Caroline M. Barron
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199257775
- eISBN:
- 9780191717758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257775.003.09
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter charts the evolution of groups of craftsmen living in the same areas and occasionally co-operating together to achieve short-term objectives into the chartered city companies to be found ...
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This chapter charts the evolution of groups of craftsmen living in the same areas and occasionally co-operating together to achieve short-term objectives into the chartered city companies to be found at the end of the period. The roles played by religious fraternities within the crafts and the charitable activities of the companies are also examined. The ways in which the craft organisations, sometimes seen as hostile to organised civic government, were firmly incorporated within the structures of civic government by 1500, is fully discussed.Less
This chapter charts the evolution of groups of craftsmen living in the same areas and occasionally co-operating together to achieve short-term objectives into the chartered city companies to be found at the end of the period. The roles played by religious fraternities within the crafts and the charitable activities of the companies are also examined. The ways in which the craft organisations, sometimes seen as hostile to organised civic government, were firmly incorporated within the structures of civic government by 1500, is fully discussed.
Manfred Görlach
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199273102
- eISBN:
- 9780191706271
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273102.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, English Language
This book charts the English invasion of Europe since 1945. Sixteen contributors report on the English words and phrases that have become integral parts of their languages. Each describes the effect ...
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This book charts the English invasion of Europe since 1945. Sixteen contributors report on the English words and phrases that have become integral parts of their languages. Each describes the effect of English on the host language, and shows how the process of incorporation often modifies pronunciation and spelling and frequently transforms meaning and use. The languages surveyed are Icelandic, Dutch, French, Spanish, Norwegian, German, Italian, Romanian, Polish, Croatian, Finnish, Albanian, Russian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, and Greek. This book provides a systematic survey of a phenomenon that is fascinating, alarming, and apparently unstoppable.Less
This book charts the English invasion of Europe since 1945. Sixteen contributors report on the English words and phrases that have become integral parts of their languages. Each describes the effect of English on the host language, and shows how the process of incorporation often modifies pronunciation and spelling and frequently transforms meaning and use. The languages surveyed are Icelandic, Dutch, French, Spanish, Norwegian, German, Italian, Romanian, Polish, Croatian, Finnish, Albanian, Russian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, and Greek. This book provides a systematic survey of a phenomenon that is fascinating, alarming, and apparently unstoppable.
Michael W. Foley and Dean R. Hoge
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195188707
- eISBN:
- 9780199785315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188707.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Recent theories of civic engagement suggest three major pathways by which worship communities could promote the social and civic incorporation of recent immigrants: providing immigrants with social ...
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Recent theories of civic engagement suggest three major pathways by which worship communities could promote the social and civic incorporation of recent immigrants: providing immigrants with social capital and supplying linkages to the wider society (the social capital argument); playing a role themselves as civic actors (the civil society argument); and giving them civic skills and mobilizing them for civic or political action (the civic participation model). Both as civic actors and in mobilizing members, worship communities also shape people's conceptions of themselves as citizens, promoting a particular identity as players in the civic arena. Worship communities differ in the way each of these pathways plays out, depending upon the circumstances of the group's immigration and reception in the United States, the organizational culture of the worship community, and the interpretation of its religious tradition that shapes it.Less
Recent theories of civic engagement suggest three major pathways by which worship communities could promote the social and civic incorporation of recent immigrants: providing immigrants with social capital and supplying linkages to the wider society (the social capital argument); playing a role themselves as civic actors (the civil society argument); and giving them civic skills and mobilizing them for civic or political action (the civic participation model). Both as civic actors and in mobilizing members, worship communities also shape people's conceptions of themselves as citizens, promoting a particular identity as players in the civic arena. Worship communities differ in the way each of these pathways plays out, depending upon the circumstances of the group's immigration and reception in the United States, the organizational culture of the worship community, and the interpretation of its religious tradition that shapes it.
Michael W. Foley and Dean R. Hoge
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195188707
- eISBN:
- 9780199785315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188707.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Worship communities can be important sources of both bonding and bridging social capital, but not all such communities provide significant levels of material support or economic opportunities, nor do ...
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Worship communities can be important sources of both bonding and bridging social capital, but not all such communities provide significant levels of material support or economic opportunities, nor do all facilitate the social and civic incorporation of recent immigrants. Worship communities that are primarily houses of worship in organizational culture, such as Hindu temples, some mosques, and some Catholic parishes are least likely to provide bonding social capital for their members. Those that organize themselves more as a family, like many evangelical churches, provide bonding social capital but may do little to encourage civic engagement. Finally, more diverse communities and those with extensive ties to the larger society provide richer opportunities and resources to their members.Less
Worship communities can be important sources of both bonding and bridging social capital, but not all such communities provide significant levels of material support or economic opportunities, nor do all facilitate the social and civic incorporation of recent immigrants. Worship communities that are primarily houses of worship in organizational culture, such as Hindu temples, some mosques, and some Catholic parishes are least likely to provide bonding social capital for their members. Those that organize themselves more as a family, like many evangelical churches, provide bonding social capital but may do little to encourage civic engagement. Finally, more diverse communities and those with extensive ties to the larger society provide richer opportunities and resources to their members.
Michael W. Foley and Dean R. Hoge
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195188707
- eISBN:
- 9780199785315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188707.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Immigrant worship communities promote the civic and social incorporation of immigrants in varying ways and to varying degrees, depending upon the demographics of the group, the organizational culture ...
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Immigrant worship communities promote the civic and social incorporation of immigrants in varying ways and to varying degrees, depending upon the demographics of the group, the organizational culture of the worship community, its religious tradition, and leaders' interpretations of that tradition. Such diversity undermines recent claims that immigrant worship communities are being transformed under the impress of the American “congregational template”. On the contrary, in many cases they bring distinctive patterns of organization and practice to American religion, and in some cases are transforming American churches. As ethnic and religious “outsiders” defending the terms on which they will be incorporated into American society, they take their place in a long line that has defined American pluralism since the origins of the republic.Less
Immigrant worship communities promote the civic and social incorporation of immigrants in varying ways and to varying degrees, depending upon the demographics of the group, the organizational culture of the worship community, its religious tradition, and leaders' interpretations of that tradition. Such diversity undermines recent claims that immigrant worship communities are being transformed under the impress of the American “congregational template”. On the contrary, in many cases they bring distinctive patterns of organization and practice to American religion, and in some cases are transforming American churches. As ethnic and religious “outsiders” defending the terms on which they will be incorporated into American society, they take their place in a long line that has defined American pluralism since the origins of the republic.
Jacob T. Levy
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198297703
- eISBN:
- 9780191602948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829770X.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Three broad kinds of incorporation of indigenous law in a multicultural society are described: customary law, common law, and self‐government. These modes of incorporation have different internal ...
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Three broad kinds of incorporation of indigenous law in a multicultural society are described: customary law, common law, and self‐government. These modes of incorporation have different internal logics, different moral and political implications, and different resulting legal rights for indigenous people. The chapter discusses these differences with reference to the experience of some societies that have incorporated indigenous law in these various ways. Inconsistencies in the treatment of indigenous law, and its treatment by hybrid approaches are also discussed, as is religious law.Less
Three broad kinds of incorporation of indigenous law in a multicultural society are described: customary law, common law, and self‐government. These modes of incorporation have different internal logics, different moral and political implications, and different resulting legal rights for indigenous people. The chapter discusses these differences with reference to the experience of some societies that have incorporated indigenous law in these various ways. Inconsistencies in the treatment of indigenous law, and its treatment by hybrid approaches are also discussed, as is religious law.
Jeffrey C. Alexander
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195162509
- eISBN:
- 9780199943364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162509.003.0035
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter examines the extraordinary difficulties encountered by the project to incorporate Jewish out-groups into Western civil societies. The discussion covers Jews and the dilemmas of ...
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This chapter examines the extraordinary difficulties encountered by the project to incorporate Jewish out-groups into Western civil societies. The discussion covers Jews and the dilemmas of assimilative incorporation; anti-Semitic arguments for Jewish incorporation; initial Jewish arguments for self-change; religious and secular modes of Jewish adaptation to the dilemmas of assimilation; new forms of symbolic reflection and social response in the fin de siècle; and the crisis of anti-Semitic assimilation in the interwar period.Less
This chapter examines the extraordinary difficulties encountered by the project to incorporate Jewish out-groups into Western civil societies. The discussion covers Jews and the dilemmas of assimilative incorporation; anti-Semitic arguments for Jewish incorporation; initial Jewish arguments for self-change; religious and secular modes of Jewish adaptation to the dilemmas of assimilation; new forms of symbolic reflection and social response in the fin de siècle; and the crisis of anti-Semitic assimilation in the interwar period.
Russell Samolsky
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780823234790
- eISBN:
- 9780823241248
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823234790.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This book sets out to articulate a new theory and textual practice of the relation between literary reception and embodiment by arguing that certain modern literary texts have apocalyptic futures. ...
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This book sets out to articulate a new theory and textual practice of the relation between literary reception and embodiment by arguing that certain modern literary texts have apocalyptic futures. Rather than claim that great writers have clairvoyant powers, it examines the ways in which a text incorporates an apocalyptic event—and marked or mutilated bodies—into its future reception. The book is thus concerned with the way in which apocalyptic works solicit their future receptions. Deploying the double register of “marks” to show how a text both codes and targets mutilated bodies, the book focuses on how these bodies are incorporated into texts by Kafka, Conrad, Coetzee, and Spiegelman. Situating “In the Penal Colony” in relation to the Holocaust, Heart of Darkness to the Rwandan genocide, and Waiting for the Barbarians to the revelations of torture in apartheid South Africa and contemporary Iraq, it argues for the ethical and political importance of reading these literary works' “apocalyptic futures” in our own urgent and perilous situations. The book concludes with a reading of Spiegelman's Maus that offers a messianic counter-time to the law of apocalyptic incorporation.Less
This book sets out to articulate a new theory and textual practice of the relation between literary reception and embodiment by arguing that certain modern literary texts have apocalyptic futures. Rather than claim that great writers have clairvoyant powers, it examines the ways in which a text incorporates an apocalyptic event—and marked or mutilated bodies—into its future reception. The book is thus concerned with the way in which apocalyptic works solicit their future receptions. Deploying the double register of “marks” to show how a text both codes and targets mutilated bodies, the book focuses on how these bodies are incorporated into texts by Kafka, Conrad, Coetzee, and Spiegelman. Situating “In the Penal Colony” in relation to the Holocaust, Heart of Darkness to the Rwandan genocide, and Waiting for the Barbarians to the revelations of torture in apartheid South Africa and contemporary Iraq, it argues for the ethical and political importance of reading these literary works' “apocalyptic futures” in our own urgent and perilous situations. The book concludes with a reading of Spiegelman's Maus that offers a messianic counter-time to the law of apocalyptic incorporation.
Stephen Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199279906
- eISBN:
- 9780191707131
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279906.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This book is about the grammar of clitics. It considers all points of view, including their phonology and syntax and relation to morphology. In the process, it deals with the relation of second ...
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This book is about the grammar of clitics. It considers all points of view, including their phonology and syntax and relation to morphology. In the process, it deals with the relation of second position clitics to verb-second phenomena in Germanic and other languages, the grammar of contracted auxiliary verbs in English, noun incorporation constructions, and several other much discussed topics in grammar. The book includes analyses of a number of particular languages, and some of these — such as Kwakw'ala (nullKwakiutlnull) and Surmiran Rumantsch — are based on the author's own field research. The study of clitics has broad implications for a general understanding of sentence structure in natural language.Less
This book is about the grammar of clitics. It considers all points of view, including their phonology and syntax and relation to morphology. In the process, it deals with the relation of second position clitics to verb-second phenomena in Germanic and other languages, the grammar of contracted auxiliary verbs in English, noun incorporation constructions, and several other much discussed topics in grammar. The book includes analyses of a number of particular languages, and some of these — such as Kwakw'ala (nullKwakiutlnull) and Surmiran Rumantsch — are based on the author's own field research. The study of clitics has broad implications for a general understanding of sentence structure in natural language.
Ronald W. Langacker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331967
- eISBN:
- 9780199868209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.003.0011
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
A full clause profiles a grounded instance of a process type. Conceptual archetypes function as the prototypical values of basic clause types and clausal elements. Languages naturally differ in their ...
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A full clause profiles a grounded instance of a process type. Conceptual archetypes function as the prototypical values of basic clause types and clausal elements. Languages naturally differ in their implementation of this general characterization, and within a language clauses are varied and complex. Subject and object are defined schematically as trajector and landmark, i.e. primary and secondary focal participant. In most languages a particular semantic role represents the typical choice of trajector: either agent or theme (a patient-like participant). Each is the starting point along a natural path: the path of energy flow in the case of agent, and a path based on conceptual autonomy in the case of theme. In varied proportions and for different grammatical phenomena, every language makes some use of these two basic strategies. This is the basis for nominative/accusative, ergative/absolutive, and agent/patient organization. It can be argued that subject is a grammatical universal when defined abstractly in terms of primary focal prominence. In addition to the most typical clausal organization, every language offers a variety of alternatives for special purposes. Voice alternations (such as active, passive, and middle) pertain to the semantic role of the participant focused as trajector. The trajector can also be a non-participant, e.g. a setting or location. There is comparable variation in the choice of landmark, resulting in different kinds of objects. In agent-oriented languages, clauses which choose the theme as trajector represent an important secondary option. The verb of a clause is often complex. In addition to incorporating nominal or adverbial elements, the verb can exhibit layers of morphological derivation, be a phrase instead of a single word, or even consist in a series of verb-like elements.Less
A full clause profiles a grounded instance of a process type. Conceptual archetypes function as the prototypical values of basic clause types and clausal elements. Languages naturally differ in their implementation of this general characterization, and within a language clauses are varied and complex. Subject and object are defined schematically as trajector and landmark, i.e. primary and secondary focal participant. In most languages a particular semantic role represents the typical choice of trajector: either agent or theme (a patient-like participant). Each is the starting point along a natural path: the path of energy flow in the case of agent, and a path based on conceptual autonomy in the case of theme. In varied proportions and for different grammatical phenomena, every language makes some use of these two basic strategies. This is the basis for nominative/accusative, ergative/absolutive, and agent/patient organization. It can be argued that subject is a grammatical universal when defined abstractly in terms of primary focal prominence. In addition to the most typical clausal organization, every language offers a variety of alternatives for special purposes. Voice alternations (such as active, passive, and middle) pertain to the semantic role of the participant focused as trajector. The trajector can also be a non-participant, e.g. a setting or location. There is comparable variation in the choice of landmark, resulting in different kinds of objects. In agent-oriented languages, clauses which choose the theme as trajector represent an important secondary option. The verb of a clause is often complex. In addition to incorporating nominal or adverbial elements, the verb can exhibit layers of morphological derivation, be a phrase instead of a single word, or even consist in a series of verb-like elements.
Brian Lugioyo
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195387360
- eISBN:
- 9780199866663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387360.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Chapter 4 explores the moderate Catholic view of justification in Johannes Gropper’s Enchiridion of 1538. Gropper was instrumental in formulating the agreements on justification reached at Worms in ...
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Chapter 4 explores the moderate Catholic view of justification in Johannes Gropper’s Enchiridion of 1538. Gropper was instrumental in formulating the agreements on justification reached at Worms in 1540–1541 and Regensburg in 1541. Understanding his view is illuminative of Bucer’s influence in the article. This chapter shows how Gropper’s view of incorporation into Christ within the sacramental structures (baptism, confirmation, Eucharist, and penance) of the church is important for understanding his soteriology.Less
Chapter 4 explores the moderate Catholic view of justification in Johannes Gropper’s Enchiridion of 1538. Gropper was instrumental in formulating the agreements on justification reached at Worms in 1540–1541 and Regensburg in 1541. Understanding his view is illuminative of Bucer’s influence in the article. This chapter shows how Gropper’s view of incorporation into Christ within the sacramental structures (baptism, confirmation, Eucharist, and penance) of the church is important for understanding his soteriology.
John M. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297078
- eISBN:
- 9780191711404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297078.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
The internal strucutre and syntax of functions are investigated, including their roles as circumstantials (adjuncts) as well as participants. Circumstantials as well as participants are subject to ...
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The internal strucutre and syntax of functions are investigated, including their roles as circumstantials (adjuncts) as well as participants. Circumstantials as well as participants are subject to localism. Circumstantiality includes the role of semantic relations in apposition. Particular attention is paid to appositions to incorporated categories, which play an important role in syntax. In the light of this, the status of functors in nominal structures is explored, particularly as it relates to their optionality. Amplification by various scholars of the system of semantic relations with ‘macro-roles’ is rejected. More recent attempts to dispense in the syntax with semantic relations (including appeal to the ‘universality of theta assignment hypothesis’ and to abstract syntactic solutions — ‘generative semantics’, ‘argument structure’) are examined and also rejected.Less
The internal strucutre and syntax of functions are investigated, including their roles as circumstantials (adjuncts) as well as participants. Circumstantials as well as participants are subject to localism. Circumstantiality includes the role of semantic relations in apposition. Particular attention is paid to appositions to incorporated categories, which play an important role in syntax. In the light of this, the status of functors in nominal structures is explored, particularly as it relates to their optionality. Amplification by various scholars of the system of semantic relations with ‘macro-roles’ is rejected. More recent attempts to dispense in the syntax with semantic relations (including appeal to the ‘universality of theta assignment hypothesis’ and to abstract syntactic solutions — ‘generative semantics’, ‘argument structure’) are examined and also rejected.
Zain Abdullah
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195314250
- eISBN:
- 9780199871797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314250.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
Although global forces might make it possible to search for hope around the world, one might face challenges that make it impossible to attain. African Muslims in Harlem represent a blues people in ...
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Although global forces might make it possible to search for hope around the world, one might face challenges that make it impossible to attain. African Muslims in Harlem represent a blues people in search of hope—hope for their families, hope for themselves, and hope for their children yet unborn. This final chapter discusses what might be at stake for them at this particular stage of their journey. They have made great strides as they seek better avenues of incorporation into American society, but their survival is uncertain. Much relies on the kind of fellowship they are able to develop among themselves and with local residents and how much of their religious traditions they can pass on to the second generation.Less
Although global forces might make it possible to search for hope around the world, one might face challenges that make it impossible to attain. African Muslims in Harlem represent a blues people in search of hope—hope for their families, hope for themselves, and hope for their children yet unborn. This final chapter discusses what might be at stake for them at this particular stage of their journey. They have made great strides as they seek better avenues of incorporation into American society, but their survival is uncertain. Much relies on the kind of fellowship they are able to develop among themselves and with local residents and how much of their religious traditions they can pass on to the second generation.
Prudence L. Carter
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199899630
- eISBN:
- 9780199951147
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199899630.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education, Race and Ethnicity
Chapter Seven summarizes the findings and arguments, ranging from cross-national to inter-organizational to between-group analyses. The chapter returns to the question: what are the features of ...
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Chapter Seven summarizes the findings and arguments, ranging from cross-national to inter-organizational to between-group analyses. The chapter returns to the question: what are the features of school environments that make students' of color incorporation in education greater at some schools and smaller at others? It offers some recommendations for policy makers and educators to consider in attempts to uproot the weeds of educational inequality that have long vexed two national systems. Overall, it encapsulates the research discussed throughout Stubborn Roots, maintaining how the obstinate legacy of past injustices can be overturned to weed out the invasion of both overt and latent practices that stifle the growth of equity in schools found within two just, democratic societies.Less
Chapter Seven summarizes the findings and arguments, ranging from cross-national to inter-organizational to between-group analyses. The chapter returns to the question: what are the features of school environments that make students' of color incorporation in education greater at some schools and smaller at others? It offers some recommendations for policy makers and educators to consider in attempts to uproot the weeds of educational inequality that have long vexed two national systems. Overall, it encapsulates the research discussed throughout Stubborn Roots, maintaining how the obstinate legacy of past injustices can be overturned to weed out the invasion of both overt and latent practices that stifle the growth of equity in schools found within two just, democratic societies.
Jeffrey C. Alexander
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195162509
- eISBN:
- 9780199943364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162509.003.0033
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
During the three hundred years since the first democratic institutionalizations of civil society emerged the crippling of its utopian promises generated continuous struggle. These have not only been ...
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During the three hundred years since the first democratic institutionalizations of civil society emerged the crippling of its utopian promises generated continuous struggle. These have not only been political struggles for power, but legal, cultural, and emotional arguments about definitions of competence and identity, about symbolic representations of the primordial qualities of dominant and excluded groups. The public has never been a dry and arid place composed of abstract arguments about reason. It has always been filled up by expressive images, by narratives, traditions, and symbolic codes. Organizations and social movements have sustained and resisted these cultural structures, engaging in discursive struggles over the legitimating resources they need to expand or restrict civil life. This chapter discusses the plasticity of common identity; exclusionary solidarity; forms of out-group contact; nondemocratic incorporation; internal colonialism and the civil sphere; varieties of incorporation and resistance in civil societies; closing down the civil sphere; opening up the civil sphere; and stigmatized persons and their qualities.Less
During the three hundred years since the first democratic institutionalizations of civil society emerged the crippling of its utopian promises generated continuous struggle. These have not only been political struggles for power, but legal, cultural, and emotional arguments about definitions of competence and identity, about symbolic representations of the primordial qualities of dominant and excluded groups. The public has never been a dry and arid place composed of abstract arguments about reason. It has always been filled up by expressive images, by narratives, traditions, and symbolic codes. Organizations and social movements have sustained and resisted these cultural structures, engaging in discursive struggles over the legitimating resources they need to expand or restrict civil life. This chapter discusses the plasticity of common identity; exclusionary solidarity; forms of out-group contact; nondemocratic incorporation; internal colonialism and the civil sphere; varieties of incorporation and resistance in civil societies; closing down the civil sphere; opening up the civil sphere; and stigmatized persons and their qualities.
Jeffrey C. Alexander
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195162509
- eISBN:
- 9780199943364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162509.003.0034
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
In comparative analyses of the United States and France, sociologists, historians, and national intellectuals have argued that incorporation in these nations is different from that in other nations ...
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In comparative analyses of the United States and France, sociologists, historians, and national intellectuals have argued that incorporation in these nations is different from that in other nations because it proceeds under civic-ideological rather than ethnic-primordial understandings of citizenship. Their revolutionary origins and self-conscious Enlightenment rationales are supposed to have initiated such radical ruptures with tradition that their postrevolutionary civil societies are legitimated not by any primordial particularities but simply by democratic ideology as such. This chapter demonstrates that this is not the case. There are, indeed, highly significant differences between France and the United States, on the one hand, and central and southern European nations on the other. Nonetheless, neither revolutionary country avoided the primordialization of its civil premises or the struggles over incorporation that issued therefrom. The three pathways to incorporation (assimilative mode, hyphenated mode, multicultural mode) cannot be parsed into such neatly compartmentalized ways. All three forms are relevant, although certainly not equally relevant, to every national experience.Less
In comparative analyses of the United States and France, sociologists, historians, and national intellectuals have argued that incorporation in these nations is different from that in other nations because it proceeds under civic-ideological rather than ethnic-primordial understandings of citizenship. Their revolutionary origins and self-conscious Enlightenment rationales are supposed to have initiated such radical ruptures with tradition that their postrevolutionary civil societies are legitimated not by any primordial particularities but simply by democratic ideology as such. This chapter demonstrates that this is not the case. There are, indeed, highly significant differences between France and the United States, on the one hand, and central and southern European nations on the other. Nonetheless, neither revolutionary country avoided the primordialization of its civil premises or the struggles over incorporation that issued therefrom. The three pathways to incorporation (assimilative mode, hyphenated mode, multicultural mode) cannot be parsed into such neatly compartmentalized ways. All three forms are relevant, although certainly not equally relevant, to every national experience.
Jeffrey C. Alexander
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195162509
- eISBN:
- 9780199943364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162509.003.0036
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
The collapse of the civil sphere in Germany, not German anti-Semitism, is what allowed the Holocaust to proceed, this chapter states. That it was problems in the civil sphere that caused the ...
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The collapse of the civil sphere in Germany, not German anti-Semitism, is what allowed the Holocaust to proceed, this chapter states. That it was problems in the civil sphere that caused the Holocaust is demonstrated by the uneven but increasingly substantial Jewish incorporation into the modern, capitalist, and often deeply anti-Semitic United States in the latter half of the twentieth century. This chapter completes the discussion of civil society and the Jewish question by considering this critical case. It provides one final demonstration of how contingent is the institutionalization of the promises of civil society. Whether these promissory notes are paid does not depend on the presence or absence of Enlightenment ideals. What is decisive is their implementation in a fragmented civil sphere.Less
The collapse of the civil sphere in Germany, not German anti-Semitism, is what allowed the Holocaust to proceed, this chapter states. That it was problems in the civil sphere that caused the Holocaust is demonstrated by the uneven but increasingly substantial Jewish incorporation into the modern, capitalist, and often deeply anti-Semitic United States in the latter half of the twentieth century. This chapter completes the discussion of civil society and the Jewish question by considering this critical case. It provides one final demonstration of how contingent is the institutionalization of the promises of civil society. Whether these promissory notes are paid does not depend on the presence or absence of Enlightenment ideals. What is decisive is their implementation in a fragmented civil sphere.
Will Somerville and Betsy Cooper
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388138
- eISBN:
- 9780199863440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388138.003.0009
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Communities and Organizations
This chapter discusses immigration to the United Kingdom from 1990 to the present day, focusing on trends and policies since the election of the Labour Party (first under Tony Blair in 1997). During ...
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This chapter discusses immigration to the United Kingdom from 1990 to the present day, focusing on trends and policies since the election of the Labour Party (first under Tony Blair in 1997). During this period, there has been high sustained net immigration to the United Kingdom, more diverse in its character than in the previous waves. The policy response has been radical, opening some routes of immigration arrivals while closing others, and moving from a multicultural race relations model of immigrant incorporation to one of integration. Outcomes for immigrants themselves have been mixed, with positives associated with most groups in the second generation.Less
This chapter discusses immigration to the United Kingdom from 1990 to the present day, focusing on trends and policies since the election of the Labour Party (first under Tony Blair in 1997). During this period, there has been high sustained net immigration to the United Kingdom, more diverse in its character than in the previous waves. The policy response has been radical, opening some routes of immigration arrivals while closing others, and moving from a multicultural race relations model of immigrant incorporation to one of integration. Outcomes for immigrants themselves have been mixed, with positives associated with most groups in the second generation.
Geert Booij
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199226245
- eISBN:
- 9780191710360
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226245.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Compounding is the word formation process in which two or more lexemes are combined into a word. In neo-classical compounding, Greek or Latin roots are also used as building blocks. Compounding is a ...
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Compounding is the word formation process in which two or more lexemes are combined into a word. In neo-classical compounding, Greek or Latin roots are also used as building blocks. Compounding is a very productive process in many languages. It is sometimes complicated to determine if a sequence of word is to be considered a compound or a phrase. Compounding and derivation can be used simultaneously in the formation of synthetic compounds.Less
Compounding is the word formation process in which two or more lexemes are combined into a word. In neo-classical compounding, Greek or Latin roots are also used as building blocks. Compounding is a very productive process in many languages. It is sometimes complicated to determine if a sequence of word is to be considered a compound or a phrase. Compounding and derivation can be used simultaneously in the formation of synthetic compounds.
Stephen R. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199279906
- eISBN:
- 9780191707131
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279906.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Noun Incorporation has attracted considerable attention in the literature of both syntax and morphology, because it involves the construction of units that are unquestionably words from material that ...
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Noun Incorporation has attracted considerable attention in the literature of both syntax and morphology, because it involves the construction of units that are unquestionably words from material that gives the appearance of having been combined within the syntax. If this impression is indeed correct, this operation presents an important prima facie problem for most versions of the Lexicalist Hypothesis. It is argued that much Noun Incorporation is in fact lexical, not syntactic. In fact, the limited sets of data for which the syntactic account is still said to be necessary can also be accommodated within the lexical account, without invoking extraordinary mechanisms. That means that a purely lexical account of Noun Incorporation, without syntactic movement, is almost certainly possible. But that, in turn, means that the best putative support for an operation of syntactic Head Movement may be non-existent — a conclusion with extensive consequences for many areas of contemporary syntax.Less
Noun Incorporation has attracted considerable attention in the literature of both syntax and morphology, because it involves the construction of units that are unquestionably words from material that gives the appearance of having been combined within the syntax. If this impression is indeed correct, this operation presents an important prima facie problem for most versions of the Lexicalist Hypothesis. It is argued that much Noun Incorporation is in fact lexical, not syntactic. In fact, the limited sets of data for which the syntactic account is still said to be necessary can also be accommodated within the lexical account, without invoking extraordinary mechanisms. That means that a purely lexical account of Noun Incorporation, without syntactic movement, is almost certainly possible. But that, in turn, means that the best putative support for an operation of syntactic Head Movement may be non-existent — a conclusion with extensive consequences for many areas of contemporary syntax.
