1993, metalworkers’ unions, automotive firms, and state agencies in Brazil engaged in an institutionalized, comprehensive negotiation of industrial policy issues in auto manufacturing, in the ‘sectoral chamber’ of the auto industry. The two national accords that were negotiated helped re‐activate slumping demand, assist productive modernization, and protect job security and enhance wages for autoworkers. This chapter finds that, despite superficial similarities, the sectoral chamber experience cannot be explained with reference to the ‘societal corporatist’ framework, most closely associated with post‐war Western Europe. The author finds that key preconditions for successful, sector‐wide negotiations were (1) the prior establishment of representative unions and business associations with legitimate negotiating authority and (2) incipient bonds of labour‐management trust that had emerged through iterative encounters over productive restructuring issues. Social network ties, along the lines elaborated by the co‐editors in the concluding essay in their ‘associative network’ model, were fundamental to the rise, evolution, and ultimate decline of the auto sectoral chamber.Less
Between 1991 and 1993, metalworkers’ unions, automotive firms, and state agencies in Brazil engaged in an institutionalized, comprehensive negotiation of industrial policy issues in auto manufacturing, in the ‘sectoral chamber’ of the auto industry. The two national accords that were negotiated helped re‐activate slumping demand, assist productive modernization, and protect job security and enhance wages for autoworkers. This chapter finds that, despite superficial similarities, the sectoral chamber experience cannot be explained with reference to the ‘societal corporatist’ framework, most closely associated with post‐war Western Europe. The author finds that key preconditions for successful, sector‐wide negotiations were (1) the prior establishment of representative unions and business associations with legitimate negotiating authority and (2) incipient bonds of labour‐management trust that had emerged through iterative encounters over productive restructuring issues. Social network ties, along the lines elaborated by the co‐editors in the concluding essay in their ‘associative network’ model, were fundamental to the rise, evolution, and ultimate decline of the auto sectoral chamber.
Glenn Yago and Susanne Trimbath
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195149234
- eISBN:
- 9780199871865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195149238.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter investigates industrial restructuring in the slow‐growing food industry in the USA, asking why an industry with a growth factor of less than 1% flourishes in a world in which companies ...
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This chapter investigates industrial restructuring in the slow‐growing food industry in the USA, asking why an industry with a growth factor of less than 1% flourishes in a world in which companies strive for growth rates of 10% or more. It first looks at the industrial composition (sectoral distribution) of the Fortune 500 [the largest 500 companies in the US as listed by Fortune Magazine, on the basis of publicly available data], and at the industrial restructuring that occurred in the 1980s in the US economy, showing a breakdown of consumer products into cyclical and noncyclical groups. The food industry is in the noncyclical group, which increased its share of revenues while decreasing its share of companies in the Fortune 500. Other sections of the chapter look at the following: consolidation through mergers and acquisitions; financial innovations – the ability to use public markets for leveraged financing and a possibly more heavy reliance (of noncyclical companies) on high‐yield bond financing (for which evidence is presented); the financing of biotechnology for food production and the associated structural change in production; the impact of the combination of high‐yield financing and high tech in the food industry; and foreign and international influences.Less
This chapter investigates industrial restructuring in the slow‐growing food industry in the USA, asking why an industry with a growth factor of less than 1% flourishes in a world in which companies strive for growth rates of 10% or more. It first looks at the industrial composition (sectoral distribution) of the Fortune 500 [the largest 500 companies in the US as listed by Fortune Magazine, on the basis of publicly available data], and at the industrial restructuring that occurred in the 1980s in the US economy, showing a breakdown of consumer products into cyclical and noncyclical groups. The food industry is in the noncyclical group, which increased its share of revenues while decreasing its share of companies in the Fortune 500. Other sections of the chapter look at the following: consolidation through mergers and acquisitions; financial innovations – the ability to use public markets for leveraged financing and a possibly more heavy reliance (of noncyclical companies) on high‐yield bond financing (for which evidence is presented); the financing of biotechnology for food production and the associated structural change in production; the impact of the combination of high‐yield financing and high tech in the food industry; and foreign and international influences.
Joel Andreas
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190052607
- eISBN:
- 9780190052645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190052607.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work, Comparative and Historical Sociology
Chapter 8 examines the consequences of industrial restructuring, which began in the early 1990s and continues to the present day. The great majority of state-run and collective enterprises have been ...
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Chapter 8 examines the consequences of industrial restructuring, which began in the early 1990s and continues to the present day. The great majority of state-run and collective enterprises have been privatized, and all firms—including those in which the state has retained a stake—have been turned into shareholding companies. Tens of millions of workers have lost their jobs, and permanent job tenure has been replaced by much more precarious employment relations. As work unit communities have been transformed into profit-oriented enterprises, workers have been reduced to hired labor, losing their status as legitimate stakeholders and eroding the foundations for workplace participation. Shop-floor self-management has been replaced by harsh disciplinary regimes enforced by bonuses, fines, and the threat of dismissal, and staff and workers congresses have been sidelined. Workers, whose influence is now explicitly seen as compromising efforts to maximize profits, have been disenfranchised.Less
Chapter 8 examines the consequences of industrial restructuring, which began in the early 1990s and continues to the present day. The great majority of state-run and collective enterprises have been privatized, and all firms—including those in which the state has retained a stake—have been turned into shareholding companies. Tens of millions of workers have lost their jobs, and permanent job tenure has been replaced by much more precarious employment relations. As work unit communities have been transformed into profit-oriented enterprises, workers have been reduced to hired labor, losing their status as legitimate stakeholders and eroding the foundations for workplace participation. Shop-floor self-management has been replaced by harsh disciplinary regimes enforced by bonuses, fines, and the threat of dismissal, and staff and workers congresses have been sidelined. Workers, whose influence is now explicitly seen as compromising efforts to maximize profits, have been disenfranchised.
Glenn Yago and Susanne Trimbath
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195149234
- eISBN:
- 9780199871865
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195149238.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Since financial myths exploded in the 1980s, the perspective of time creates a unique opportunity to update and expand the analysis begun in Glenn Yago's 1991 book, Junk Bonds: How High Yield ...
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Since financial myths exploded in the 1980s, the perspective of time creates a unique opportunity to update and expand the analysis begun in Glenn Yago's 1991 book, Junk Bonds: How High Yield Securities Restructured Corporate America (OUP). When first published, Junk Bonds drew controversial responses, but some 12 years later, enough time has passed to allow this dispassionate empirical analysis to shear away the hype and hysteria that surrounded the Wall Street scandals, Washington controversies, and media frenzy of the time. In retrospect, the evidence clearly casts favorable light on the role of high‐yield securities (junk bonds), and the research presented in this book demonstrates how financial innovations enabled capital access for industrial restructuring, capital and labor productivity gains, and improved global competitiveness. The book provides a one‐stop data, reference, and case study presentation of firms and securities in the contemporary high‐yield market in the USA (and elsewhere), and of the financial innovations that spurred growth in the 1990s and will continue to finance the future. The high‐yield market incubated successive waves of financial technologies that now proliferate beyond junk bonds to all the dimensions and dynamics of global debt and equity capital markets. The book charts the recovery of the market in the 1990s, the wave of fallen angels, distressed credits and defaults in 2001–2002, and suggests how the high‐yield market will be recreated in the global market of the twenty‐first century. It also explicates the linkages between the high‐yield market and other credit and equity markets in managing a firm's capital structure to execute its business strategy. Anyone active in corporate finance, financial institutions, or capital markets will find this book useful for interpreting and understanding the recent history of both the high‐yield marketplace and its interaction with private equity, public equity, and fixed‐income markets. The material presented is arranged in 11 chapters and four appendices. The latter provide definitions of junk bonds, some technical material from Ch. 4, a “tools of the trade” glossary, and a literature review containing short summaries of seven topics (bond ratings, macroeconomic relationships, regulation, use of proceeds, Drexel Burnham Lambert – a bond underwriter, default rates, and risk) with associated references, a table of annotated references, and further references.Less
Since financial myths exploded in the 1980s, the perspective of time creates a unique opportunity to update and expand the analysis begun in Glenn Yago's 1991 book, Junk Bonds: How High Yield Securities Restructured Corporate America (OUP). When first published, Junk Bonds drew controversial responses, but some 12 years later, enough time has passed to allow this dispassionate empirical analysis to shear away the hype and hysteria that surrounded the Wall Street scandals, Washington controversies, and media frenzy of the time. In retrospect, the evidence clearly casts favorable light on the role of high‐yield securities (junk bonds), and the research presented in this book demonstrates how financial innovations enabled capital access for industrial restructuring, capital and labor productivity gains, and improved global competitiveness. The book provides a one‐stop data, reference, and case study presentation of firms and securities in the contemporary high‐yield market in the USA (and elsewhere), and of the financial innovations that spurred growth in the 1990s and will continue to finance the future. The high‐yield market incubated successive waves of financial technologies that now proliferate beyond junk bonds to all the dimensions and dynamics of global debt and equity capital markets. The book charts the recovery of the market in the 1990s, the wave of fallen angels, distressed credits and defaults in 2001–2002, and suggests how the high‐yield market will be recreated in the global market of the twenty‐first century. It also explicates the linkages between the high‐yield market and other credit and equity markets in managing a firm's capital structure to execute its business strategy. Anyone active in corporate finance, financial institutions, or capital markets will find this book useful for interpreting and understanding the recent history of both the high‐yield marketplace and its interaction with private equity, public equity, and fixed‐income markets. The material presented is arranged in 11 chapters and four appendices. The latter provide definitions of junk bonds, some technical material from Ch. 4, a “tools of the trade” glossary, and a literature review containing short summaries of seven topics (bond ratings, macroeconomic relationships, regulation, use of proceeds, Drexel Burnham Lambert – a bond underwriter, default rates, and risk) with associated references, a table of annotated references, and further references.
Usha C. V. Haley and George T. Haley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199773749
- eISBN:
- 9780199332571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199773749.003.0138
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter covers $27.5 billion in subsidies to Chinese auto-parts from 2001-2011 that helped make one of the world’s largest producers and exporters. The auto-parts “pillar industry” received the ...
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This chapter covers $27.5 billion in subsidies to Chinese auto-parts from 2001-2011 that helped make one of the world’s largest producers and exporters. The auto-parts “pillar industry” received the Chinese government’s strong support, growing more than 150 percent since 2004, but is highly fragmented with more than 10,000 registered and 15,000 unregistered manufacturers. U.S. global auto strategy centered on manufacturing in China and exporting back home. Consequently, China’s auto-parts exports to the United States are three times those of its next highest trading destination, Japan. Specific subsidies included $2.3 billion reported by 73 companies (2001-2009); $1 billion to coal (2001-2010); $0.6 billion to electricity (2002-2010); $0.3 billion to natural gas (2004-2010); $1.6 billion to glass (2004-2010); $3.2 billion to cold-rolled steel (2003-2010); and $18.4 billion for technology-development and industrial-restructuring (2001-2011). For the next decade, the government has committed an additional $10.9 billion in subsidies for industrial-restructuring and technology-development.Less
This chapter covers $27.5 billion in subsidies to Chinese auto-parts from 2001-2011 that helped make one of the world’s largest producers and exporters. The auto-parts “pillar industry” received the Chinese government’s strong support, growing more than 150 percent since 2004, but is highly fragmented with more than 10,000 registered and 15,000 unregistered manufacturers. U.S. global auto strategy centered on manufacturing in China and exporting back home. Consequently, China’s auto-parts exports to the United States are three times those of its next highest trading destination, Japan. Specific subsidies included $2.3 billion reported by 73 companies (2001-2009); $1 billion to coal (2001-2010); $0.6 billion to electricity (2002-2010); $0.3 billion to natural gas (2004-2010); $1.6 billion to glass (2004-2010); $3.2 billion to cold-rolled steel (2003-2010); and $18.4 billion for technology-development and industrial-restructuring (2001-2011). For the next decade, the government has committed an additional $10.9 billion in subsidies for industrial-restructuring and technology-development.
Glenn Yago and Susanne Trimbath
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195149234
- eISBN:
- 9780199871865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195149238.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
An account and analysis is given of the largely unanticipated decline of the US high‐yield market in 1989 and 1990, and its subsequent rallying in 1991 and 1992. Structural and cyclical factors ...
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An account and analysis is given of the largely unanticipated decline of the US high‐yield market in 1989 and 1990, and its subsequent rallying in 1991 and 1992. Structural and cyclical factors affecting the high‐yield market are discussed by looking at the economic factors that influence changes in its supply and demand, and returns: aspects addressed are the default rate on high‐yield debt, higher spreads, credit conditions, stock prices, and repayment. A test developed by Brown, Durbin and Evans (1975) is used to analyze the level and month‐to‐month changes in returns and the number of high‐yield issues from 1985 to 1991, and this shows that structural stability was not part of the landscape. In other words, the functional economic relationships between cyclical factors, credit/quality defaults, competitive market yields (etc.) that drove the high market during the 1980s changed considerably – apparently as a result of the dramatic increases in government regulatory intervention in that market – but appear to have been restored by late 1991 as the market recovered from regulatory destabilization and responded to more economic fundamentals in the marketplace. The remainder of the chapter discusses the cause and consequences of financial distress in companies, the fact that some industries are more sensitive to economic conditions than others, company restructuring for economic recovery, and challenges and opportunities in 2001 and beyond; Appendix B gives details of the technical material used in the chapter.Less
An account and analysis is given of the largely unanticipated decline of the US high‐yield market in 1989 and 1990, and its subsequent rallying in 1991 and 1992. Structural and cyclical factors affecting the high‐yield market are discussed by looking at the economic factors that influence changes in its supply and demand, and returns: aspects addressed are the default rate on high‐yield debt, higher spreads, credit conditions, stock prices, and repayment. A test developed by Brown, Durbin and Evans (1975) is used to analyze the level and month‐to‐month changes in returns and the number of high‐yield issues from 1985 to 1991, and this shows that structural stability was not part of the landscape. In other words, the functional economic relationships between cyclical factors, credit/quality defaults, competitive market yields (etc.) that drove the high market during the 1980s changed considerably – apparently as a result of the dramatic increases in government regulatory intervention in that market – but appear to have been restored by late 1991 as the market recovered from regulatory destabilization and responded to more economic fundamentals in the marketplace. The remainder of the chapter discusses the cause and consequences of financial distress in companies, the fact that some industries are more sensitive to economic conditions than others, company restructuring for economic recovery, and challenges and opportunities in 2001 and beyond; Appendix B gives details of the technical material used in the chapter.
Joel Andreas
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190052607
- eISBN:
- 9780190052645
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190052607.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work, Comparative and Historical Sociology
Disenfranchised recounts the tumultuous events that have shaped and reshaped factory politics in China since the 1949 Revolution. The book develops a theoretical framework consisting of two ...
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Disenfranchised recounts the tumultuous events that have shaped and reshaped factory politics in China since the 1949 Revolution. The book develops a theoretical framework consisting of two dimensions—industrial citizenship and autonomy—to explain changing authority relations in workplaces and uses interviews with workers and managers to provide a shop-floor perspective. Under the work unit system, in place from the 1950s to the 1980s, lifetime job tenure and participatory institutions gave workers a strong form of industrial citizenship, but constraints on autonomous collective action made the system more paternalistic than democratic. Called “masters of the factory,” workers were pressed to participate actively in self-managing teams and employee congresses but only under the all-encompassing control of the factory party committee. Concerned that party cadres were becoming a “bureaucratic class,” Mao experimented with means to mobilize criticism from below, even inciting—during the Cultural Revolution—a worker insurgency that overthrew factory party committees. Unwilling to allow workers to establish permanent autonomous organizations, however, Mao never came up with institutionalized means of making factory leaders accountable to their subordinates. The final chapters recount the process of industrial restructuring, which has transformed work units into profit-oriented enterprises, eliminating industrial citizenship and reducing workers to hired hands dependent on precarious employment and subject to highly coercive discipline. The book closes with an overview of parallel developments around the globe, chronicling the rise and fall of an era of industrial citizenship.Less
Disenfranchised recounts the tumultuous events that have shaped and reshaped factory politics in China since the 1949 Revolution. The book develops a theoretical framework consisting of two dimensions—industrial citizenship and autonomy—to explain changing authority relations in workplaces and uses interviews with workers and managers to provide a shop-floor perspective. Under the work unit system, in place from the 1950s to the 1980s, lifetime job tenure and participatory institutions gave workers a strong form of industrial citizenship, but constraints on autonomous collective action made the system more paternalistic than democratic. Called “masters of the factory,” workers were pressed to participate actively in self-managing teams and employee congresses but only under the all-encompassing control of the factory party committee. Concerned that party cadres were becoming a “bureaucratic class,” Mao experimented with means to mobilize criticism from below, even inciting—during the Cultural Revolution—a worker insurgency that overthrew factory party committees. Unwilling to allow workers to establish permanent autonomous organizations, however, Mao never came up with institutionalized means of making factory leaders accountable to their subordinates. The final chapters recount the process of industrial restructuring, which has transformed work units into profit-oriented enterprises, eliminating industrial citizenship and reducing workers to hired hands dependent on precarious employment and subject to highly coercive discipline. The book closes with an overview of parallel developments around the globe, chronicling the rise and fall of an era of industrial citizenship.
Joel Andreas
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190052607
- eISBN:
- 9780190052645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190052607.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work, Comparative and Historical Sociology
Chapter 9 looks back over China’s history since 1949 and considers prospects for the future. Chinese workers are beginning to reorganize, this time largely outside the confines of party-controlled ...
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Chapter 9 looks back over China’s history since 1949 and considers prospects for the future. Chinese workers are beginning to reorganize, this time largely outside the confines of party-controlled institutions, and their strikes and protests have won important victories. Until they are able to regain some form of workplace citizenship rights, however, their gains will be limited and precarious. The chapter closes with an overview of parallel developments around the globe. It first examines three waves of labor unrest during the twentieth century that gave rise to the participatory institutions that characterized the era of industrial citizenship, before describing the subsequent demise of these institutions.Less
Chapter 9 looks back over China’s history since 1949 and considers prospects for the future. Chinese workers are beginning to reorganize, this time largely outside the confines of party-controlled institutions, and their strikes and protests have won important victories. Until they are able to regain some form of workplace citizenship rights, however, their gains will be limited and precarious. The chapter closes with an overview of parallel developments around the globe. It first examines three waves of labor unrest during the twentieth century that gave rise to the participatory institutions that characterized the era of industrial citizenship, before describing the subsequent demise of these institutions.
Lou Martin
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252039454
- eISBN:
- 9780252097560
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252039454.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter discusses the movements for equality during another round of industrial restructuring in the steel and pottery industries. At the same time foreign competition and shifting capital ...
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This chapter discusses the movements for equality during another round of industrial restructuring in the steel and pottery industries. At the same time foreign competition and shifting capital threatened local jobs, historic national movements for equality, coalescing around black freedom and women's rights, played out at the local level. Locally, African Americans and women demanded greater access to factory jobs in the wake of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which outlawed discrimination based on race and gender. In the local potteries that had survived the 1950s, the workforce changed little, but pay scales and the sex typing of jobs changed in subtle but important ways. In contrast, workers at Weirton Steel experienced a radical redrawing of gender and racial divisions even while class-action lawsuits for discrimination were still working their way through the court system.Less
This chapter discusses the movements for equality during another round of industrial restructuring in the steel and pottery industries. At the same time foreign competition and shifting capital threatened local jobs, historic national movements for equality, coalescing around black freedom and women's rights, played out at the local level. Locally, African Americans and women demanded greater access to factory jobs in the wake of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which outlawed discrimination based on race and gender. In the local potteries that had survived the 1950s, the workforce changed little, but pay scales and the sex typing of jobs changed in subtle but important ways. In contrast, workers at Weirton Steel experienced a radical redrawing of gender and racial divisions even while class-action lawsuits for discrimination were still working their way through the court system.
