Simon Scott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198568360
- eISBN:
- 9780191594748
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568360.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Analysis
This text provides a broad account of the theory of traces and determinants on geometric algebras of differential and pseudodifferential operators over compact manifolds. Trace and determinant ...
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This text provides a broad account of the theory of traces and determinants on geometric algebras of differential and pseudodifferential operators over compact manifolds. Trace and determinant functionals on geometric operator algebras provide a means of constructing refined invariants in analysis, topology, differential geometry, analytic number theory and QFT. The consequent interactions around such invariants have led to significant advances both in pure mathematics and theoretical physics. As the fundamental tools of trace theory have become well understood and clear general structures have emerged, so the need for specialist texts which explain the basic theoretical principles and the computational techniques has become increasingly exigent. This text is the first to deal with the general theory of traces and determinants of operators on manifolds in a broad context, encompassing a number of the principle applications and backed up by specific computations which set out in detail to newcomers the nuts-and-bolts of the basic theory. Both the microanalytic approach to traces and determinants via pseudodifferential operator theory and the more computational approach directed by applications in geometric analysis, are developed in a general framework that will be of interest to mathematicians and physicists in a number of different fields.Less
This text provides a broad account of the theory of traces and determinants on geometric algebras of differential and pseudodifferential operators over compact manifolds. Trace and determinant functionals on geometric operator algebras provide a means of constructing refined invariants in analysis, topology, differential geometry, analytic number theory and QFT. The consequent interactions around such invariants have led to significant advances both in pure mathematics and theoretical physics. As the fundamental tools of trace theory have become well understood and clear general structures have emerged, so the need for specialist texts which explain the basic theoretical principles and the computational techniques has become increasingly exigent. This text is the first to deal with the general theory of traces and determinants of operators on manifolds in a broad context, encompassing a number of the principle applications and backed up by specific computations which set out in detail to newcomers the nuts-and-bolts of the basic theory. Both the microanalytic approach to traces and determinants via pseudodifferential operator theory and the more computational approach directed by applications in geometric analysis, are developed in a general framework that will be of interest to mathematicians and physicists in a number of different fields.
Olivier Cadot, Antoni Estevadeordal, Akiko Suwa-Eisenmann, and Thierry Verdier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290482
- eISBN:
- 9780191603471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199290482.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter breaks new ground in dissecting preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) by focusing on rules of origin (ROO), a crucial yet poorly understood market access discipline included in ...
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This chapter breaks new ground in dissecting preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) by focusing on rules of origin (ROO), a crucial yet poorly understood market access discipline included in virtually every PTA. It presents a global mapping of the existing ROO regimes, and puts forth an analytical coding scheme for the types of product-specific and regime-wide ROO employed in these regimes. The most immediate contribution of this chapter is to advance the understanding of the ROO regimes around the world, and provide analytical tools for empirical studies on ROO’s economic effects.Less
This chapter breaks new ground in dissecting preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) by focusing on rules of origin (ROO), a crucial yet poorly understood market access discipline included in virtually every PTA. It presents a global mapping of the existing ROO regimes, and puts forth an analytical coding scheme for the types of product-specific and regime-wide ROO employed in these regimes. The most immediate contribution of this chapter is to advance the understanding of the ROO regimes around the world, and provide analytical tools for empirical studies on ROO’s economic effects.
Ashwani Deshpande
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198072034
- eISBN:
- 9780199081028
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072034.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book examines the contemporary nature of caste disparities in India by using a framework that integrates discussions on caste from other social science disciplines with those from within ...
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This book examines the contemporary nature of caste disparities in India by using a framework that integrates discussions on caste from other social science disciplines with those from within economics. It brings together quantitative evidence on different dimensions of caste disparities based on two large national-level data sets, in order to analyse the degree of change in the caste system over the last two decades. Offering evidence based on economic analysis, it questions commonly-held views and challenges traditional wisdom. The chapter uses the latest methods that allow researchers to gauge discrimination and shows how some of these methods have been used in the Indian context and what the quest has yielded. The chapter constructs a multifaceted ‘Caste Development Index’ that allows a broader assessment and comparison of the standard of living of caste groups across states and time. Finally, the book also discusses policy responses to disparities and discrimination by reviewing the existing quota system.Less
This book examines the contemporary nature of caste disparities in India by using a framework that integrates discussions on caste from other social science disciplines with those from within economics. It brings together quantitative evidence on different dimensions of caste disparities based on two large national-level data sets, in order to analyse the degree of change in the caste system over the last two decades. Offering evidence based on economic analysis, it questions commonly-held views and challenges traditional wisdom. The chapter uses the latest methods that allow researchers to gauge discrimination and shows how some of these methods have been used in the Indian context and what the quest has yielded. The chapter constructs a multifaceted ‘Caste Development Index’ that allows a broader assessment and comparison of the standard of living of caste groups across states and time. Finally, the book also discusses policy responses to disparities and discrimination by reviewing the existing quota system.
Roger M. Barker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199576814
- eISBN:
- 9780191722509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576814.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Corporate Governance and Accountability
An evaluation is made of potential ways in which product market competition can be operationalized as part of a panel data econometric analysis. As with corporate governance, it is necessary to ...
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An evaluation is made of potential ways in which product market competition can be operationalized as part of a panel data econometric analysis. As with corporate governance, it is necessary to identify suitable proxy variables. The OECD's NMR index is chosen as the most plausible measure of product market competition, an assessment reflected in its widespread utilization in the empirical economics literature.Less
An evaluation is made of potential ways in which product market competition can be operationalized as part of a panel data econometric analysis. As with corporate governance, it is necessary to identify suitable proxy variables. The OECD's NMR index is chosen as the most plausible measure of product market competition, an assessment reflected in its widespread utilization in the empirical economics literature.
Robert J. Shiller
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294184
- eISBN:
- 9780191596926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294182.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Financial Economics
When creating indices intended for use in cash settlement of futures contracts (or perpetual claims or options, or swaps, or other over‐the‐counter forward contracts or retail insurance contracts), ...
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When creating indices intended for use in cash settlement of futures contracts (or perpetual claims or options, or swaps, or other over‐the‐counter forward contracts or retail insurance contracts), it is critical that that each index represents value associated with a standard claim on future income (or services). The contract settlement must reflect the price of claims on income streams, so that the market can be used to hedge the risk associated with the claims, but the problem is that the available observations on prices or incomes may apply to dissimilar claims, and that standardization in the indices used to settle contracts is essential to liquidity in these markets. This chapter first reviews some existing index number methods, and then extends these methods to deal with the problems described. Chain index and hedonic index number methods are reviewed, and ordinary repeated‐measures indices (like the repeat sales indices) are shown to be in a sense a special case of these, and to have strong parallels to some existing indices used to settle contracts. The last part of the chapter introduces the hedonic repeated‐measures index to allow for control of changing price of quality variables, while retaining the repeated‐measures design.Less
When creating indices intended for use in cash settlement of futures contracts (or perpetual claims or options, or swaps, or other over‐the‐counter forward contracts or retail insurance contracts), it is critical that that each index represents value associated with a standard claim on future income (or services). The contract settlement must reflect the price of claims on income streams, so that the market can be used to hedge the risk associated with the claims, but the problem is that the available observations on prices or incomes may apply to dissimilar claims, and that standardization in the indices used to settle contracts is essential to liquidity in these markets. This chapter first reviews some existing index number methods, and then extends these methods to deal with the problems described. Chain index and hedonic index number methods are reviewed, and ordinary repeated‐measures indices (like the repeat sales indices) are shown to be in a sense a special case of these, and to have strong parallels to some existing indices used to settle contracts. The last part of the chapter introduces the hedonic repeated‐measures index to allow for control of changing price of quality variables, while retaining the repeated‐measures design.
Robert J. Shiller
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294184
- eISBN:
- 9780191596926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294182.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Financial Economics
Most published economic indices are revised after they are first published—information does not come in all at once, and timely publication dictates that the preliminary index numbers be later ...
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Most published economic indices are revised after they are first published—information does not come in all at once, and timely publication dictates that the preliminary index numbers be later revised. The repeated‐measures indices developed in the preceding chapters are vulnerable to revisions after especially long intervals of time, since they have the property that, unless the repeated measures come sequentially (which they do not necessarily), there will be revisions in the indices after the index numbers are first produced, even if the raw data used then were perfectly accurate and complete. There are other index number construction methods, such as ordinary‐least‐squares regression‐per‐period hedonic regressions, that do not normally produce revisions; this would at first seem to be an advantage, but an index number construction method that does not produce revisions is not a virtue if new information tends to arrive that implies revisions and is just ignored. This chapter addresses the whole problem of index number revisions in the following sections: Variance components in regression‐per‐period hedonics; Interval‐linked indices; Indices that are derived by conditioning on lagged index values. The final section of the chapter draws some sort of interpretation of what has gone before.Less
Most published economic indices are revised after they are first published—information does not come in all at once, and timely publication dictates that the preliminary index numbers be later revised. The repeated‐measures indices developed in the preceding chapters are vulnerable to revisions after especially long intervals of time, since they have the property that, unless the repeated measures come sequentially (which they do not necessarily), there will be revisions in the indices after the index numbers are first produced, even if the raw data used then were perfectly accurate and complete. There are other index number construction methods, such as ordinary‐least‐squares regression‐per‐period hedonic regressions, that do not normally produce revisions; this would at first seem to be an advantage, but an index number construction method that does not produce revisions is not a virtue if new information tends to arrive that implies revisions and is just ignored. This chapter addresses the whole problem of index number revisions in the following sections: Variance components in regression‐per‐period hedonics; Interval‐linked indices; Indices that are derived by conditioning on lagged index values. The final section of the chapter draws some sort of interpretation of what has gone before.
Victor Ginsburgh and Shlomo Weber
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691136899
- eISBN:
- 9781400838905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691136899.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter is concerned with the measurement of diversity. It distinguishes two main types of indices: fractionalization indices and disenfranchisement indices. Fractionalization indices capture ...
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This chapter is concerned with the measurement of diversity. It distinguishes two main types of indices: fractionalization indices and disenfranchisement indices. Fractionalization indices capture the ethnolinguistic mosaic of existing societies. They allow cross-country or cross-regional comparisons and examination of differences between various economic and political systems, institutions, and outcomes influenced by the diversity of societies. The chapter also discusses polarization indices, which are based on the same fundamentals. Polarization, as well as fractionalization, entails several groups with similar or identical members whose linguistic or ethnic characteristics are substantially different from those in other groups. However, in addition to exogenous ethnolinguistic distances between groups, polarization also introduces the idea of identification and alienation. Disenfranchisement indices are related to the notion of linguistic disenfranchisement caused by government policies. In addition, the chapter discusses the links between fractionalization, disenfranchisement, and communication indices, which were introduced in Chapter 3.Less
This chapter is concerned with the measurement of diversity. It distinguishes two main types of indices: fractionalization indices and disenfranchisement indices. Fractionalization indices capture the ethnolinguistic mosaic of existing societies. They allow cross-country or cross-regional comparisons and examination of differences between various economic and political systems, institutions, and outcomes influenced by the diversity of societies. The chapter also discusses polarization indices, which are based on the same fundamentals. Polarization, as well as fractionalization, entails several groups with similar or identical members whose linguistic or ethnic characteristics are substantially different from those in other groups. However, in addition to exogenous ethnolinguistic distances between groups, polarization also introduces the idea of identification and alienation. Disenfranchisement indices are related to the notion of linguistic disenfranchisement caused by government policies. In addition, the chapter discusses the links between fractionalization, disenfranchisement, and communication indices, which were introduced in Chapter 3.
Fred Campano and Dominick Salvatore
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195300918
- eISBN:
- 9780199783441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195300912.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter compares the living standards between countries. Per capita comparisons and the estimation of international poverty thresholds are discussed in light of purchasing power parity and ...
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This chapter compares the living standards between countries. Per capita comparisons and the estimation of international poverty thresholds are discussed in light of purchasing power parity and market or official exchange rates. The United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Index is discussed.Less
This chapter compares the living standards between countries. Per capita comparisons and the estimation of international poverty thresholds are discussed in light of purchasing power parity and market or official exchange rates. The United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Index is discussed.
Jie W Weiss and David J Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195322989
- eISBN:
- 9780199869206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322989.003.0020
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
A science of behavior requires measurement of its entities, which are characteristics of, and actions taken by, organisms. This chapter argues that such measurement is a social fiction, a creation ...
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A science of behavior requires measurement of its entities, which are characteristics of, and actions taken by, organisms. This chapter argues that such measurement is a social fiction, a creation that takes on a life of its own. Behavioral measures exist only in our collective minds. The fact that measures are imposed on behavior by researchers does not lessen their value, but it does mean that they gain their status through reification. Three criteria for a good index are proposed. First, the index must be valid; that is, it must reflect the construct it purports to measure. Second, the index must be objective, so that anyone who employs it to measure a given set of stimuli will report similar values. Third, the index must be universal; it should be applicable to all stimuli in the domain.Less
A science of behavior requires measurement of its entities, which are characteristics of, and actions taken by, organisms. This chapter argues that such measurement is a social fiction, a creation that takes on a life of its own. Behavioral measures exist only in our collective minds. The fact that measures are imposed on behavior by researchers does not lessen their value, but it does mean that they gain their status through reification. Three criteria for a good index are proposed. First, the index must be valid; that is, it must reflect the construct it purports to measure. Second, the index must be objective, so that anyone who employs it to measure a given set of stimuli will report similar values. Third, the index must be universal; it should be applicable to all stimuli in the domain.
Ken Binmore
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195178111
- eISBN:
- 9780199783670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178111.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter surveys the relevant bargaining theory, namely the Nash bargaining solution, the utilitarian bargaining solution, and the egalitarian bargaining solution. The importance of how ...
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This chapter surveys the relevant bargaining theory, namely the Nash bargaining solution, the utilitarian bargaining solution, and the egalitarian bargaining solution. The importance of how interpersonal comparisons of utility are made is emphasized.Less
This chapter surveys the relevant bargaining theory, namely the Nash bargaining solution, the utilitarian bargaining solution, and the egalitarian bargaining solution. The importance of how interpersonal comparisons of utility are made is emphasized.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534661
- eISBN:
- 9780191715921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534661.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
Models are tested with data, but also data are tested by agreement with conceptual models. When competing indices exist to measure the same phenomena, one should use the ones that agree with ...
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Models are tested with data, but also data are tested by agreement with conceptual models. When competing indices exist to measure the same phenomena, one should use the ones that agree with logically supported prediction. These indices need not be philosophically “truer” measures of the underlying concepts, but they are more useful for prediction. The choice between two accepted ways to measure cabinet duration and three ways to measure the number of parties illustrates this advice. Clearest results emerge when symmetric regression is used for testing.Less
Models are tested with data, but also data are tested by agreement with conceptual models. When competing indices exist to measure the same phenomena, one should use the ones that agree with logically supported prediction. These indices need not be philosophically “truer” measures of the underlying concepts, but they are more useful for prediction. The choice between two accepted ways to measure cabinet duration and three ways to measure the number of parties illustrates this advice. Clearest results emerge when symmetric regression is used for testing.
Victor Ginsburgh and Shlomo Weber
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691136899
- eISBN:
- 9781400838905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691136899.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter discusses applications of the fractionalization, polarization, and disenfranchisement indices introduced in Chapter 6. Fractionalization and polarization indices are used in more and ...
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This chapter discusses applications of the fractionalization, polarization, and disenfranchisement indices introduced in Chapter 6. Fractionalization and polarization indices are used in more and more econometric studies to check how diversity affects economic outcomes. A rather large number of studies show that diversity exerts negative effects, though this also depends on whether countries are more or less democratic. Negative effects are more likely in dictatorial regimes. Recent papers point to the fact that distance-based indices often have more explanatory power than size-based indices. Disenfranchisement indices are used to examine outcomes of linguistic standardization. These were applied to examine the consequences of restricting the number of languages in some uses in the European Union.Less
This chapter discusses applications of the fractionalization, polarization, and disenfranchisement indices introduced in Chapter 6. Fractionalization and polarization indices are used in more and more econometric studies to check how diversity affects economic outcomes. A rather large number of studies show that diversity exerts negative effects, though this also depends on whether countries are more or less democratic. Negative effects are more likely in dictatorial regimes. Recent papers point to the fact that distance-based indices often have more explanatory power than size-based indices. Disenfranchisement indices are used to examine outcomes of linguistic standardization. These were applied to examine the consequences of restricting the number of languages in some uses in the European Union.
Henry Phelps Brown
- Published in print:
- 1988
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198286486
- eISBN:
- 9780191596773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198286481.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Discusses how best to display distributions of income and wealth so that comparisons can be made between different periods or countries. The various different kinds of distribution curve that have ...
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Discusses how best to display distributions of income and wealth so that comparisons can be made between different periods or countries. The various different kinds of distribution curve that have been used are described and their disadvantages noted. The account starts with the frequency distribution curve, which is shown to have several drawbacks, and goes on to the Gini coefficient, which is based on the Lorenz curve, the indices proposed by Henri Theil and A. B. Atkinson, and the Pen parade (or Pen profile). The second section of the chapter provides a definition of income and discusses the choice of unit. The last section is a statistical appendix, and gives further details of the methods of distribution display discussed at the beginning of the chapter, and introduces some other indices––the Phelps Brown–Hopkins index, the Schumpeter–Gilboy index, and the Rousseau index.Less
Discusses how best to display distributions of income and wealth so that comparisons can be made between different periods or countries. The various different kinds of distribution curve that have been used are described and their disadvantages noted. The account starts with the frequency distribution curve, which is shown to have several drawbacks, and goes on to the Gini coefficient, which is based on the Lorenz curve, the indices proposed by Henri Theil and A. B. Atkinson, and the Pen parade (or Pen profile). The second section of the chapter provides a definition of income and discusses the choice of unit. The last section is a statistical appendix, and gives further details of the methods of distribution display discussed at the beginning of the chapter, and introduces some other indices––the Phelps Brown–Hopkins index, the Schumpeter–Gilboy index, and the Rousseau index.
Robert J. Shiller
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294184
- eISBN:
- 9780191596926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294182.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Financial Economics
There are other income factors, besides the aggregate national income and labour income factors discussed in Ch. 4, that contribute as much uncertainty to the incomes of individuals and organizations ...
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There are other income factors, besides the aggregate national income and labour income factors discussed in Ch. 4, that contribute as much uncertainty to the incomes of individuals and organizations as do many risks currently traded in financial markets. If those who retail insurance policies against risks of changes in values of claims on incomes or service flows are to be able to tailor their insurance to the various exposures that their different clients have to these risks, they will want to layoff in hedging markets the risks of changes in these income factors that influence them because they are providing the insurance policies. This chapter considers some of the most salient of these other markets: real estate, unincorporated business, and privately held corporations, consumer and producer price index futures, agriculture, and art and collectibles. It also presents some ideas on systematic approaches to finding other markets, including modelling the tendency for co‐movement of incomes and inferring the underlying factors, i.e. looking for the major risk factors to incomes for which new markets would be most useful.Less
There are other income factors, besides the aggregate national income and labour income factors discussed in Ch. 4, that contribute as much uncertainty to the incomes of individuals and organizations as do many risks currently traded in financial markets. If those who retail insurance policies against risks of changes in values of claims on incomes or service flows are to be able to tailor their insurance to the various exposures that their different clients have to these risks, they will want to layoff in hedging markets the risks of changes in these income factors that influence them because they are providing the insurance policies. This chapter considers some of the most salient of these other markets: real estate, unincorporated business, and privately held corporations, consumer and producer price index futures, agriculture, and art and collectibles. It also presents some ideas on systematic approaches to finding other markets, including modelling the tendency for co‐movement of incomes and inferring the underlying factors, i.e. looking for the major risk factors to incomes for which new markets would be most useful.
Robert J. Shiller
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294184
- eISBN:
- 9780191596926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294182.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Financial Economics
This chapter addresses the fact that creating index numbers for settlement of contracts requires some judgement, and that no single method is likely to be applicable to all circumstances—there are ...
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This chapter addresses the fact that creating index numbers for settlement of contracts requires some judgement, and that no single method is likely to be applicable to all circumstances—there are trade‐offs, and choices have to be made with limited information. Before applying a repeated‐measures method like the ones defined in the preceding chapter, a decision has to be made as to whether there are enough repeated measures to ensure that the standard errors are not going to be too high, and whether there is enough unmeasured quality variation across subjects to warrant the increase in error variances caused by the addition of many subject dummies. A choice has to be made as to which kinds of hedonic variables, if any, to include in the analysis, and not all quality measures are appropriate for index number construction, so a choice needs to be made as to whether these variables or the subject dummies are to be constrained in any of various ways. Prior information of an imprecise nature may be used to put probabilistic, rather than rigid, restrictions on the regression coefficients. There are also some fundamentally different variants of the hedonic repeated‐measures regression methods that could be considered, methods in which quality is inferred as an observed factor associated with each subject (factor analytic methods), and methods in which a separate selection equation is used to correct for possible selection bias in the mechanism by which it is determined which subjects are to be measured (selection bias correction methods).Less
This chapter addresses the fact that creating index numbers for settlement of contracts requires some judgement, and that no single method is likely to be applicable to all circumstances—there are trade‐offs, and choices have to be made with limited information. Before applying a repeated‐measures method like the ones defined in the preceding chapter, a decision has to be made as to whether there are enough repeated measures to ensure that the standard errors are not going to be too high, and whether there is enough unmeasured quality variation across subjects to warrant the increase in error variances caused by the addition of many subject dummies. A choice has to be made as to which kinds of hedonic variables, if any, to include in the analysis, and not all quality measures are appropriate for index number construction, so a choice needs to be made as to whether these variables or the subject dummies are to be constrained in any of various ways. Prior information of an imprecise nature may be used to put probabilistic, rather than rigid, restrictions on the regression coefficients. There are also some fundamentally different variants of the hedonic repeated‐measures regression methods that could be considered, methods in which quality is inferred as an observed factor associated with each subject (factor analytic methods), and methods in which a separate selection equation is used to correct for possible selection bias in the mechanism by which it is determined which subjects are to be measured (selection bias correction methods).
J. K. Elliott (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198261827
- eISBN:
- 9780191600562
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198261829.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
An English translation of the oldest and most important early Christian non‐canonical writings. It is based on the earlier collection edited in 1924 by Montague Rhodes James. The book is divided into ...
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An English translation of the oldest and most important early Christian non‐canonical writings. It is based on the earlier collection edited in 1924 by Montague Rhodes James. The book is divided into the conventional categories of gospels, acts, epistles, and revelatory texts. A long subsection deals with stories of Jesus’ infancy and childhood. Another section deals with fragmentary gospel texts on papyrus. The bulk of the book is given over to second‐century legends of individual apostles. Another section covers apocryphal acpocalypses. An appendix gives a selection of stories about the Virgin Mary's assumption and dormition. Each translated text is prefaced with an introduction and select bibliography. Full indexes of citations and themes are provided.Less
An English translation of the oldest and most important early Christian non‐canonical writings. It is based on the earlier collection edited in 1924 by Montague Rhodes James. The book is divided into the conventional categories of gospels, acts, epistles, and revelatory texts. A long subsection deals with stories of Jesus’ infancy and childhood. Another section deals with fragmentary gospel texts on papyrus. The bulk of the book is given over to second‐century legends of individual apostles. Another section covers apocryphal acpocalypses. An appendix gives a selection of stories about the Virgin Mary's assumption and dormition. Each translated text is prefaced with an introduction and select bibliography. Full indexes of citations and themes are provided.
Rodrigo H. Bustamante, Thomas A. Okey, and Stuart Banks
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195319958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319958.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter describes ecology of the Galapagos rocky reef system and the important role of biogeographic position on biodiversity, the El Niño cycle, and the history of resource extraction on the ...
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This chapter describes ecology of the Galapagos rocky reef system and the important role of biogeographic position on biodiversity, the El Niño cycle, and the history of resource extraction on the current state of the ecosystem. The chapter presents a model of the energetic pathways in the ecosystem and its predictions for fisheries yields and the role of key species. The history of exploitation is outlined as well as the role of the current marine protected areas to develop sustainable management system.Less
This chapter describes ecology of the Galapagos rocky reef system and the important role of biogeographic position on biodiversity, the El Niño cycle, and the history of resource extraction on the current state of the ecosystem. The chapter presents a model of the energetic pathways in the ecosystem and its predictions for fisheries yields and the role of key species. The history of exploitation is outlined as well as the role of the current marine protected areas to develop sustainable management system.
Alden A. Mosshammer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199543120
- eISBN:
- 9780191720062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543120.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Early Christian Studies
A collection of the Paschal letters of Athanasius in a Syriac translation provides important evidence for the form of the Alexandrian 19‐year cycle in the time of Athanasius. Not all of the letters ...
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A collection of the Paschal letters of Athanasius in a Syriac translation provides important evidence for the form of the Alexandrian 19‐year cycle in the time of Athanasius. Not all of the letters have survived, but the Syriac manuscripts do preserve a summary of the chronological data for the entire collection. The data in this “Festal Index” are such as one would find in an Easter table, and they sometimes include years numbered from Diocletian. The era of Diocletian arose in response to the administrative reforms of that emperor Its use in an Easter table does not imply a reform of the Alexandrian cycle during the reign of Diocletian. The sequence of epacts in the Index agrees neither with the cycle of Anatolius nor with the classical cycle. That sequence suggests that Athanasius modified the cycle of Anatolius in connection with the Council of Sardica in 343.Less
A collection of the Paschal letters of Athanasius in a Syriac translation provides important evidence for the form of the Alexandrian 19‐year cycle in the time of Athanasius. Not all of the letters have survived, but the Syriac manuscripts do preserve a summary of the chronological data for the entire collection. The data in this “Festal Index” are such as one would find in an Easter table, and they sometimes include years numbered from Diocletian. The era of Diocletian arose in response to the administrative reforms of that emperor Its use in an Easter table does not imply a reform of the Alexandrian cycle during the reign of Diocletian. The sequence of epacts in the Index agrees neither with the cycle of Anatolius nor with the classical cycle. That sequence suggests that Athanasius modified the cycle of Anatolius in connection with the Council of Sardica in 343.
S. N. Afriat
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284611
- eISBN:
- 9780191595844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284616.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This is the last of five chapters about the cost of living problem and price indices, a typical area for what is understood as choice theory. Together with the previous two chapters, it discusses ...
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This is the last of five chapters about the cost of living problem and price indices, a typical area for what is understood as choice theory. Together with the previous two chapters, it discusses theoretical matters arising from the finding of S. S. Byushgens (1925) that Irving Fisher's ‘Ideal Index’ is exact if demand is governed by a homogeneous quadratic utility. Specifically, it addresses the A. Wald's ‘New Formula’. The four sections of the chapter are: linear expansions; revealed purchasing power; yhe critical points; and marginal price indices and limits.Less
This is the last of five chapters about the cost of living problem and price indices, a typical area for what is understood as choice theory. Together with the previous two chapters, it discusses theoretical matters arising from the finding of S. S. Byushgens (1925) that Irving Fisher's ‘Ideal Index’ is exact if demand is governed by a homogeneous quadratic utility. Specifically, it addresses the A. Wald's ‘New Formula’. The four sections of the chapter are: linear expansions; revealed purchasing power; yhe critical points; and marginal price indices and limits.
David Manning
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195182392
- eISBN:
- 9780199851485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182392.003.0057
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
A distinguished scientist once said that, in his opinion, a book without an index was a bad book, whatever its contents. On that showing, The Folk Song Journal has been a bad book for over 50 years. ...
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A distinguished scientist once said that, in his opinion, a book without an index was a bad book, whatever its contents. On that showing, The Folk Song Journal has been a bad book for over 50 years. Now through the skilful and devoted labors of Mr E. A. White it has become a good book. No longer will researchers have to perform that maddening task of hunting through the contents tables of each volume only to find that the enquirer on whose behalf they were searching had said volume three when they meant part three. One must not, however, forget the excellent subject indexes of English songs made by Miss Barbara Cra'ster that appeared sporadically in the early days of the Journal; although these, useful as they are, cover only a few volumes.Less
A distinguished scientist once said that, in his opinion, a book without an index was a bad book, whatever its contents. On that showing, The Folk Song Journal has been a bad book for over 50 years. Now through the skilful and devoted labors of Mr E. A. White it has become a good book. No longer will researchers have to perform that maddening task of hunting through the contents tables of each volume only to find that the enquirer on whose behalf they were searching had said volume three when they meant part three. One must not, however, forget the excellent subject indexes of English songs made by Miss Barbara Cra'ster that appeared sporadically in the early days of the Journal; although these, useful as they are, cover only a few volumes.
