Russell J. Dalton
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294719
- eISBN:
- 9780191599361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294719.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
Political events and democratization have created emerging questions for the analysis of comparative politics. This provides opportunities to test the role of political culture, voting preferences, ...
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Political events and democratization have created emerging questions for the analysis of comparative politics. This provides opportunities to test the role of political culture, voting preferences, and the link between political norms and behaviour prior to stable democracies in equilibrium, on which formerly research has focused. Major advances in comparative political behaviour reflect the individualization of electoral behaviour in value change and modernization, and the contribution of political culture due to patterns of democratization.Less
Political events and democratization have created emerging questions for the analysis of comparative politics. This provides opportunities to test the role of political culture, voting preferences, and the link between political norms and behaviour prior to stable democracies in equilibrium, on which formerly research has focused. Major advances in comparative political behaviour reflect the individualization of electoral behaviour in value change and modernization, and the contribution of political culture due to patterns of democratization.
Alex Stein
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198257363
- eISBN:
- 9780191711039
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198257363.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This book examines systematically the underlying theory of evidence in Anglo-American legal systems and identifies the defining characteristics of adjudicative fact-finding. The book develops an ...
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This book examines systematically the underlying theory of evidence in Anglo-American legal systems and identifies the defining characteristics of adjudicative fact-finding. The book develops an innovative theory which sets aside the traditional vision of evidence law as facilitating the discovery of the truth. Combining probability theory, epistemology, economic analysis, and moral philosophy it argues instead that the fundamental purpose of evidence law is to apportion the risk of error in conditions of uncertainty. The book begins by identifying the domain of evidence law. It then describes the basic traits of adjudicative fact-finding and explores the epistemological foundations of the concept. This discussion identifies the problem of probabilistic deduction that accompanies generalizations to which fact-finders resort. The book advances the principle of maximal individualization that does not allow fact-finders to make a finding against a person when the evidence they use is not susceptible to individualized testing. This analysis identifies allocation of the risk of error as requiring regulation by evidence law. Advocating a principled allocation of the risk of error, the book denounces free proof for allowing individual judges to apportion this risk as they deem fit. The book then develops three fundamental principles for allocating the risk of error: the cost-efficiency principle which applies across the board; the equality principle which applies in civil litigation; and the equal best principle which applies in criminal trials. Regulating both the admissibility of evidence and its sufficiency, these principles explain and justify many existing evidentiary rules.Less
This book examines systematically the underlying theory of evidence in Anglo-American legal systems and identifies the defining characteristics of adjudicative fact-finding. The book develops an innovative theory which sets aside the traditional vision of evidence law as facilitating the discovery of the truth. Combining probability theory, epistemology, economic analysis, and moral philosophy it argues instead that the fundamental purpose of evidence law is to apportion the risk of error in conditions of uncertainty. The book begins by identifying the domain of evidence law. It then describes the basic traits of adjudicative fact-finding and explores the epistemological foundations of the concept. This discussion identifies the problem of probabilistic deduction that accompanies generalizations to which fact-finders resort. The book advances the principle of maximal individualization that does not allow fact-finders to make a finding against a person when the evidence they use is not susceptible to individualized testing. This analysis identifies allocation of the risk of error as requiring regulation by evidence law. Advocating a principled allocation of the risk of error, the book denounces free proof for allowing individual judges to apportion this risk as they deem fit. The book then develops three fundamental principles for allocating the risk of error: the cost-efficiency principle which applies across the board; the equality principle which applies in civil litigation; and the equal best principle which applies in criminal trials. Regulating both the admissibility of evidence and its sufficiency, these principles explain and justify many existing evidentiary rules.
Theo Van Leeuwen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195323306
- eISBN:
- 9780199869251
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323306.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter presents a framework for analyzing how the participants of social practices can be, and are, represented in English discourse. It outlines and exemplifies the social and critical import ...
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This chapter presents a framework for analyzing how the participants of social practices can be, and are, represented in English discourse. It outlines and exemplifies the social and critical import of the categories of this framework and details the realization of each category. After discussing the discursive exclusion of social actors and the role social actors can play in discourse, the representation of social actors as groups (assimilation) and as individuals (individualization), the ways in which actors can be categorized (e.g. functionalization, categorization, relational identity) and the metonyms and abstractions that can conceal human agency behind institutions (institutionalization) or behind the means of action (instrumentalization) is addressed. A newspaper article about immigration is analyzed to bring out the potential of the methodology for critical discourse analysis.Less
This chapter presents a framework for analyzing how the participants of social practices can be, and are, represented in English discourse. It outlines and exemplifies the social and critical import of the categories of this framework and details the realization of each category. After discussing the discursive exclusion of social actors and the role social actors can play in discourse, the representation of social actors as groups (assimilation) and as individuals (individualization), the ways in which actors can be categorized (e.g. functionalization, categorization, relational identity) and the metonyms and abstractions that can conceal human agency behind institutions (institutionalization) or behind the means of action (instrumentalization) is addressed. A newspaper article about immigration is analyzed to bring out the potential of the methodology for critical discourse analysis.
Theo Van Leeuwen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195323306
- eISBN:
- 9780199869251
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323306.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter adapts the framework for analyzing the representation of social actors (cf. chapter 2) to the domain of visual communication. After discussing the critical import of analyzing ...
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This chapter adapts the framework for analyzing the representation of social actors (cf. chapter 2) to the domain of visual communication. After discussing the critical import of analyzing orientational dimensions of visual imagery such as the gaze, social distance, and angle, the chapter discusses the exclusion of social actors from visual discourses, the way images can allocate roles to social actors, the way images can represent social actors specifically or generically, and as individuals (individualization) or groups (assimilation), and the ways in which images can categorize social actors (biological and cultural categorization). To bring out its potential for critical discourse analysis, the framework is used in an analysis of white representations of blacks.Less
This chapter adapts the framework for analyzing the representation of social actors (cf. chapter 2) to the domain of visual communication. After discussing the critical import of analyzing orientational dimensions of visual imagery such as the gaze, social distance, and angle, the chapter discusses the exclusion of social actors from visual discourses, the way images can allocate roles to social actors, the way images can represent social actors specifically or generically, and as individuals (individualization) or groups (assimilation), and the ways in which images can categorize social actors (biological and cultural categorization). To bring out its potential for critical discourse analysis, the framework is used in an analysis of white representations of blacks.
David Erdos
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557769
- eISBN:
- 9780191594380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557769.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The first part of this chapter explores in detail the Postmaterialist Trigger Thesis (PTT) explanation of bill of rights genesis in internally stable, advanced democracies. It argues that, as a ...
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The first part of this chapter explores in detail the Postmaterialist Trigger Thesis (PTT) explanation of bill of rights genesis in internally stable, advanced democracies. It argues that, as a result of postmaterialist socio‐economic change, background pressure for a bill of rights has increased. Nevertheless, by enhancing judicial power, the bill of rights genesis continues to conflict with the prima facie positional interests of the political elite. Therefore, the supply of a bill of rights also requires a contingent political trigger which provides actors with an immediate rationale for change. Two such triggers – the ‘aversive’ and the ‘threat to political stability’ – are outlined. The second part of the chapter explores existing theories in the literature which relate to, but may also conflict with, the PTT. Specific theories discussed include, in relation to the background pressure aspect of the PTT, constructivist theory, institutionalist theory, transnational diffusion theory, and the Knowledge Class Thesis, and, in relation to the contingent trigger or supply‐side aspects, neo‐marxist theory, Political Insurance Thesis, and the Hegemonic Preservation Thesis.Less
The first part of this chapter explores in detail the Postmaterialist Trigger Thesis (PTT) explanation of bill of rights genesis in internally stable, advanced democracies. It argues that, as a result of postmaterialist socio‐economic change, background pressure for a bill of rights has increased. Nevertheless, by enhancing judicial power, the bill of rights genesis continues to conflict with the prima facie positional interests of the political elite. Therefore, the supply of a bill of rights also requires a contingent political trigger which provides actors with an immediate rationale for change. Two such triggers – the ‘aversive’ and the ‘threat to political stability’ – are outlined. The second part of the chapter explores existing theories in the literature which relate to, but may also conflict with, the PTT. Specific theories discussed include, in relation to the background pressure aspect of the PTT, constructivist theory, institutionalist theory, transnational diffusion theory, and the Knowledge Class Thesis, and, in relation to the contingent trigger or supply‐side aspects, neo‐marxist theory, Political Insurance Thesis, and the Hegemonic Preservation Thesis.
John M. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297412
- eISBN:
- 9780191711176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297412.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter brings together and extends various observations on the functions of names and their relation to other categories. Names as arguments are definite and serve independently to establish ...
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This chapter brings together and extends various observations on the functions of names and their relation to other categories. Names as arguments are definite and serve independently to establish the identity of a referent; this capacity they share with deictics. Names also occur in nominations or naming expressions, where they are not definite, and in vocatives, where they are again not obviously definite but confer a label on the addressee. The distinctions between names and pronouns are discussed, as well as the similarities and differences between names and generic expressions. Names emerge as functionally and distributionally distinct from all of these. The relationship between these various categories is conceptualized as what is termed a ‘cycle of individualization’, in which names are basic.Less
This chapter brings together and extends various observations on the functions of names and their relation to other categories. Names as arguments are definite and serve independently to establish the identity of a referent; this capacity they share with deictics. Names also occur in nominations or naming expressions, where they are not definite, and in vocatives, where they are again not obviously definite but confer a label on the addressee. The distinctions between names and pronouns are discussed, as well as the similarities and differences between names and generic expressions. Names emerge as functionally and distributionally distinct from all of these. The relationship between these various categories is conceptualized as what is termed a ‘cycle of individualization’, in which names are basic.
Nils Brunsson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199256952
- eISBN:
- 9780191716508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256952.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter compares standardization with three other basic social forms that are similar in their effect: formal organizations, markets, and normative communities. Similarities and differences ...
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This chapter compares standardization with three other basic social forms that are similar in their effect: formal organizations, markets, and normative communities. Similarities and differences between these social forms are analyzed, and the way they relate to and influence each other in society. The chapter argues that the present development towards increasing individualization and globalization tends to support standardization as a social form and to add to its importance. Some examples of mixed forms, to be found in practice, are given. The chapter also discusses the competition aspect and argues that the absence of one form opens the way for another. Thus, the extent and range of standardization partly depend on the prevalence and strength of the other institutions. The chapter also claims that standards and standardization are favored by two major contemporary trends, individualization and globalization.Less
This chapter compares standardization with three other basic social forms that are similar in their effect: formal organizations, markets, and normative communities. Similarities and differences between these social forms are analyzed, and the way they relate to and influence each other in society. The chapter argues that the present development towards increasing individualization and globalization tends to support standardization as a social form and to add to its importance. Some examples of mixed forms, to be found in practice, are given. The chapter also discusses the competition aspect and argues that the absence of one form opens the way for another. Thus, the extent and range of standardization partly depend on the prevalence and strength of the other institutions. The chapter also claims that standards and standardization are favored by two major contemporary trends, individualization and globalization.
Andrew Martin
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198157984
- eISBN:
- 9780191673252
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198157984.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This chapter studies Verne's Tribulations of a Chinaman in China. In this novel, Verne appears to be obliquely exploring some of the pleasures and perils of his own vacation. The mirror-image of ...
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This chapter studies Verne's Tribulations of a Chinaman in China. In this novel, Verne appears to be obliquely exploring some of the pleasures and perils of his own vacation. The mirror-image of Tribulations, Michel Strogoff, similarly tracing the adventures of a text, depends on the delivery of a letter to save a life and preserve the Empire. Tribulations is an archetypal work in the Vernian canon. It plots the passage of an isolated being through a network of interchanges to fusion in marriage with another individual. These extreme conditions of individualisation and integration both seem to be intolerable in Verne's system. The text at the centre of Tribulations is effectively a suicide note; but in Verne, the art of letters, and writing in general, is always potentially suicidal.Less
This chapter studies Verne's Tribulations of a Chinaman in China. In this novel, Verne appears to be obliquely exploring some of the pleasures and perils of his own vacation. The mirror-image of Tribulations, Michel Strogoff, similarly tracing the adventures of a text, depends on the delivery of a letter to save a life and preserve the Empire. Tribulations is an archetypal work in the Vernian canon. It plots the passage of an isolated being through a network of interchanges to fusion in marriage with another individual. These extreme conditions of individualisation and integration both seem to be intolerable in Verne's system. The text at the centre of Tribulations is effectively a suicide note; but in Verne, the art of letters, and writing in general, is always potentially suicidal.
Mark Freedland, Paul Craig, Catherine Jacqueson, and Nicola Kountouris
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199233489
- eISBN:
- 9780191716324
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233489.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Employment Law
This chapter argues that the State is no longer seen as a provider of employment, but rather as a provider of ‘employability’ directly focusing on the unemployed (rather than on the labour market or ...
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This chapter argues that the State is no longer seen as a provider of employment, but rather as a provider of ‘employability’ directly focusing on the unemployed (rather than on the labour market or the economy). One can observe a series of emerging trends in the delivery of ‘employability’ measures, and in particular the growing individualization, personalization, and contractualization of these employability ‘services’. These trends raise a number of problematic points (Are these real contracts? Are they illiberal contracts or unequal contracts? What should be the limits to administrative discretion in this sensitive area? What is the nature of the multilateral contracts including private contractors?), which are addressed in separate points.Less
This chapter argues that the State is no longer seen as a provider of employment, but rather as a provider of ‘employability’ directly focusing on the unemployed (rather than on the labour market or the economy). One can observe a series of emerging trends in the delivery of ‘employability’ measures, and in particular the growing individualization, personalization, and contractualization of these employability ‘services’. These trends raise a number of problematic points (Are these real contracts? Are they illiberal contracts or unequal contracts? What should be the limits to administrative discretion in this sensitive area? What is the nature of the multilateral contracts including private contractors?), which are addressed in separate points.
John D. Brewer, Gareth I. Higgins, and Francis Teeney
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694020
- eISBN:
- 9780191730825
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694020.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Church History
This chapter exposes the weakness of the churches in their approach to peacemaking. The authors illuminate the fractures within the churches, with many clerics disagreeing on how to bring about ...
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This chapter exposes the weakness of the churches in their approach to peacemaking. The authors illuminate the fractures within the churches, with many clerics disagreeing on how to bring about peace. Frustration with official policy led some to go it alone in secret. Criticism is made of the institutional church, in the form of church hierarchies and leadership, which were slow to react, minimalist in their efforts and ready to deny involvement. Religious peacebuilding was left to individual churchmen and women, independents and mavericks. This approach is called individualization, allowing the churches as institutions to remain unchallenged by the sectarian conflict. The authors go to great lengths to demonstrate that what churches really wanted was conflict transformation rather than social transformation, negative rather than positive peace, in order to be able to reproduce themselves as collective religions.Less
This chapter exposes the weakness of the churches in their approach to peacemaking. The authors illuminate the fractures within the churches, with many clerics disagreeing on how to bring about peace. Frustration with official policy led some to go it alone in secret. Criticism is made of the institutional church, in the form of church hierarchies and leadership, which were slow to react, minimalist in their efforts and ready to deny involvement. Religious peacebuilding was left to individual churchmen and women, independents and mavericks. This approach is called individualization, allowing the churches as institutions to remain unchallenged by the sectarian conflict. The authors go to great lengths to demonstrate that what churches really wanted was conflict transformation rather than social transformation, negative rather than positive peace, in order to be able to reproduce themselves as collective religions.
John D. Brewer, Gareth I. Higgins, and Francis Teeney
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694020
- eISBN:
- 9780191730825
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694020.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Church History
The Conclusion summarizes the major arguments, both with respect to the conceptual framework for the comparative analysis of religious peacebuilding and the Northern Irish case study. It offers a ...
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The Conclusion summarizes the major arguments, both with respect to the conceptual framework for the comparative analysis of religious peacebuilding and the Northern Irish case study. It offers a critique of current interpretations of the role of religion in the Northern Irish peace process and of the field of religious peacebuilding more generally, making an argument for the utility of the ideas advanced in the book. It makes three provocative and controversial conclusions: that ecumenism failed Northern Ireland, and that, despite its lauding in the international literature, it was exclusive and conservative, the real religious driver of change being the conversion of liberal evangelicals to the peace process; that civil society contributions to democratic transitions can be romanticized and overlook its regressive elements; and that the notion of spiritual capital has limits in societies where religion is wrapped up in the conflict.Less
The Conclusion summarizes the major arguments, both with respect to the conceptual framework for the comparative analysis of religious peacebuilding and the Northern Irish case study. It offers a critique of current interpretations of the role of religion in the Northern Irish peace process and of the field of religious peacebuilding more generally, making an argument for the utility of the ideas advanced in the book. It makes three provocative and controversial conclusions: that ecumenism failed Northern Ireland, and that, despite its lauding in the international literature, it was exclusive and conservative, the real religious driver of change being the conversion of liberal evangelicals to the peace process; that civil society contributions to democratic transitions can be romanticized and overlook its regressive elements; and that the notion of spiritual capital has limits in societies where religion is wrapped up in the conflict.
Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Leo B. Hendry, Marion Kloep, and Jennifer L. Tanner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199757176
- eISBN:
- 9780199863389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199757176.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
The first chapter provides some background and some information on the two contending approaches debated in the book. Demographic and economic changes influencing the lives of young people in recent ...
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The first chapter provides some background and some information on the two contending approaches debated in the book. Demographic and economic changes influencing the lives of young people in recent decades are noted. The limitations of 20th-century stage theories are described (e.g., Erikson, Havighurst). Then the two theoretical approaches of this book are presented. Arnett’s and Tanner’s approach presents emerging adulthood as a new life stage, distinct from the adolescence that precedes it or the young adulthood that follows, but also emphasizes that there are many paths through emerging adulthood depending on culture, social class, ethnicity, and gender. In contrast, Kloep and Hendry argue against stage theories generally and emerging adulthood in particular, favoring instead an understanding of development that focuses on processes.Less
The first chapter provides some background and some information on the two contending approaches debated in the book. Demographic and economic changes influencing the lives of young people in recent decades are noted. The limitations of 20th-century stage theories are described (e.g., Erikson, Havighurst). Then the two theoretical approaches of this book are presented. Arnett’s and Tanner’s approach presents emerging adulthood as a new life stage, distinct from the adolescence that precedes it or the young adulthood that follows, but also emphasizes that there are many paths through emerging adulthood depending on culture, social class, ethnicity, and gender. In contrast, Kloep and Hendry argue against stage theories generally and emerging adulthood in particular, favoring instead an understanding of development that focuses on processes.
Peter Cave
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226367729
- eISBN:
- 9780226368054
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226368054.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Early Childhood and Elementary Education
This book is an ethnography of lower secondary education in contemporary Japan, exploring the competing demands of autonomy, group socialization, and control in junior high school. It is based on ...
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This book is an ethnography of lower secondary education in contemporary Japan, exploring the competing demands of autonomy, group socialization, and control in junior high school. It is based on fieldwork in schools conducted over more than a dozen years between 1994 and 2007. The book analyzes the implementation of major curricular reforms intended to develop more creative, self-motivated individuals, and shows how schools transformed the reforms to focus them on longstanding concerns about children’s social, emotional, and moral development. The reforms are situated within policy and media debates, and within the socioeconomic context of turn-of-the-century Japan. It is argued that the reforms failed to win the support of teachers because of the considerable new demands they made, which conflicted with existing institutionalized demands on schools, and with teachers’ established beliefs about the primary purposes of lower secondary education. Moreover, there was not enough development of teachers’ capacity to deliver the kind of programs envisaged by the reforms. The book also explores how a range of school structures and practices enabled the maintenance of control, socialization, and the development of limited individual autonomy. Many recent studies have argued that contemporary Japan is undergoing processes of individualization. However, this book shows that such processes can be restrained in some contexts by institutionalized beliefs and practices. It also contrasts individualization and autonomy, and argues that there is potential for individual autonomy to be developed further in Japan through the exploitation of indigenous understandings of mutually supportive social groups.Less
This book is an ethnography of lower secondary education in contemporary Japan, exploring the competing demands of autonomy, group socialization, and control in junior high school. It is based on fieldwork in schools conducted over more than a dozen years between 1994 and 2007. The book analyzes the implementation of major curricular reforms intended to develop more creative, self-motivated individuals, and shows how schools transformed the reforms to focus them on longstanding concerns about children’s social, emotional, and moral development. The reforms are situated within policy and media debates, and within the socioeconomic context of turn-of-the-century Japan. It is argued that the reforms failed to win the support of teachers because of the considerable new demands they made, which conflicted with existing institutionalized demands on schools, and with teachers’ established beliefs about the primary purposes of lower secondary education. Moreover, there was not enough development of teachers’ capacity to deliver the kind of programs envisaged by the reforms. The book also explores how a range of school structures and practices enabled the maintenance of control, socialization, and the development of limited individual autonomy. Many recent studies have argued that contemporary Japan is undergoing processes of individualization. However, this book shows that such processes can be restrained in some contexts by institutionalized beliefs and practices. It also contrasts individualization and autonomy, and argues that there is potential for individual autonomy to be developed further in Japan through the exploitation of indigenous understandings of mutually supportive social groups.
Bob Heyman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198569008
- eISBN:
- 9780191717499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569008.003.02
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter locates the starting point for risk-thinking in the categorization of diverse cases as examples of a single uniform entity. This interpretive process involves the simultaneous ...
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This chapter locates the starting point for risk-thinking in the categorization of diverse cases as examples of a single uniform entity. This interpretive process involves the simultaneous homogenization of variability within a risk category and differentiation of cases from potentially similar non-cases. For a risk category to become an object of organized management concern, its reality must be consolidated, i.e. become socially recognized and taken for granted. This chapter outlines processes which contribute to risk consolidation, including, among others: the linkage of an adverse outcome category with selected risk factors; focus on the minority who will experience an adverse outcome rather than the majority who will not; threshold setting for the presence of a risk to be recognized as real; entrenchment in service provision and commercial interests; the accumulation of associated risk imagery; and moralization within a wider societal framework of rights and obligations.Less
This chapter locates the starting point for risk-thinking in the categorization of diverse cases as examples of a single uniform entity. This interpretive process involves the simultaneous homogenization of variability within a risk category and differentiation of cases from potentially similar non-cases. For a risk category to become an object of organized management concern, its reality must be consolidated, i.e. become socially recognized and taken for granted. This chapter outlines processes which contribute to risk consolidation, including, among others: the linkage of an adverse outcome category with selected risk factors; focus on the minority who will experience an adverse outcome rather than the majority who will not; threshold setting for the presence of a risk to be recognized as real; entrenchment in service provision and commercial interests; the accumulation of associated risk imagery; and moralization within a wider societal framework of rights and obligations.
Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, Margaret Lock, Mamphela Ramphele, and Pamela Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520223295
- eISBN:
- 9780520924857
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520223295.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
This chapter discusses a form of social suffering that clearly resists its individualization. It first examines the social production of marginality among the Kui, which was an indigenous people ...
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This chapter discusses a form of social suffering that clearly resists its individualization. It first examines the social production of marginality among the Kui, which was an indigenous people living at the borderland of the ancient kingdom of Siam. It relates how Kui marginal identities have been created in historical discourse by studying the representations of the Kui in official Siamese historiography. It also discusses how the marginality of the Kui has been re-created and achieved in modern politics. The chapter also tries to reveal the form and nature of the power exercised by the dominant sector.Less
This chapter discusses a form of social suffering that clearly resists its individualization. It first examines the social production of marginality among the Kui, which was an indigenous people living at the borderland of the ancient kingdom of Siam. It relates how Kui marginal identities have been created in historical discourse by studying the representations of the Kui in official Siamese historiography. It also discusses how the marginality of the Kui has been re-created and achieved in modern politics. The chapter also tries to reveal the form and nature of the power exercised by the dominant sector.
Gianfranco Piggo
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198780878
- eISBN:
- 9780191695391
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198780878.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter explains how Durkheim constructed and justified his life's project: the development of a new, scientifically grounded understanding of social reality. It considers his published book, ...
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This chapter explains how Durkheim constructed and justified his life's project: the development of a new, scientifically grounded understanding of social reality. It considers his published book, Les Regles de la Method Sociologique, to draw a sharp line between social science and other methods of discourse concerning social affairs. The book reflects that philosophical discourse about social affairs is arbitrary and undisciplined by a systematic reference. On the other hand, the first commitment of science is to ascertain facts. Durkheim then formulated the principle that social facts should be considered as things. The chapter then moves onto the role of sanctions, observation, and speculation in social discourse. The final sections try to explain the emergence argument, the differences between psychology and social science, and individualization as a process.Less
This chapter explains how Durkheim constructed and justified his life's project: the development of a new, scientifically grounded understanding of social reality. It considers his published book, Les Regles de la Method Sociologique, to draw a sharp line between social science and other methods of discourse concerning social affairs. The book reflects that philosophical discourse about social affairs is arbitrary and undisciplined by a systematic reference. On the other hand, the first commitment of science is to ascertain facts. Durkheim then formulated the principle that social facts should be considered as things. The chapter then moves onto the role of sanctions, observation, and speculation in social discourse. The final sections try to explain the emergence argument, the differences between psychology and social science, and individualization as a process.
Michael Rush
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719091896
- eISBN:
- 9781781708347
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091896.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Between ‘two worlds’ of father politics represents the USA and Sweden as two ends on an international continuum in ways of thinking about fatherhood. The ‘two worlds’ model locates the decline of ...
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Between ‘two worlds’ of father politics represents the USA and Sweden as two ends on an international continuum in ways of thinking about fatherhood. The ‘two worlds’ model locates the decline of patriarchal male-breadwinning fatherhood as a core concern of comparative welfare state and gender studies. It offers historical accounts of the development of ‘father-friendly’ parental leave policies in Sweden and child support enforcement policies in the USA. The book brings together, major debates from child development psychology, ethology, sociology, gender studies and comparative social policy. In this way, the book synthesizes a wide breadth of comparative and inter-disciplinary analysis into a new typology or model for interpreting welfare regime approaches to contemporary fatherhood. It provides comparative analysis for students, scholars and social policy makers in the United States and Nordic countries, the UK, Ireland, Japan, China and the European Union. Overall, the book locates concepts of fatherhood, the decline of patriarchy, shared parenting and the de-commodification of parents as critical to ongoing debates about individualisation, internationalisation and the dawn of post-patriarchal welfare arrangements for the 21st century.Less
Between ‘two worlds’ of father politics represents the USA and Sweden as two ends on an international continuum in ways of thinking about fatherhood. The ‘two worlds’ model locates the decline of patriarchal male-breadwinning fatherhood as a core concern of comparative welfare state and gender studies. It offers historical accounts of the development of ‘father-friendly’ parental leave policies in Sweden and child support enforcement policies in the USA. The book brings together, major debates from child development psychology, ethology, sociology, gender studies and comparative social policy. In this way, the book synthesizes a wide breadth of comparative and inter-disciplinary analysis into a new typology or model for interpreting welfare regime approaches to contemporary fatherhood. It provides comparative analysis for students, scholars and social policy makers in the United States and Nordic countries, the UK, Ireland, Japan, China and the European Union. Overall, the book locates concepts of fatherhood, the decline of patriarchy, shared parenting and the de-commodification of parents as critical to ongoing debates about individualisation, internationalisation and the dawn of post-patriarchal welfare arrangements for the 21st century.
Hermann Deuser, Hans Joas, Matthias Jung, and Magnus Schlette (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823267576
- eISBN:
- 9780823272389
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823267576.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, American Philosophy
This book traces American pragmatist thought on religion and its relevance for theorizing religion today. The volume establishes pragmatist concepts of religious individualization as powerful ...
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This book traces American pragmatist thought on religion and its relevance for theorizing religion today. The volume establishes pragmatist concepts of religious individualization as powerful alternatives to the more common secularization discourse. In stressing the importance of Josiah Royce's work, it emphasizes religious individualism's compatibility with community. At the same time, by covering all of the major classical pragmatist theories of religion, it shows their kinship and common focus on the interrelation between the challenges of contingency and the semiotic significance of transcendence.Less
This book traces American pragmatist thought on religion and its relevance for theorizing religion today. The volume establishes pragmatist concepts of religious individualization as powerful alternatives to the more common secularization discourse. In stressing the importance of Josiah Royce's work, it emphasizes religious individualism's compatibility with community. At the same time, by covering all of the major classical pragmatist theories of religion, it shows their kinship and common focus on the interrelation between the challenges of contingency and the semiotic significance of transcendence.
David Goodman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195394085
- eISBN:
- 9780199894383
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394085.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western, Popular
The book argues that the civic ambition of American radio in the 1930s and 40s centered on the production of self-governing and opinion-forming individuals – a cluster of ideas that the book names ...
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The book argues that the civic ambition of American radio in the 1930s and 40s centered on the production of self-governing and opinion-forming individuals – a cluster of ideas that the book names radio's civic paradigm. A range of programs, from classical music broadcasts to multi-opinion radio forum discussions of public affairs, were designed to promote both civic engagement and individualization. The “public interest” regulation of radio, and continuing broadcaster anxiety about further political reform to broadcasting, meant that at least until the end of WW2, American radio did not just create popular entertainment, but also fostered programs of high civic ambition, aimed at changing not just pleasing citizens. The civic paradigm was also however, the book argues, divisive. Not all Americans shared its values of openness to change and acknowledgement of diversity, and radio researchers discovered that radio had a class-divided audience. The 1938 War of the Worlds panic exposed this division, most clearly between those who wanted radio simply to speak the truth, and those who understood it as a medium whose primary virtue was that it could expose citizens to different perspectives and allow them to try out different ways of thinking. For these and other reasons, the civic paradigm was waning by the end of WW2. But the ambitions of radio's golden age have not been well remembered in radio history.Less
The book argues that the civic ambition of American radio in the 1930s and 40s centered on the production of self-governing and opinion-forming individuals – a cluster of ideas that the book names radio's civic paradigm. A range of programs, from classical music broadcasts to multi-opinion radio forum discussions of public affairs, were designed to promote both civic engagement and individualization. The “public interest” regulation of radio, and continuing broadcaster anxiety about further political reform to broadcasting, meant that at least until the end of WW2, American radio did not just create popular entertainment, but also fostered programs of high civic ambition, aimed at changing not just pleasing citizens. The civic paradigm was also however, the book argues, divisive. Not all Americans shared its values of openness to change and acknowledgement of diversity, and radio researchers discovered that radio had a class-divided audience. The 1938 War of the Worlds panic exposed this division, most clearly between those who wanted radio simply to speak the truth, and those who understood it as a medium whose primary virtue was that it could expose citizens to different perspectives and allow them to try out different ways of thinking. For these and other reasons, the civic paradigm was waning by the end of WW2. But the ambitions of radio's golden age have not been well remembered in radio history.
Karen Junod
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199597000
- eISBN:
- 9780191725357
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199597000.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
The conclusion shows that by the early nineteenth century, painters were no longer demoted to the lower echelons of the social and cultural ladder, but were finally granted centre stage in the ...
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The conclusion shows that by the early nineteenth century, painters were no longer demoted to the lower echelons of the social and cultural ladder, but were finally granted centre stage in the landscape of the creative arts. Simultaneously, the genre of the artist's life was to develop dramatically in the course of the nineteenth century, and would reach unprecedented popularity. In order to show some of the changes that took place in art-biographical writing between the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, this conclusion focuses on William Hazlitt's Conversations with James Northcote. More particularly, Hazlitt's recorded conversations exemplify the shift in art-biographical writing during this period, especially in its personalization and individualization of aesthetics as well as in its emancipation from Continental models.Less
The conclusion shows that by the early nineteenth century, painters were no longer demoted to the lower echelons of the social and cultural ladder, but were finally granted centre stage in the landscape of the creative arts. Simultaneously, the genre of the artist's life was to develop dramatically in the course of the nineteenth century, and would reach unprecedented popularity. In order to show some of the changes that took place in art-biographical writing between the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, this conclusion focuses on William Hazlitt's Conversations with James Northcote. More particularly, Hazlitt's recorded conversations exemplify the shift in art-biographical writing during this period, especially in its personalization and individualization of aesthetics as well as in its emancipation from Continental models.
