Robert Grosse and Luiz F. Mesquita (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233755
- eISBN:
- 9780191715549
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233755.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
In many discussions of globalization and growth, attention focuses on Asia, notably China, South Korea, and India. In contrast, this book looks at business developments in another key emerging market ...
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In many discussions of globalization and growth, attention focuses on Asia, notably China, South Korea, and India. In contrast, this book looks at business developments in another key emerging market region, Latin America. It examines the success and failure of Latin American firms in their own markets and elsewhere in the world, the reasons behind these outcomes, and these firms' future prospects. Contributors to this book draw on concepts from organization theory, industrial organization, economics, marketing, sociology, and political science. The book includes sections on the broad themes of competitiveness in Latin America, micro-level strategies of firms in specific sectors, and the competitiveness of firms in specific countries and competing in emerging markets. The cases examined range in size and sector, and include some of the largest firms in Latin America, such as as Embraer in Brazil, Quiñenco (Luksic) in Chile, Techint in Argentina, Grupo Carso in Mexico, Cisneros in Venezuela, and Grupo Empresarial Antioqueño in Colombia.Less
In many discussions of globalization and growth, attention focuses on Asia, notably China, South Korea, and India. In contrast, this book looks at business developments in another key emerging market region, Latin America. It examines the success and failure of Latin American firms in their own markets and elsewhere in the world, the reasons behind these outcomes, and these firms' future prospects. Contributors to this book draw on concepts from organization theory, industrial organization, economics, marketing, sociology, and political science. The book includes sections on the broad themes of competitiveness in Latin America, micro-level strategies of firms in specific sectors, and the competitiveness of firms in specific countries and competing in emerging markets. The cases examined range in size and sector, and include some of the largest firms in Latin America, such as as Embraer in Brazil, Quiñenco (Luksic) in Chile, Techint in Argentina, Grupo Carso in Mexico, Cisneros in Venezuela, and Grupo Empresarial Antioqueño in Colombia.
Young‐Iob Chung
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195325454
- eISBN:
- 9780199783908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325454.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the path and record of economic development in South Korea. This is carried out in several stages, focusing on the increases in GDP and the structural changes that transformed ...
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This chapter examines the path and record of economic development in South Korea. This is carried out in several stages, focusing on the increases in GDP and the structural changes that transformed the economy after the Korean War. These are investigated in terms of aggregate and sectoral expansions and shifts, the rise of capital- and technological-intensive industries, the expansion of the scale of business enterprises, and changes in the magnitude and pattern of foreign trade. The chapter also evaluates the structural changes in various economic sectors, such as social overhead capital, industry, manufacturing, service sectors, agriculture, mining, and others. It follows with an examination of the fundamental changes in industrial structure and organization, including the rise of jaebeol and their importance to economic growth. Finally, the factors affecting economic growth and structural changes are enumerated.Less
This chapter examines the path and record of economic development in South Korea. This is carried out in several stages, focusing on the increases in GDP and the structural changes that transformed the economy after the Korean War. These are investigated in terms of aggregate and sectoral expansions and shifts, the rise of capital- and technological-intensive industries, the expansion of the scale of business enterprises, and changes in the magnitude and pattern of foreign trade. The chapter also evaluates the structural changes in various economic sectors, such as social overhead capital, industry, manufacturing, service sectors, agriculture, mining, and others. It follows with an examination of the fundamental changes in industrial structure and organization, including the rise of jaebeol and their importance to economic growth. Finally, the factors affecting economic growth and structural changes are enumerated.
Young‐Iob Chung
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195325454
- eISBN:
- 9780199783908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325454.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter evaluates the economic impacts of the government's industrial and financial policies, which provided interest subsidies, wealth, and inflation windfalls to privileged businesses in terms ...
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This chapter evaluates the economic impacts of the government's industrial and financial policies, which provided interest subsidies, wealth, and inflation windfalls to privileged businesses in terms of production costs, profits, investments, sectoral growth, industrial organization, and savings. The chapter further evaluates the impact of resource allocation on macroeconomic disruptions, sectoral misallocations between privileged and unsupported businesses, manufacturing vs. service industries, heavy and chemical industries vs. light industries, and large vs. small businesses. Economic rent-seeking activities, cronyism and corruption, non-performing loans, financial burdens, the disciplining of financial intermediaries, and financial and corporate reforms in recent years are assessed. The chapter also asks: were the government's industrial and financial policies the optimal measures to achieve the industrialization and the expansion of the nation's economy? Who were the major beneficiaries of the government's industrial and financial policies? Did government control of financial institutions deprive the banks of incentive to improve efficiency? Finally, the chapter lists the future economic and financial challenges facing the country.Less
This chapter evaluates the economic impacts of the government's industrial and financial policies, which provided interest subsidies, wealth, and inflation windfalls to privileged businesses in terms of production costs, profits, investments, sectoral growth, industrial organization, and savings. The chapter further evaluates the impact of resource allocation on macroeconomic disruptions, sectoral misallocations between privileged and unsupported businesses, manufacturing vs. service industries, heavy and chemical industries vs. light industries, and large vs. small businesses. Economic rent-seeking activities, cronyism and corruption, non-performing loans, financial burdens, the disciplining of financial intermediaries, and financial and corporate reforms in recent years are assessed. The chapter also asks: were the government's industrial and financial policies the optimal measures to achieve the industrialization and the expansion of the nation's economy? Who were the major beneficiaries of the government's industrial and financial policies? Did government control of financial institutions deprive the banks of incentive to improve efficiency? Finally, the chapter lists the future economic and financial challenges facing the country.
Alnoor Bhimani
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199260386
- eISBN:
- 9780191601231
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260389.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter argues that organisational control and accounting’s role in it has become an increasingly digitised and technologically enabled process. New centres of calculation have emerged within ...
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This chapter argues that organisational control and accounting’s role in it has become an increasingly digitised and technologically enabled process. New centres of calculation have emerged within post-industrial organisations which, in turn, are facilitating more disembedded and intensified forms of accounting control. This post-industrial phenomenon of organisational control is examined by drawing on a case study of an Australian call centre.Less
This chapter argues that organisational control and accounting’s role in it has become an increasingly digitised and technologically enabled process. New centres of calculation have emerged within post-industrial organisations which, in turn, are facilitating more disembedded and intensified forms of accounting control. This post-industrial phenomenon of organisational control is examined by drawing on a case study of an Australian call centre.
Grahame F. Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198775270
- eISBN:
- 9780191710513
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198775270.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter looks at the industrial organisation as networks, focusing on interorganisational networks. Some theoretical issues raised by interorganisational networks are discussed, including ...
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This chapter looks at the industrial organisation as networks, focusing on interorganisational networks. Some theoretical issues raised by interorganisational networks are discussed, including questions of the limits of an institutional analysis, knowledge with respect to these kinds of networks, the role of complementary and self-organisation, evolutionary approaches to networks, and problems associated with embeddedness and variety production that they pose. The chapter also explores how the network model has been deployed in the specification and analysis of the relationships between firms and other agents that occupy the microeconomic field of economic organisation. The strengths of networks as opposed to other mechanisms of socio-economic coordination, like markets and hierarchies, in organising inter-firm relationships are also considered, along with cooperation and trust between main firms and their subcontractors and suppliers, knowledge and innovation in networks, whether knowledge networks are effective as institutions, neural networks, venture capital and networking, and the evolution, biology, complexity, and self-organisation of networks.Less
This chapter looks at the industrial organisation as networks, focusing on interorganisational networks. Some theoretical issues raised by interorganisational networks are discussed, including questions of the limits of an institutional analysis, knowledge with respect to these kinds of networks, the role of complementary and self-organisation, evolutionary approaches to networks, and problems associated with embeddedness and variety production that they pose. The chapter also explores how the network model has been deployed in the specification and analysis of the relationships between firms and other agents that occupy the microeconomic field of economic organisation. The strengths of networks as opposed to other mechanisms of socio-economic coordination, like markets and hierarchies, in organising inter-firm relationships are also considered, along with cooperation and trust between main firms and their subcontractors and suppliers, knowledge and innovation in networks, whether knowledge networks are effective as institutions, neural networks, venture capital and networking, and the evolution, biology, complexity, and self-organisation of networks.
Franz Neumann
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134130
- eISBN:
- 9781400846467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134130.003.0018
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter focuses on cartels and cartel-like organizations in Nazi Germany. The report explains German industrial organization is dominated by large vertical combines. Cartels and other ...
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This chapter focuses on cartels and cartel-like organizations in Nazi Germany. The report explains German industrial organization is dominated by large vertical combines. Cartels and other associations of business, a common fixture of the German economy, have been used by the combines as means for the domination of industry and are in part a reflection of the degree of concentration of German industry. The prototypes of the combines are those within so-called heavy industry. The chapter first considers the role of cartels and cartel-like organizations in Germany before offering a number of recommendations relating to denazification, administration, cartels, Reichsvereinigungen, the Chambers of Industry and Commerce, and the main committees and rings.Less
This chapter focuses on cartels and cartel-like organizations in Nazi Germany. The report explains German industrial organization is dominated by large vertical combines. Cartels and other associations of business, a common fixture of the German economy, have been used by the combines as means for the domination of industry and are in part a reflection of the degree of concentration of German industry. The prototypes of the combines are those within so-called heavy industry. The chapter first considers the role of cartels and cartel-like organizations in Germany before offering a number of recommendations relating to denazification, administration, cartels, Reichsvereinigungen, the Chambers of Industry and Commerce, and the main committees and rings.
Yehouda Shenhav
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250004
- eISBN:
- 9780191697869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250004.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Business History
This chapter focuses on the opposition to ‘management systems’; on the objection of manufacturers, engineers, and employee representatives. It argues that management systems were not promoted by ...
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This chapter focuses on the opposition to ‘management systems’; on the objection of manufacturers, engineers, and employee representatives. It argues that management systems were not promoted by capitalists or their representatives, but rather by a group of engineers — a new class of salaried technocrats — wishing to carve out their own domain within industrial organizations.Less
This chapter focuses on the opposition to ‘management systems’; on the objection of manufacturers, engineers, and employee representatives. It argues that management systems were not promoted by capitalists or their representatives, but rather by a group of engineers — a new class of salaried technocrats — wishing to carve out their own domain within industrial organizations.
W. Mark Fruin
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288985
- eISBN:
- 9780191596285
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288980.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Four streams of inquiry and interpretation are merged in a study of the evolution and emergence of Japan's 200 leading industrial firms during the twentieth century. First, the book is a study of how ...
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Four streams of inquiry and interpretation are merged in a study of the evolution and emergence of Japan's 200 leading industrial firms during the twentieth century. First, the book is a study of how the industrial institutions of modern Japan appeared and matured. Second, it looks at the basic forms of social interaction and economic organization in Japan. Third, the book is a development study of how circumstances of rapid technical and economic change have shaped the Japanese business system. Finally, it is a study of how Japanese managers have responded to and shaped those circumstances. The fourfold synthesis offers a model of industrial development and organization under conditions of late development and private initiative that falls somewhere between the capitalist development state and free market economy models.Less
Four streams of inquiry and interpretation are merged in a study of the evolution and emergence of Japan's 200 leading industrial firms during the twentieth century. First, the book is a study of how the industrial institutions of modern Japan appeared and matured. Second, it looks at the basic forms of social interaction and economic organization in Japan. Third, the book is a development study of how circumstances of rapid technical and economic change have shaped the Japanese business system. Finally, it is a study of how Japanese managers have responded to and shaped those circumstances. The fourfold synthesis offers a model of industrial development and organization under conditions of late development and private initiative that falls somewhere between the capitalist development state and free market economy models.
Ran Spiegler
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195398717
- eISBN:
- 9780199896790
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398717.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This book synthesizes recent developments in the theory of Industrial Organization, incorporating aspects of consumer psychology that are absent from the standard model of rational choice. The book ...
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This book synthesizes recent developments in the theory of Industrial Organization, incorporating aspects of consumer psychology that are absent from the standard model of rational choice. The book analyzes three classes of market models in which profit-maximizing firms interact with boundedly rational consumers, each capturing a different aspect of bounded consumer rationality: dynamically inconsistent preferences and biased beliefs regarding future preferences, limited ability to understand price complexity, and reference-dependent choice. These models address questions such as: Can we explain observed pricing, marketing and product differentiation strategies as equilibrium responses consumers' bounded rationality? Do market forces protect boundedly rational consumers from being exploited by firms? What is the role of market regulation and consumer protection policies in this regard? How do firms discriminate between consumers according to differences in their rationality? The book is meant to serve as a textbook for graduate courses in microeconomic theory, industrial organization or behavioral economics.Less
This book synthesizes recent developments in the theory of Industrial Organization, incorporating aspects of consumer psychology that are absent from the standard model of rational choice. The book analyzes three classes of market models in which profit-maximizing firms interact with boundedly rational consumers, each capturing a different aspect of bounded consumer rationality: dynamically inconsistent preferences and biased beliefs regarding future preferences, limited ability to understand price complexity, and reference-dependent choice. These models address questions such as: Can we explain observed pricing, marketing and product differentiation strategies as equilibrium responses consumers' bounded rationality? Do market forces protect boundedly rational consumers from being exploited by firms? What is the role of market regulation and consumer protection policies in this regard? How do firms discriminate between consumers according to differences in their rationality? The book is meant to serve as a textbook for graduate courses in microeconomic theory, industrial organization or behavioral economics.
BOB HANCKÉ
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199252053
- eISBN:
- 9780191719097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252053.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter develops the key argument of the book and sets the stage for the four detailed empirical case studies of company and industry level adjustment that follow. If the French economy appears ...
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This chapter develops the key argument of the book and sets the stage for the four detailed empirical case studies of company and industry level adjustment that follow. If the French economy appears neither blocked in reform, nor excessively dependent on the state, the focus on state and market as adjustment mechanisms needs to be replaced by a different focus. The chapter examines the role that large firms have played in corporate governance, labour relations, and industrial organization.Less
This chapter develops the key argument of the book and sets the stage for the four detailed empirical case studies of company and industry level adjustment that follow. If the French economy appears neither blocked in reform, nor excessively dependent on the state, the focus on state and market as adjustment mechanisms needs to be replaced by a different focus. The chapter examines the role that large firms have played in corporate governance, labour relations, and industrial organization.
E. Philip Davis
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198233312
- eISBN:
- 9780191596124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198233310.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Chapters 5 and 6 identified a number of features common to most periods of financial instability in recent decades; these observations were felt to validate to some extent the various theories of ...
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Chapters 5 and 6 identified a number of features common to most periods of financial instability in recent decades; these observations were felt to validate to some extent the various theories of financial crisis that have been proposed in the literature. On the other hand, not one theory was able to explain financial instability; features of several had to be jointly present in order for a situation of financial instability to arise. This chapter explores the hypothesis that many of the factors underlying heightened systemic risk can be adequately subsumed in an industrial organization framework, with particular reference to the role of an intensification of competition among financial intermediaries following market developments that reduce entry barriers. The approach seeks both to encompass the mechanisms highlighted by existing theories of financial crisis, particularly those relating to uncertainty and imperfect information, and also to extend them by focusing on certain structural aspects that have hitherto been generally neglected by theorists, and which can be discerned in many, if not all, cases of financial instability. (In other words, it seeks to complement and not substitute for the analysis of Chs. 5 and 6.). It is suggested that the hypothesis could provide additional policy recommendations and also useful leading indicators of financial instability as well as fragility, both for regulators and for market participants themselves.Less
Chapters 5 and 6 identified a number of features common to most periods of financial instability in recent decades; these observations were felt to validate to some extent the various theories of financial crisis that have been proposed in the literature. On the other hand, not one theory was able to explain financial instability; features of several had to be jointly present in order for a situation of financial instability to arise. This chapter explores the hypothesis that many of the factors underlying heightened systemic risk can be adequately subsumed in an industrial organization framework, with particular reference to the role of an intensification of competition among financial intermediaries following market developments that reduce entry barriers. The approach seeks both to encompass the mechanisms highlighted by existing theories of financial crisis, particularly those relating to uncertainty and imperfect information, and also to extend them by focusing on certain structural aspects that have hitherto been generally neglected by theorists, and which can be discerned in many, if not all, cases of financial instability. (In other words, it seeks to complement and not substitute for the analysis of Chs. 5 and 6.). It is suggested that the hypothesis could provide additional policy recommendations and also useful leading indicators of financial instability as well as fragility, both for regulators and for market participants themselves.
Michael Best
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297451
- eISBN:
- 9780191595967
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297459.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
The New Competitive Advantage book presents a conceptual framework, the capabilities and innovation perspective, to address the organizational and technological sources of regional growth and ...
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The New Competitive Advantage book presents a conceptual framework, the capabilities and innovation perspective, to address the organizational and technological sources of regional growth and decline. The productivity and income level of any region is explained in terms of the implementation and diffusion of universal principles of production and organization amongst its business enterprises. High‐tech regions such as Silicon Valley and Route 128 in Massachusetts have raised performance standards in new product development and innovation by application of the principle of systems integration to product design, production, and business organization. Systems integration emerged in high‐tech regions in response to the product‐led competition emanating from Japan and East Asia in high volume, flexible mass production systems organized according to the principle of multi‐product flow. An older variant of systems integration can be found in middle‐tech (design‐intensive) industrial districts, particularly in European regions such as those in the ‘third Italy’In a region where systems integration predominates, industry is organized into networked groups or clusters of entrepreneurial firms in which design is decentralized within the enterprise and diffused across open‐system enterprise networks. Networked groups of specialist firms can demonstrate a regional capability to innovate and rapidly reinvent products. In the case of high‐tech regions, the regional innovation system is advanced by the integration of basic research, much of which is located in universities, with technological, developmental, and applied research, most of which is located in entrepreneurial firms. The result is the application of the principle of systems integration to both production and the organization of industry and the establishment of an ongoing technology management capability at the enterprise and regional levels.Whereas principles of production are universal, the protean character of technology marks each region with unique technological capabilities. Thus, a region's current generation of business enterprises is an expression of the region's unique technology genealogy, its international position on a ten‐scale production capability spectrum, and the underlying knowledge base in technology‐related disciplines, engineering curricula, and skills. Audits of technology, production capabilities and skills provide the raw material for designing policies to foster industrial transitions, technology diffusion, and productivity growth..Less
The New Competitive Advantage book presents a conceptual framework, the capabilities and innovation perspective, to address the organizational and technological sources of regional growth and decline. The productivity and income level of any region is explained in terms of the implementation and diffusion of universal principles of production and organization amongst its business enterprises. High‐tech regions such as Silicon Valley and Route 128 in Massachusetts have raised performance standards in new product development and innovation by application of the principle of systems integration to product design, production, and business organization. Systems integration emerged in high‐tech regions in response to the product‐led competition emanating from Japan and East Asia in high volume, flexible mass production systems organized according to the principle of multi‐product flow. An older variant of systems integration can be found in middle‐tech (design‐intensive) industrial districts, particularly in European regions such as those in the ‘third Italy’
In a region where systems integration predominates, industry is organized into networked groups or clusters of entrepreneurial firms in which design is decentralized within the enterprise and diffused across open‐system enterprise networks. Networked groups of specialist firms can demonstrate a regional capability to innovate and rapidly reinvent products. In the case of high‐tech regions, the regional innovation system is advanced by the integration of basic research, much of which is located in universities, with technological, developmental, and applied research, most of which is located in entrepreneurial firms. The result is the application of the principle of systems integration to both production and the organization of industry and the establishment of an ongoing technology management capability at the enterprise and regional levels.
Whereas principles of production are universal, the protean character of technology marks each region with unique technological capabilities. Thus, a region's current generation of business enterprises is an expression of the region's unique technology genealogy, its international position on a ten‐scale production capability spectrum, and the underlying knowledge base in technology‐related disciplines, engineering curricula, and skills. Audits of technology, production capabilities and skills provide the raw material for designing policies to foster industrial transitions, technology diffusion, and productivity growth..
Robert Kneller
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199268801
- eISBN:
- 9780191699283
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268801.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Innovation
The innovative strength of the world's two largest economies, the United States and Japan, are based on two different forms of industrial and social organization. For the United States, venture ...
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The innovative strength of the world's two largest economies, the United States and Japan, are based on two different forms of industrial and social organization. For the United States, venture companies play a key role in technical and economic progress, while in Japan they have only a minor role. This book argues that without vibrant new high technology companies, Japanese industry will decline inexorably. At the same time, if the favourable yet delicate environment in America is undermined, America will face collapse of its innovative and economic strength. Japan has done much to improve its environment for high technology ventures. It has some promising new high technology companies and gradually increasing numbers of entrepreneurial scientists and managers. But they continue to swim against the current. One reason is that large, established companies dominate high technology fields and pursue an autarkic innovation strategy-relying on research in-house or in affiliated companies. Another reason is that these same large companies still have preferential access to university discoveries, largely because of government policies. Thus, high technology ventures are deprived of niches in which to grow, skilled personnel, and their natural customer base. In the field of university-industry relations, steps can still be taken to improve the environment for high technology ventures-steps that would also increase the quality of university science. The American–Japanese innovation dichotomy represents a broader dichotomy between so-called liberal and coordinated market economies. The lessons from these two countries' experiences are applicable to many industrialized countries, and to developing countries shaping their innovation systems.Less
The innovative strength of the world's two largest economies, the United States and Japan, are based on two different forms of industrial and social organization. For the United States, venture companies play a key role in technical and economic progress, while in Japan they have only a minor role. This book argues that without vibrant new high technology companies, Japanese industry will decline inexorably. At the same time, if the favourable yet delicate environment in America is undermined, America will face collapse of its innovative and economic strength. Japan has done much to improve its environment for high technology ventures. It has some promising new high technology companies and gradually increasing numbers of entrepreneurial scientists and managers. But they continue to swim against the current. One reason is that large, established companies dominate high technology fields and pursue an autarkic innovation strategy-relying on research in-house or in affiliated companies. Another reason is that these same large companies still have preferential access to university discoveries, largely because of government policies. Thus, high technology ventures are deprived of niches in which to grow, skilled personnel, and their natural customer base. In the field of university-industry relations, steps can still be taken to improve the environment for high technology ventures-steps that would also increase the quality of university science. The American–Japanese innovation dichotomy represents a broader dichotomy between so-called liberal and coordinated market economies. The lessons from these two countries' experiences are applicable to many industrialized countries, and to developing countries shaping their innovation systems.
Mary McAuley
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198219828
- eISBN:
- 9780191678387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198219828.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Partly as a consequence of differing conceptions, partly for historic and institutional reasons, the attempt to create a socialist industry produced institutional rivals. This chapter begins by ...
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Partly as a consequence of differing conceptions, partly for historic and institutional reasons, the attempt to create a socialist industry produced institutional rivals. This chapter begins by describing the main actors, as they emerged in the early months after October. The two key contenders for the role of industrial administrators, at that time, were the unions and the factory committees. The latter had developed from within the union movement in 1917 but largely independent of it: they had their own Central Factory-Committee Council, housed in the same building as the Trade Union Council, but quite separate from it. Although both Councils had Bolshevik majorities by the autumn, they did not share a common strategy on the organization of industry.Less
Partly as a consequence of differing conceptions, partly for historic and institutional reasons, the attempt to create a socialist industry produced institutional rivals. This chapter begins by describing the main actors, as they emerged in the early months after October. The two key contenders for the role of industrial administrators, at that time, were the unions and the factory committees. The latter had developed from within the union movement in 1917 but largely independent of it: they had their own Central Factory-Committee Council, housed in the same building as the Trade Union Council, but quite separate from it. Although both Councils had Bolshevik majorities by the autumn, they did not share a common strategy on the organization of industry.
Tatsuya Kikutani, Hideshi Itoh, and Osamu Hayashida
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199284511
- eISBN:
- 9780191713705
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284511.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines the restructuring of Japanese business groups during the 1990s. Using the Basic Survey of Business Structure and Activity, the chapter analyses the business portfolio of ...
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This chapter examines the restructuring of Japanese business groups during the 1990s. Using the Basic Survey of Business Structure and Activity, the chapter analyses the business portfolio of Japanese firms from the perspective of the group structure of parent and affiliate. While previous studies have examined the net shift in diversification or specialization of business, the chapter also adopts an original approach by looking at the actual flow of entry and exit from business segments. The analysis demonstrates that Japanese business groups engaged in a high level of restructuring during the 1990s, and a growing preference to separate businesses into subsidiaries and affiliated firms rather than managing them in house. Although Japanese firms have no trend toward greater diversification or greater focus on aggregate, entry and exit are important complementary strategies that improve firms.Less
This chapter examines the restructuring of Japanese business groups during the 1990s. Using the Basic Survey of Business Structure and Activity, the chapter analyses the business portfolio of Japanese firms from the perspective of the group structure of parent and affiliate. While previous studies have examined the net shift in diversification or specialization of business, the chapter also adopts an original approach by looking at the actual flow of entry and exit from business segments. The analysis demonstrates that Japanese business groups engaged in a high level of restructuring during the 1990s, and a growing preference to separate businesses into subsidiaries and affiliated firms rather than managing them in house. Although Japanese firms have no trend toward greater diversification or greater focus on aggregate, entry and exit are important complementary strategies that improve firms.
Jean‐François Hennart
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241828
- eISBN:
- 9780191596834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241821.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
A critical survey is presented of some of the theories that have been used to explain why multinational enterprises (MNEs) exist, with special emphasis on the transaction costs/internalization ...
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A critical survey is presented of some of the theories that have been used to explain why multinational enterprises (MNEs) exist, with special emphasis on the transaction costs/internalization approach. The first part of the chapter discusses early capital flow and industrial organization theories in the evolution of the MNE. The second part focuses on transaction costs/internalization theories, which are now dominant theories of the MNE.Less
A critical survey is presented of some of the theories that have been used to explain why multinational enterprises (MNEs) exist, with special emphasis on the transaction costs/internalization approach. The first part of the chapter discusses early capital flow and industrial organization theories in the evolution of the MNE. The second part focuses on transaction costs/internalization theories, which are now dominant theories of the MNE.
Jennifer Bair and Matthew C. Mahutga
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694761
- eISBN:
- 9780191741289
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694761.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter provides a new perspective on a longstanding debate concerning the development of contemporary capitalism: does globalization erode the influence of territorial institutions on economic ...
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This chapter provides a new perspective on a longstanding debate concerning the development of contemporary capitalism: does globalization erode the influence of territorial institutions on economic organization? While the theory of institutional comparative advantage and the varieties of capitalism (VoC) approach more generally maintain that globalization is compatible with persistent institutional diversity, the global commodity/value chain (GCC/GVC) approach holds that the organization of production increasingly reflects governance logics that are industry specific and global in scope. In order to empirically evaluate these contending claims, This chapter first derives two sets of divergent hypotheses regarding the degree to which a particular dimension of economic organization — spatial fragmentation — varies by either institutional or industry type, and then conducts a longitudinal statistical analysis in which thi chapter compares rates of spatial fragmentation (measured as the ratio of imports to domestic value-added) across industries and varieties of capitalism. The results provide strong (but imperfect) evidence in support of the GCC/GVC approach insofar as relative rates of spatial fragmentation vary across industries in a manner consistent with industry-specific global governance models, while the observed variation between institutional types is not significantly larger than that within them. The chapter interprets these findings as evidence for the claim that, across different institutional contexts, firms in the manufacturing sector are participating in coordinated trade networks of the sort described in the global commodity/value chains literature. The conclusion charts a parallel path forward in calling for future research that draws on both the VoC and GCC/GVC approaches to understand how spatial fragmentation is occurring, especially at the level of inter-firm relations in particular institutional contexts.Less
This chapter provides a new perspective on a longstanding debate concerning the development of contemporary capitalism: does globalization erode the influence of territorial institutions on economic organization? While the theory of institutional comparative advantage and the varieties of capitalism (VoC) approach more generally maintain that globalization is compatible with persistent institutional diversity, the global commodity/value chain (GCC/GVC) approach holds that the organization of production increasingly reflects governance logics that are industry specific and global in scope. In order to empirically evaluate these contending claims, This chapter first derives two sets of divergent hypotheses regarding the degree to which a particular dimension of economic organization — spatial fragmentation — varies by either institutional or industry type, and then conducts a longitudinal statistical analysis in which thi chapter compares rates of spatial fragmentation (measured as the ratio of imports to domestic value-added) across industries and varieties of capitalism. The results provide strong (but imperfect) evidence in support of the GCC/GVC approach insofar as relative rates of spatial fragmentation vary across industries in a manner consistent with industry-specific global governance models, while the observed variation between institutional types is not significantly larger than that within them. The chapter interprets these findings as evidence for the claim that, across different institutional contexts, firms in the manufacturing sector are participating in coordinated trade networks of the sort described in the global commodity/value chains literature. The conclusion charts a parallel path forward in calling for future research that draws on both the VoC and GCC/GVC approaches to understand how spatial fragmentation is occurring, especially at the level of inter-firm relations in particular institutional contexts.
SIDNEY POLLARD
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206385
- eISBN:
- 9780191677106
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206385.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This chapter deals with several other examples of advanced activity in marginal areas. These include mountain areas as well as forests and regions of marshes and fens. The discussion describes more ...
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This chapter deals with several other examples of advanced activity in marginal areas. These include mountain areas as well as forests and regions of marshes and fens. The discussion describes more specific, more limited concentrations of advanced industrial, mining, or similar activities in marginal areas. These help to illustrate the peculiar role played by those areas in European economic history. There were essentially two types of industry in these areas. One of these depended for its location in marginal areas on the availability of the minerals themselves, of wood fuel and water power, as well as, in the later stages, coal. It consisted of metal mining and smelting, salt mining, glass making, and the early stages of metal manufacture. The second group is made up of the manufacture of textiles, of toys and other wooden goods, and of composite articles such as musical instruments, clocks, and watches.Less
This chapter deals with several other examples of advanced activity in marginal areas. These include mountain areas as well as forests and regions of marshes and fens. The discussion describes more specific, more limited concentrations of advanced industrial, mining, or similar activities in marginal areas. These help to illustrate the peculiar role played by those areas in European economic history. There were essentially two types of industry in these areas. One of these depended for its location in marginal areas on the availability of the minerals themselves, of wood fuel and water power, as well as, in the later stages, coal. It consisted of metal mining and smelting, salt mining, glass making, and the early stages of metal manufacture. The second group is made up of the manufacture of textiles, of toys and other wooden goods, and of composite articles such as musical instruments, clocks, and watches.
Karl-Hermann Fischer and Christian Pfeil
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199253166
- eISBN:
- 9780191601651
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253161.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Offers an in-depth discussion of regulatory and competitive issues in German banking. Emphasising that regulation, market structure, and competitive conduct are deeply interrelated the authors look ...
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Offers an in-depth discussion of regulatory and competitive issues in German banking. Emphasising that regulation, market structure, and competitive conduct are deeply interrelated the authors look at bank regulation from an Industrial Organisation perspective. Special consideration is given to the three-pillar structure of German banking comprising private, public, and co-operative banking institutions as well as to the driving forces that shaped bank regulation and supervision from its beginning in 1931. To assess market structure and competition in Germany’s banking market, the available empirical evidence is carefully discussed. A concluding section points to the challenges stemming from the decision to phase out state-guarantees for public banks.Less
Offers an in-depth discussion of regulatory and competitive issues in German banking. Emphasising that regulation, market structure, and competitive conduct are deeply interrelated the authors look at bank regulation from an Industrial Organisation perspective. Special consideration is given to the three-pillar structure of German banking comprising private, public, and co-operative banking institutions as well as to the driving forces that shaped bank regulation and supervision from its beginning in 1931. To assess market structure and competition in Germany’s banking market, the available empirical evidence is carefully discussed. A concluding section points to the challenges stemming from the decision to phase out state-guarantees for public banks.
Hendrik S. Houthakker and Peter J. Williamson
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195044072
- eISBN:
- 9780199832958
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019504407X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
In Ch. 5, it was stated that security analysis is consistent with market efficiency because it interprets the news that reaches the market from firms and other sources. This chapter discusses in more ...
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In Ch. 5, it was stated that security analysis is consistent with market efficiency because it interprets the news that reaches the market from firms and other sources. This chapter discusses in more detail how this interpretation is accomplished, drawing mostly on three sources: the economics of industrial organization, data on industry growth, and accounting; most of the examples are from the USA. It begins by examining the implications of market efficiency for the possible returns to be gained from security analysis, and explaining how to analyze the intrinsic value of a corporate equity by taking into account the responsiveness of the company's performance to economic growth, the structure of its industry, and its sources of competitive advantage. It also explains the insights to be gained by proper analysis of a company's financial statements. Finally, it assesses the uses and pitfalls of various shortcuts to security valuation, including the uses of price earnings ratios and Tobin's q ratio.Less
In Ch. 5, it was stated that security analysis is consistent with market efficiency because it interprets the news that reaches the market from firms and other sources. This chapter discusses in more detail how this interpretation is accomplished, drawing mostly on three sources: the economics of industrial organization, data on industry growth, and accounting; most of the examples are from the USA. It begins by examining the implications of market efficiency for the possible returns to be gained from security analysis, and explaining how to analyze the intrinsic value of a corporate equity by taking into account the responsiveness of the company's performance to economic growth, the structure of its industry, and its sources of competitive advantage. It also explains the insights to be gained by proper analysis of a company's financial statements. Finally, it assesses the uses and pitfalls of various shortcuts to security valuation, including the uses of price earnings ratios and Tobin's q ratio.
