Chris Argyris
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195132861
- eISBN:
- 9780199848645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195132861.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter describes how readers can become more critical of the advice they read. The advice examined in the previous chapters contains four characteristics that limit both its validity and its ...
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This chapter describes how readers can become more critical of the advice they read. The advice examined in the previous chapters contains four characteristics that limit both its validity and its actionability. When individuals programmed with Model I theories-in-use adhere to Model I social values and comply with the requirements of organizational defensive routines, they are largely unaware of these limits. So, they actually approve the advice, value it, and feel good about it. By definition, they do not see how Model I advice, in operation, produces skilled unawareness, let alone the skilled incompetence that accompanies it. These are the four main reasons why: the advice represents espoused theories of effectiveness; it contains evaluations and attributions that are neither tested nor testable; it is based on self-referential logic that produces limited knowledge about what is going on; and the advice does not specify causal processes.Less
This chapter describes how readers can become more critical of the advice they read. The advice examined in the previous chapters contains four characteristics that limit both its validity and its actionability. When individuals programmed with Model I theories-in-use adhere to Model I social values and comply with the requirements of organizational defensive routines, they are largely unaware of these limits. So, they actually approve the advice, value it, and feel good about it. By definition, they do not see how Model I advice, in operation, produces skilled unawareness, let alone the skilled incompetence that accompanies it. These are the four main reasons why: the advice represents espoused theories of effectiveness; it contains evaluations and attributions that are neither tested nor testable; it is based on self-referential logic that produces limited knowledge about what is going on; and the advice does not specify causal processes.
Jean Matter Mandler
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195311839
- eISBN:
- 9780199786770
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311839.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter explores Piaget's conception of the sensorimotor infant. It contends that Piaget made a risky assumption which plagued developmental psychology for many years thereafter: he mistook ...
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This chapter explores Piaget's conception of the sensorimotor infant. It contends that Piaget made a risky assumption which plagued developmental psychology for many years thereafter: he mistook infants' motor incompetence for conceptual incompetence. Piaget's view of image formation, his theory to conceptual thought, and motor incompetence versus cognitive incompetence are discussed.Less
This chapter explores Piaget's conception of the sensorimotor infant. It contends that Piaget made a risky assumption which plagued developmental psychology for many years thereafter: he mistook infants' motor incompetence for conceptual incompetence. Piaget's view of image formation, his theory to conceptual thought, and motor incompetence versus cognitive incompetence are discussed.
Robert Noggle
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242689
- eISBN:
- 9780191598715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242682.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Cognitive incompetence cannot adequately explain the special character of children's moral status. It is, in fact, because children lack preference structures that are sufficiently stable over time ...
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Cognitive incompetence cannot adequately explain the special character of children's moral status. It is, in fact, because children lack preference structures that are sufficiently stable over time that they are not ’temporally extended agents’. They are best viewed as 'special agents’, and parents have the responsibility of fostering the development of temporally extended agency and other necessary related moral capacities. Parental authority should be exercised with the view to assisting children to acquire the capacities that facilitate their transition from 'special agents’ to full and functioning members of the moral community.Less
Cognitive incompetence cannot adequately explain the special character of children's moral status. It is, in fact, because children lack preference structures that are sufficiently stable over time that they are not ’temporally extended agents’. They are best viewed as 'special agents’, and parents have the responsibility of fostering the development of temporally extended agency and other necessary related moral capacities. Parental authority should be exercised with the view to assisting children to acquire the capacities that facilitate their transition from 'special agents’ to full and functioning members of the moral community.
William L. Miller, Tatyana Y. Koshechkina, and ÅSE B. GRØDELAND
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263136
- eISBN:
- 9780191734922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263136.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Political theorists claim that political trust is located on the continuum that runs from blind faith to enforceable contract. Trust ‘as passion’ borders on blind faith, while trust ‘as calculation’ ...
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Political theorists claim that political trust is located on the continuum that runs from blind faith to enforceable contract. Trust ‘as passion’ borders on blind faith, while trust ‘as calculation’ comes close to enforceable contract. More often located between these extremes, political trust is usually a mix of faith and calculation, varying from largely irrational responses to the charisma of political leaders to largely calculated ‘bets on the actions of others’. This chapter discusses political distrust in post-Communist Europe and looks at four broad categories of potential influences (all negative) on political trust: distrustful citizens, untrustworthy institutions, discordance between citizens and government, and hard times. It also examines incompetence, scandal, dishonesty, and corruption; responsiveness and fairness; the untrustworthiness of elected and unelected officials; and the unfairness that citizens perceive or actually experience.Less
Political theorists claim that political trust is located on the continuum that runs from blind faith to enforceable contract. Trust ‘as passion’ borders on blind faith, while trust ‘as calculation’ comes close to enforceable contract. More often located between these extremes, political trust is usually a mix of faith and calculation, varying from largely irrational responses to the charisma of political leaders to largely calculated ‘bets on the actions of others’. This chapter discusses political distrust in post-Communist Europe and looks at four broad categories of potential influences (all negative) on political trust: distrustful citizens, untrustworthy institutions, discordance between citizens and government, and hard times. It also examines incompetence, scandal, dishonesty, and corruption; responsiveness and fairness; the untrustworthiness of elected and unelected officials; and the unfairness that citizens perceive or actually experience.
P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, Richard Gunther, Dimitri A. Sotiropoulos, and Edward E. Malefakis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199202812
- eISBN:
- 9780191708008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202812.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Democratization
This chapter presents an overview of the central theme of the book—the overcoming of “Southern European exceptionalism” and approximation over the past four decades of state capacities and public ...
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This chapter presents an overview of the central theme of the book—the overcoming of “Southern European exceptionalism” and approximation over the past four decades of state capacities and public policies typical of other West European democracies—which the chapter hypothesizes is in large measure a product of the interaction among three forces, democratization, socioeconomic modernization, and Europeanization. The chapter presents a historical overview of the nature of Southern European exceptionalism, one aspect of which the chapter calls “state-heavy” characteristics: frequent resort to repression; corporatism and state intervention in the economy; excessive centralization of state power; and heavy reliance on patronage. At the same time, exceptionalism included several “weak-state” features: an inadequate and regressive system of taxation; strong and autonomous local elites; weak civilian control over the military; bureaucratic incompetence (in both civilian and military sectors); inadequate government services; weak legitimacy of the state; and economic inefficiencies that retarded economic development.Less
This chapter presents an overview of the central theme of the book—the overcoming of “Southern European exceptionalism” and approximation over the past four decades of state capacities and public policies typical of other West European democracies—which the chapter hypothesizes is in large measure a product of the interaction among three forces, democratization, socioeconomic modernization, and Europeanization. The chapter presents a historical overview of the nature of Southern European exceptionalism, one aspect of which the chapter calls “state-heavy” characteristics: frequent resort to repression; corporatism and state intervention in the economy; excessive centralization of state power; and heavy reliance on patronage. At the same time, exceptionalism included several “weak-state” features: an inadequate and regressive system of taxation; strong and autonomous local elites; weak civilian control over the military; bureaucratic incompetence (in both civilian and military sectors); inadequate government services; weak legitimacy of the state; and economic inefficiencies that retarded economic development.
David S. Wendler
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199730087
- eISBN:
- 9780199776689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730087.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
The chapter begins with Paul Ramsey's argument which offers the most prominent and persuasive argument against nonbeneficial pediatric research. Ramsey argues that nonbeneficial pediatric research is ...
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The chapter begins with Paul Ramsey's argument which offers the most prominent and persuasive argument against nonbeneficial pediatric research. Ramsey argues that nonbeneficial pediatric research is necessarily unethical because it involves exploitation, exposing those who cannot consent to risks for the benefit of others. To evaluate this argument it is necessary to consider the importance of informed consent, when is it necessary and why. The chapter then considers a number of prominent views which hold, effectively, that we do not need a justification for nonbeneficial pediatric research because such research does not raise serious ethical concern in the first place. Commentators offer a number of arguments for this view, citing the fact that the risks of most nonbeneficial pediatric research studies are low or children would consent to it if they could consent.Less
The chapter begins with Paul Ramsey's argument which offers the most prominent and persuasive argument against nonbeneficial pediatric research. Ramsey argues that nonbeneficial pediatric research is necessarily unethical because it involves exploitation, exposing those who cannot consent to risks for the benefit of others. To evaluate this argument it is necessary to consider the importance of informed consent, when is it necessary and why. The chapter then considers a number of prominent views which hold, effectively, that we do not need a justification for nonbeneficial pediatric research because such research does not raise serious ethical concern in the first place. Commentators offer a number of arguments for this view, citing the fact that the risks of most nonbeneficial pediatric research studies are low or children would consent to it if they could consent.
Hélène Landemore
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155654
- eISBN:
- 9781400845538
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155654.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter illustrates the deeply entrenched prejudice of political philosophers, including some democratic theorists, against “the rule of the dumb many.” It offers a critical literature survey ...
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This chapter illustrates the deeply entrenched prejudice of political philosophers, including some democratic theorists, against “the rule of the dumb many.” It offers a critical literature survey showing how most traditional approaches to democracy either deny or circumvent the question of the people's competence to rule, with the exception of a tiny but growing literature on “epistemic democracy.” In fact, with the exception of the latter, the question of the cognitive competence of average citizens and the related question of the performance of democratic institutions either raises profound skepticism or is avoided altogether in contemporary democratic theory, both positive and normative. As a result, many theories and justifications of democracy tend to be competence insensitive, either denying that citizens' political incompetence is a problem or circumventing what they do see as a problem through an “elitist” definition of democracy as rule by the elected enlightened.Less
This chapter illustrates the deeply entrenched prejudice of political philosophers, including some democratic theorists, against “the rule of the dumb many.” It offers a critical literature survey showing how most traditional approaches to democracy either deny or circumvent the question of the people's competence to rule, with the exception of a tiny but growing literature on “epistemic democracy.” In fact, with the exception of the latter, the question of the cognitive competence of average citizens and the related question of the performance of democratic institutions either raises profound skepticism or is avoided altogether in contemporary democratic theory, both positive and normative. As a result, many theories and justifications of democracy tend to be competence insensitive, either denying that citizens' political incompetence is a problem or circumventing what they do see as a problem through an “elitist” definition of democracy as rule by the elected enlightened.
Lord Denning
- Published in print:
- 1980
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780406176080
- eISBN:
- 9780191705113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780406176080.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
Many of the questions of the day are not decided in the courts of law or even in judicial tribunals. These issues are not ‘justiciable’. They are entrusted to commissions of inquiry, to inspectors, ...
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Many of the questions of the day are not decided in the courts of law or even in judicial tribunals. These issues are not ‘justiciable’. They are entrusted to commissions of inquiry, to inspectors, and licensing bodies. Not being justiciable, they are not subject to appeal to courts of Law. But it is very important that their proceedings should be conducted fairly. To this end, the courts have evolved processes by which to control them. Especially as on some occasions these bodies may make findings or come to conclusions very adverse to the individual. However, the chapter first deals with the judges themselves. They too are not perfect. They may make mistakes and thereby do injustice. In many cases, a mistake of a judge can be corrected on appeal. But some mistakes cannot be corrected due to ignorance, incompetence, bias, or even malice.Less
Many of the questions of the day are not decided in the courts of law or even in judicial tribunals. These issues are not ‘justiciable’. They are entrusted to commissions of inquiry, to inspectors, and licensing bodies. Not being justiciable, they are not subject to appeal to courts of Law. But it is very important that their proceedings should be conducted fairly. To this end, the courts have evolved processes by which to control them. Especially as on some occasions these bodies may make findings or come to conclusions very adverse to the individual. However, the chapter first deals with the judges themselves. They too are not perfect. They may make mistakes and thereby do injustice. In many cases, a mistake of a judge can be corrected on appeal. But some mistakes cannot be corrected due to ignorance, incompetence, bias, or even malice.
Paul Woodruff
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195304541
- eISBN:
- 9780199850747
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304541.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
When Sophocles won his trial on questions about his mental incompetence, he recited a substantial portion of his play, which was a master piece, and convinced the court of his competence. This was ...
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When Sophocles won his trial on questions about his mental incompetence, he recited a substantial portion of his play, which was a master piece, and convinced the court of his competence. This was because Sophocles seemed more plausable in the debate. The truth was not the main concern, but the believability of reasons was. This is what this chapter refers to as reasoning without knowledge. This chapter focuses on the process of good judgment (euboulia) in the First Democracy in which the power of reasoning is practiced. Debates and voting were considered valuable in the process as they could allow for different perspectives being heard.Less
When Sophocles won his trial on questions about his mental incompetence, he recited a substantial portion of his play, which was a master piece, and convinced the court of his competence. This was because Sophocles seemed more plausable in the debate. The truth was not the main concern, but the believability of reasons was. This is what this chapter refers to as reasoning without knowledge. This chapter focuses on the process of good judgment (euboulia) in the First Democracy in which the power of reasoning is practiced. Debates and voting were considered valuable in the process as they could allow for different perspectives being heard.
Benjamin J. Cohen and Susan Strange
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781784992668
- eISBN:
- 9781526104076
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784992668.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The BIS has given up on the idea of enforcing standard rules for all. Banks are to be self-regulating. The IMF has been given more power but is not competent nor qualified to deal with tricky ...
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The BIS has given up on the idea of enforcing standard rules for all. Banks are to be self-regulating. The IMF has been given more power but is not competent nor qualified to deal with tricky politicians and secretive bankers.Less
The BIS has given up on the idea of enforcing standard rules for all. Banks are to be self-regulating. The IMF has been given more power but is not competent nor qualified to deal with tricky politicians and secretive bankers.
Katharine G. Young
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199641932
- eISBN:
- 9780191746086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641932.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter introduces the concept of a judicial “role conception”. A role conception assists the court in maintaining democratic legitimacy, adherence to opinions and execution of orders. The ...
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This chapter introduces the concept of a judicial “role conception”. A role conception assists the court in maintaining democratic legitimacy, adherence to opinions and execution of orders. The nature of these demands is contingent on the constitutional polity in which a court finds itself. The Chapter argues that the South African Constitutional Court enjoys a catalytic role conception, which explains the variety of stances towards judicial review that it adopts when adjudicating economic and social rights. The choice of a particular stance is responsive to whether government intransigence, incompetence or inattentiveness has caused the rights-infringement in question. This explanation is offered as one superior to the distinction between negative and positive obligations, the maturity of the jurisprudence, or whether the right is quantifiable or costly. A catalytic court seeks to lower the political energy that is required by other legal actors to secure economic and social rightsLess
This chapter introduces the concept of a judicial “role conception”. A role conception assists the court in maintaining democratic legitimacy, adherence to opinions and execution of orders. The nature of these demands is contingent on the constitutional polity in which a court finds itself. The Chapter argues that the South African Constitutional Court enjoys a catalytic role conception, which explains the variety of stances towards judicial review that it adopts when adjudicating economic and social rights. The choice of a particular stance is responsive to whether government intransigence, incompetence or inattentiveness has caused the rights-infringement in question. This explanation is offered as one superior to the distinction between negative and positive obligations, the maturity of the jurisprudence, or whether the right is quantifiable or costly. A catalytic court seeks to lower the political energy that is required by other legal actors to secure economic and social rights
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853236566
- eISBN:
- 9781846313127
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780853236566.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Family Service Units (FSU) played an important role in the advancement of professional social work with families after the Second World War and generated date on all major social work questions as it ...
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Family Service Units (FSU) played an important role in the advancement of professional social work with families after the Second World War and generated date on all major social work questions as it influenced the family in the post-war period. Its work attracted both admiration and suspicion from professional colleagues in other organisations. The emphasis placed on parental incompetence in the early days of the agency transformed into a less judgemental view of the family but one in which the interests of children may not always have been predominant. FSU also had to adapt and adjust its contribution in response to developments within the statutory sector. Moreover, it was determined to survive, even if that meant it had to recreate itself.Less
Family Service Units (FSU) played an important role in the advancement of professional social work with families after the Second World War and generated date on all major social work questions as it influenced the family in the post-war period. Its work attracted both admiration and suspicion from professional colleagues in other organisations. The emphasis placed on parental incompetence in the early days of the agency transformed into a less judgemental view of the family but one in which the interests of children may not always have been predominant. FSU also had to adapt and adjust its contribution in response to developments within the statutory sector. Moreover, it was determined to survive, even if that meant it had to recreate itself.
Peter H. Schuck
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520267176
- eISBN:
- 9780520950207
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520267176.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
The topic of immigration journalism is of the utmost interest and public importance but it is seldom, if ever, systematically examined. Bringing academics, policy analysts, and policymakers together ...
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The topic of immigration journalism is of the utmost interest and public importance but it is seldom, if ever, systematically examined. Bringing academics, policy analysts, and policymakers together with journalists who cover immigration is a splendid idea. This chapter opens with some observations about immigration law. It then turns to the handiwork of immigration journalists who write in two elite newspapers, the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal. It argues that immigration journalists are congenitally and perhaps professionally and ideologically drawn to individual stories, usually stories of incompetence or illegality by the immigration agency. By exposing the injustices “the little guy” suffers at the hand of a cold-hearted bureaucracy, journalists perform a tried-and-true public service. The chapter suggests that journalists should also strive to inform readers about the more systemic, less individualized effects of immigration and the challenges and trade-offs encompassed in immigration policy and control in a modern democracy.Less
The topic of immigration journalism is of the utmost interest and public importance but it is seldom, if ever, systematically examined. Bringing academics, policy analysts, and policymakers together with journalists who cover immigration is a splendid idea. This chapter opens with some observations about immigration law. It then turns to the handiwork of immigration journalists who write in two elite newspapers, the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal. It argues that immigration journalists are congenitally and perhaps professionally and ideologically drawn to individual stories, usually stories of incompetence or illegality by the immigration agency. By exposing the injustices “the little guy” suffers at the hand of a cold-hearted bureaucracy, journalists perform a tried-and-true public service. The chapter suggests that journalists should also strive to inform readers about the more systemic, less individualized effects of immigration and the challenges and trade-offs encompassed in immigration policy and control in a modern democracy.
Lord Denning
- Published in print:
- 1980
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780406176080
- eISBN:
- 9780191705113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780406176080.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter deals with various cases in order to discuss the conduct of judges. If a judge made a mistake, then his mistake would give rise to a new trial and cause much expense to the parties. In ...
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This chapter deals with various cases in order to discuss the conduct of judges. If a judge made a mistake, then his mistake would give rise to a new trial and cause much expense to the parties. In many cases, a mistake of a judge can be corrected on appeal. But there are mistakes that cannot be corrected as a result of ignorance, incompetence, bias, or malice. No one would dream of making the judge personally liable for an innocent mistake. But sometimes a judge might make a mistake owing to a misunderstanding, as a result of which a man might be wrongly detained in prison. This chapter discusses in detail whether the judge could be made liable in such damages or not.Less
This chapter deals with various cases in order to discuss the conduct of judges. If a judge made a mistake, then his mistake would give rise to a new trial and cause much expense to the parties. In many cases, a mistake of a judge can be corrected on appeal. But there are mistakes that cannot be corrected as a result of ignorance, incompetence, bias, or malice. No one would dream of making the judge personally liable for an innocent mistake. But sometimes a judge might make a mistake owing to a misunderstanding, as a result of which a man might be wrongly detained in prison. This chapter discusses in detail whether the judge could be made liable in such damages or not.
Renée L. Beard
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781479800117
- eISBN:
- 9781479855377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479800117.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter delineates the information doctors consider relevant to making a diagnosis, how data are gathered and interpreted in clinical practice, what happens when clinicians disagree, how those ...
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This chapter delineates the information doctors consider relevant to making a diagnosis, how data are gathered and interpreted in clinical practice, what happens when clinicians disagree, how those seeking evaluation are told their results, how the answers to these questions differ according to whether evaluations are conducted by a neurologist or a psychiatrist, and whether or not anything is really being done to help patients after they are diagnosed. Despite the seemingly obvious disciplinary differences, data reveal codified routines that support a common goal of moving individuals from the category of “potential patients” to that of patients, and ultimately research subjects, by establishing trust and highlighting uncertainty. Work practices support the routine collection of information, standardized symptom classification techniques, and assumptions of patient incompetence while discouraging qualitative, narrative data. Uncovering the tropes that clinicians use demonstrates how organizational ethos and work practices influence the social fabric of cognitive evaluations.Less
This chapter delineates the information doctors consider relevant to making a diagnosis, how data are gathered and interpreted in clinical practice, what happens when clinicians disagree, how those seeking evaluation are told their results, how the answers to these questions differ according to whether evaluations are conducted by a neurologist or a psychiatrist, and whether or not anything is really being done to help patients after they are diagnosed. Despite the seemingly obvious disciplinary differences, data reveal codified routines that support a common goal of moving individuals from the category of “potential patients” to that of patients, and ultimately research subjects, by establishing trust and highlighting uncertainty. Work practices support the routine collection of information, standardized symptom classification techniques, and assumptions of patient incompetence while discouraging qualitative, narrative data. Uncovering the tropes that clinicians use demonstrates how organizational ethos and work practices influence the social fabric of cognitive evaluations.
Ian Butler and Mark Drakeford
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428684
- eISBN:
- 9781447303565
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428684.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter examines how the practice of social work was judged during the Colwell Inquiry and focuses particularly on the tensions that existed between competing understandings of its nature and ...
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This chapter examines how the practice of social work was judged during the Colwell Inquiry and focuses particularly on the tensions that existed between competing understandings of its nature and purpose. First, it establishes the local context for the reorganisation of services that had followed from the implementation of the Local Authority Social Services Act of 1970. The two social workers most directly concerned with Maria Colwell's care were Daphne Josephine Kirby of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children and Diana Lees of East Sussex Social Services Department. The charges laid against the social workers involved in the Colwell case fall into four broad categories: simple incompetence in carrying out their duties properly; the flawed nature of some of their fundamental assumptions about children and families; failures in the exercise of professional judgement; and a lack of awareness of the proper boundaries of social work. Taken together, these charges also constituted a powerful critique of social work itself.Less
This chapter examines how the practice of social work was judged during the Colwell Inquiry and focuses particularly on the tensions that existed between competing understandings of its nature and purpose. First, it establishes the local context for the reorganisation of services that had followed from the implementation of the Local Authority Social Services Act of 1970. The two social workers most directly concerned with Maria Colwell's care were Daphne Josephine Kirby of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children and Diana Lees of East Sussex Social Services Department. The charges laid against the social workers involved in the Colwell case fall into four broad categories: simple incompetence in carrying out their duties properly; the flawed nature of some of their fundamental assumptions about children and families; failures in the exercise of professional judgement; and a lack of awareness of the proper boundaries of social work. Taken together, these charges also constituted a powerful critique of social work itself.
Joseph F. Kett
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451225
- eISBN:
- 9780801467677
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451225.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter describes the crisis that has enveloped the ideal of merit since the mid-1960s. It begins and ends with a paradox: Americans had spent two centuries devising ways to reconcile ...
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This chapter describes the crisis that has enveloped the ideal of merit since the mid-1960s. It begins and ends with a paradox: Americans had spent two centuries devising ways to reconcile advancement by merit with equal rights and popular consent only to hear from critics, mainly academics, that merit could never be reconciled with these other ideals of the Founding. Entering the late 1960s, merit had one notably exposed flank: in seeking to reconcile merit with equal rights and popular consent, most Americans had never viewed the effects of class on life trajectories as indelible. Since the 1970s, however, fears of America's declining international competitiveness, a culture of antagonism toward expert authority, and intensifying partisan divisions have deflected interest from merit-versus-quality to merit-versus-incompetence and to an obsessive concern with the evaluation of professionals.Less
This chapter describes the crisis that has enveloped the ideal of merit since the mid-1960s. It begins and ends with a paradox: Americans had spent two centuries devising ways to reconcile advancement by merit with equal rights and popular consent only to hear from critics, mainly academics, that merit could never be reconciled with these other ideals of the Founding. Entering the late 1960s, merit had one notably exposed flank: in seeking to reconcile merit with equal rights and popular consent, most Americans had never viewed the effects of class on life trajectories as indelible. Since the 1970s, however, fears of America's declining international competitiveness, a culture of antagonism toward expert authority, and intensifying partisan divisions have deflected interest from merit-versus-quality to merit-versus-incompetence and to an obsessive concern with the evaluation of professionals.
Stephen F. Ross and Stefan Szymanski
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804756686
- eISBN:
- 9780804769778
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804756686.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This book is a clarion call to sports fans. It proposes a significant restructuring of sports leagues. The book sets out a rational program for a revolution that will serve the best interests of the ...
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This book is a clarion call to sports fans. It proposes a significant restructuring of sports leagues. The book sets out a rational program for a revolution that will serve the best interests of the fans and of the sport itself. But the book is not Marxist: it shows how a revolution in the organization of sports might even benefit the owners. By harnessing the power of markets, sports leagues can be made both more responsive to the needs of the fans, and more efficient. Many years were spent before this bok was written evaluating the ways in which leagues work across the globe. Drawing on an extensive study of leagues, the book boils down a plan to two major reforms. Borrowing from NASCAR, the book proposes that team owners should not own sports leagues as well. Rather, league ownership should be separate. The second proposal is drawn from soccer: introduce competition through a promotion and relegation system. In this type of system, the worst teams in the league are kicked out at the end of the season and replaced by the best-performing teams in the next division down. This gives poor performing teams incentive to step up their game, and allows fresh blood to enter the leagues if the poor performers fail to do so.Less
This book is a clarion call to sports fans. It proposes a significant restructuring of sports leagues. The book sets out a rational program for a revolution that will serve the best interests of the fans and of the sport itself. But the book is not Marxist: it shows how a revolution in the organization of sports might even benefit the owners. By harnessing the power of markets, sports leagues can be made both more responsive to the needs of the fans, and more efficient. Many years were spent before this bok was written evaluating the ways in which leagues work across the globe. Drawing on an extensive study of leagues, the book boils down a plan to two major reforms. Borrowing from NASCAR, the book proposes that team owners should not own sports leagues as well. Rather, league ownership should be separate. The second proposal is drawn from soccer: introduce competition through a promotion and relegation system. In this type of system, the worst teams in the league are kicked out at the end of the season and replaced by the best-performing teams in the next division down. This gives poor performing teams incentive to step up their game, and allows fresh blood to enter the leagues if the poor performers fail to do so.
E. Natalie Rothman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449079
- eISBN:
- 9780801463112
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449079.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter follows the shifting Venetian tax legislation to show how fiscal policy coalesced with the interests of specific dragomans and brokers to articulate new ideas about linguistic ...
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This chapter follows the shifting Venetian tax legislation to show how fiscal policy coalesced with the interests of specific dragomans and brokers to articulate new ideas about linguistic incompetence as the quintessential property of foreign and, especially, Ottoman and Safavid merchants. The ability of specific trans-imperial subjects to claim familiarity with multiple state institutions was often pegged on both their foreign provenance and their long sojourns in a host country (spatial ambiguity was clearly of the essence in such pronouncements of familiarity). The chapter illustrates how, by assuming the linguistic helplessness of certain foreign merchants, Venetian officials reinforced the association of brokerage with bilingualism and thus ultimately furthered the claim of converts, redeemed slaves, and other bilingual trans-imperial subjects to be ideal intermediaries between supposedly mutually unintelligible and clearly demarcated groups.Less
This chapter follows the shifting Venetian tax legislation to show how fiscal policy coalesced with the interests of specific dragomans and brokers to articulate new ideas about linguistic incompetence as the quintessential property of foreign and, especially, Ottoman and Safavid merchants. The ability of specific trans-imperial subjects to claim familiarity with multiple state institutions was often pegged on both their foreign provenance and their long sojourns in a host country (spatial ambiguity was clearly of the essence in such pronouncements of familiarity). The chapter illustrates how, by assuming the linguistic helplessness of certain foreign merchants, Venetian officials reinforced the association of brokerage with bilingualism and thus ultimately furthered the claim of converts, redeemed slaves, and other bilingual trans-imperial subjects to be ideal intermediaries between supposedly mutually unintelligible and clearly demarcated groups.
Alannah Tomkins
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526116079
- eISBN:
- 9781526128447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526116079.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Practitioners have always been liable to accusations of incompetence or neglect, but the New Poor Law exacerbated the pressures on medical men at the same time that expectations for their performance ...
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Practitioners have always been liable to accusations of incompetence or neglect, but the New Poor Law exacerbated the pressures on medical men at the same time that expectations for their performance of salaried service were being heightened. Therefore this chapter examines instances of neglect which resulted in patient deaths, and accusations of manslaughter leveled by coroners’ inquests. It also evaluates practitioners’ involvement in abortion, a procedure which inherently requires a death.Less
Practitioners have always been liable to accusations of incompetence or neglect, but the New Poor Law exacerbated the pressures on medical men at the same time that expectations for their performance of salaried service were being heightened. Therefore this chapter examines instances of neglect which resulted in patient deaths, and accusations of manslaughter leveled by coroners’ inquests. It also evaluates practitioners’ involvement in abortion, a procedure which inherently requires a death.
