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Third Sector–Third Way: Comparative Perspectives and Policy Reflections

Helmut Anheier

in Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?

Drawing upon a variety of analyses, this chapter constructs a taxonomy of competing approaches to inequality, social cohesion, and citizenship and proceeds to locate the Third Way as a hybrid ... More

Drawing upon a variety of analyses, this chapter constructs a taxonomy of competing approaches to inequality, social cohesion, and citizenship and proceeds to locate the Third Way as a hybrid approach. While the Third Way strongly embraces elements of market liberalism, it also exhibits a mixture of social democratic, communitarian, and moral authoritarian features. The Third Way approach to policies for social inclusion is traced through a discussion of the European Union’s Social Inclusion Strategy, the development of ‘workfare’ type policies, and in the specific context of new labour policies in Britain. The ambiguous consequences of such policies are examined in relation to measures of inequality, poverty, and social exclusion. The chapter concludes that the Third Way maybe more than a pragmatic compromize, but whether it maybe capable of ameliorating the dislocating social effects of a market driven economic agenda remains uncertain.Less

Statement E Implies Statement D

Ben Brubaker, Daniel Bump, and Solomon Friedberg

in Weyl Group Multiple Dirichlet Series: Type A Combinatorial Theory (AM-175)

This chapter introduces the theorem that says Statement E implies Statement D, first by fixing a nodal signature η‎ and presenting a “cut and paste” virtual resotope. It then presents the proof, ... More

This chapter introduces the theorem that says Statement E implies Statement D, first by fixing a nodal signature η‎ and presenting a “cut and paste” virtual resotope. It then presents the proof, whereby α‎ ∈, CPsubscript Greek small letter eta(c₀, · · ·,csubscript d) and let σ‎ = θ‎(α‎,η‎). The chapter proceeds by extending the function GΓ‎ from the set of decorated Γ‎-accordions to the free abelian group by linearity. Also the involution on decorated accordions induces an isomorphism. The relevant equation is obtained using the principle of inclusion-exclusion.Less

Social exclusion

Sally Witcher

in Inclusive equality: A vision for social justice

Difficulties in pinpointing the meaning of social exclusion are particularly acute. Its relationship to poverty and inequality is explored to try to establish its distinctive features. Discourses of ... More

Difficulties in pinpointing the meaning of social exclusion are particularly acute. Its relationship to poverty and inequality is explored to try to establish its distinctive features. Discourses of social exclusion (Silver 1994, Levitas 2005) draw on different strands of social theory, while Byrne attributes their origins to different responses to Capitalism. Others root their approaches in conceptualisations of society, its structures and operations. This includes systems and social integration (Lockwood 1992), the interaction between spheres (economic, political, social, etc) and systems, the nature of social relationships and relationship networks as the ties that bind society together. These may converge on institutions or events. The limits to inclusion and cohesion are then explored, noting that inclusion and ways of achieving cohesion may not always be desirable. The chapter concludes with discussion of inequalities – of resources, power and voice – as the cause of weakening the social fabric, to the point of ‘catastrophic rupture’, and the importance of access to relationship networks. It brings as back to the nature of distributive processes and the importance of accurate recognition if social justice is to be achieved.Less

Introduction

Amir Paz-Fuchs

in Welfare to Work: Conditional Rights in Social Policy

This introductory chapter sets out the structure of the book and provides summaries for each of the following chapters.

Conclusion

Amir Paz-Fuchs

in Welfare to Work: Conditional Rights in Social Policy

A vast terrain lies between basic, unconditional income policy and some of the conditions incorporated in modern welfare-to-work programmes. The purpose of this book is to assess the fairness of ... More

A vast terrain lies between basic, unconditional income policy and some of the conditions incorporated in modern welfare-to-work programmes. The purpose of this book is to assess the fairness of these conditions in light of background justifications, and to question whether the results of a policy that advances such conditions will be equitable. The book concludes by showing that rather than undermining social inclusion and labour market integration, strengthening welfare rights and relaxing preconditions on entitlement would serve the very objectives that welfare-to-work programmes are supposed to advance.Less

Applying the Communicative Imperatives: Debating Kosovo

Naomi Head

in Justifying violence: Communicative ethics and the use of force in Kosovo

This chapter sees the application of the communicative imperatives to the decision-making process surrounding the use of force in Kosovo. The analysis focuses primarily on deliberations within the ... More

This chapter sees the application of the communicative imperatives to the decision-making process surrounding the use of force in Kosovo. The analysis focuses primarily on deliberations within the Security Council, at the Holbrooke negotiations in 1998, and at the Rambouillet Conference in 1999 and offers an evaluation of the communicative practices adopted to justify the use of force. The interpretive power of the communicative imperatives unsettles conventional interpretations of the military intervention in 1999 through its contestation of the degree to which the communicative practices surrounding the decision to intervene were legitimate. Crucially, the communicative ethics framework challenges the enabling justification of last resort and highlights key moments of illegitimate dialogue which paved the way for the use of force.Less

growth, inclusion, and human satisfaction

Albert Berry

in International Development: Ideas, Experience, and Prospects

How do income growth, socio-economic equality, and inclusion interact to determine levels of satisfaction? This chapter makes three main points. First, economic growth by itself is not a secure route ... More

How do income growth, socio-economic equality, and inclusion interact to determine levels of satisfaction? This chapter makes three main points. First, economic growth by itself is not a secure route to human happiness. Though growth that occurs within conducive societal structures no doubt brings important benefits, the generality of this outcome cannot be assumed, given the centrality of relative income and status to people's satisfaction levels. Second, though equality and inclusiveness are obvious potential contributors to happiness, inclusiveness can sometimes take socially damaging forms, highlighting the need to draw on the nuances of the psychology literature in integrating the concept meaningfully into social science thinking about the economy and welfare. Third, given that preference formation is endogenous to society, the challenge of increasing human satisfaction inevitably raises the question of how deliberate an effort should be made by “society” to tilt preference systems toward ones which make satisfaction easier to experience.Less

Putting out the fire while the coals still burn: Kosovo prior to 19991

Naomi Head

in Justifying violence: Communicative ethics and the use of force in Kosovo

The chapter challenges the essentialist ethnic assumptions which underpin some interpretations of the conflict, instead, exploring the political and social construction of ethnic tension in Kosovo. ... More

The chapter challenges the essentialist ethnic assumptions which underpin some interpretations of the conflict, instead, exploring the political and social construction of ethnic tension in Kosovo. Following on from this, the chapter identifies a number of key processes and actors which contributed to the marginalisation of Kosovo between 1989-99 and thus to the development of violent conflict. This historical and contextual account highlights missed opportunities for dialogue or non-violent engagement prior to 1999 and picks up the theme of inclusion/exclusion. Set against the conventional narrative of events within the Security Council, the justification of last resort drawn on in 1998-99 to permit the shift to the use of force by NATO is problematised.Less

Parenting policy and the geographies of friendship: encounters in an English Sure Start Children's Centre

Eleanor Jupp

in Critical Geographies of Childhood and Youth: Contemporary Policy and Practice

This chapter takes a qualitative approach to a Sure Start Children's Centre as a space framed by a particular set of policy imperatives. It is argued that the targets of policy are not simply ... More

This chapter takes a qualitative approach to a Sure Start Children's Centre as a space framed by a particular set of policy imperatives. It is argued that the targets of policy are not simply translated into the space and that interactions between staff and users are somewhat ‘uneasy’ and ambivalent because of this. It is also argued that friendships between groups of parents play an important role in mediating access to the centre as part of wider ‘caringscapes’ of parenting.Less

A Laboratory for Human Animals

Jill A. Fisher

in Adverse Events: Race, Inequality, and the Testing of New Pharmaceuticals

The Phase I clinic can be seen as a type of laboratory for human animals. Chapter 5 further develops the concept of the healthy volunteer as a model organism, and it explores how standardization and ... More

The Phase I clinic can be seen as a type of laboratory for human animals. Chapter 5 further develops the concept of the healthy volunteer as a model organism, and it explores how standardization and control are imposed on healthy volunteers who are confined for studies. In Phase I clinics, what happens, and how often, to participants differs dramatically from later-phase clinical trials. Additionally, the strict inclusion-exclusion criteria for studies define “healthy” in terms of narrow physiological markers that volunteers must meet in order to participate. In the process, the healthy volunteer becomes a type of model organism that is maximally suited to Phase I research. The chapter also illustrates how research staff’s practices in selecting and managing healthy volunteers define who can enroll at their clinics and normalize those participants to the demands of Phase I trials.Less

Combinatorial set theory

IAN ANDERSON

in Combinatorics: Ancient and Modern

This chapter outlines the historical development of the study of combinatorial problems concerning finite sets, beginning with the inclusion–exclusion principle of de Moivre in the early 18th ... More

This chapter outlines the historical development of the study of combinatorial problems concerning finite sets, beginning with the inclusion–exclusion principle of de Moivre in the early 18th century, and finishing with the 20th-century development of a unified body of theory relating to the intersections, unions, and orderings of collections of finite sets.Less

Constituent Power and the Constitution

Hans Lindahl

in Philosophical Foundations of Constitutional Law

This chapter first outlines a model of legal order that grants pride of place to the first-person plural perspective of the ‘we’ invoked in acts of constituent power: the authoritative collective ... More

This chapter first outlines a model of legal order that grants pride of place to the first-person plural perspective of the ‘we’ invoked in acts of constituent power: the authoritative collective action model of law. This model of law shows, in a second step, that constitutions are, first and foremost, the master rule by which legal collectives deal recursively with the practical question they confront at every turn: what ought our joint action to be about? The pervasiveness of this question leads back, or so it is subsequently argued, to the paradox deployed by constituent power: the foundation of a legal order only succeeds if it appears, retrospectively, as the legal re-foundation of an extant collective. Finally, the chapter explores the normative implications of this account of the relation between constituent power and a constitution, with special attention to the concept and the problem of legal authority.Less

Communities in the Playing Field of Pluralism

Firat Oruc

in Sites of Pluralism: Community Politics in the Middle East

This chapter aims to examine critically the concept of pluralism in the Middle East as a multidimensional site of negotiation and contestation. It approaches the question of pluralism and community ... More

This chapter aims to examine critically the concept of pluralism in the Middle East as a multidimensional site of negotiation and contestation. It approaches the question of pluralism and community in the Middle East as the lived experience of populations constantly negotiating the state-sanctioned inclusion and exclusion mechanisms. Rather than addressing the question of pluralism and community through the framework of "minorities," this chapter aims to offer a wider perspective on the impact of state policies on the diversity and heterogeneity of national identities as manifested at multiple levels, including education, law, cultural heritage, urbanism, economic activities and citizenship.Less

Connection amidst Disconnection: Water Struggles, Social Structures, and Geographies of Exclusion in Darjeeling

Georgina Drew and Roshan P. Rai

in Darjeeling Reconsidered: Histories, Politics, Environments

Darjeeling residents face regular water stress despite a high annual amount of rainfall and an abundance of nearby springs and lakes. This chapter examines how the struggle for water manifests in the ... More

Darjeeling residents face regular water stress despite a high annual amount of rainfall and an abundance of nearby springs and lakes. This chapter examines how the struggle for water manifests in the everyday lives of Darjeeling residents who come from diverse socio-economic backgrounds and live in a range of geographical locations within the burgeoning tourist town. The text explains who is connected to municipal waters, who is not connected to them, and how a physical disconnection to municipal water supplies fosters abjection along with social affinities that can lead to productive adaptations. Emphasis is placed on how support systems, such as social collectives known as samaj, have begun to address the structural inadequacies of the municipal water supply system. These decentralized efforts are promising, but they also speak to the wider geographies of exclusion prevalent in Darjeeling—a town that is spatially marked by extreme contrasts between wealth and poverty.Less

Friendship

Matej Blazek

in Rematerialising Children'S Agency: Everyday practices in a post-socialist estate

This chapter explores the role of friendship in the formation of children’s agency through the views of friendship as a performative device, a medium of both social affirmation and segregation and as ... More

This chapter explores the role of friendship in the formation of children’s agency through the views of friendship as a performative device, a medium of both social affirmation and segregation and as a social domain reproducing and contingent upon other social factors. First, it expands on the debate about the meanings of friendship for children from Kopčany in order to show the impact of these notions on their practices. Second, the discussion looks at how peer relationships amongst the children are constituted, what types of inclusive or exclusionary formations they cause, and what performances emerge from these processes. Finally, the chapter explores the mutual links between the constitution of friendship, children’s everyday practices, and place.Less

Networks and Social Worlds

Sonia Livingstone and Julian Sefton-Green

in Class: Living and Learning in the Digital Age

Who do children know, spend time with, or turn to in times of trouble? Who helps with homework, and who do they hang out with online? Chapter 3 constructs a “whole-class network,” finding that ... More

Who do children know, spend time with, or turn to in times of trouble? Who helps with homework, and who do they hang out with online? Chapter 3 constructs a “whole-class network,” finding that through the young people’s own spontaneous practices of mutual connection or disconnection they have sorted themselves into some relatively stable groupings that fit their personalities and interests. These are revealed to be strongly differentiated in terms of gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, in ways that are not immediately obvious. But when we explore each class member’s “ego network,” his or her position within the class network turns out to be significant only for some and superficial for many. More important, it turns out, are structures of friendship and family, though these are not always visible at school.Less

In the Beginning: Forensic Applications of DNA Technologies

Henry Erlich

in Silent Witness: Forensic DNA Evidence in Criminal Investigations and Humanitarian Disasters

Chapter 1 reviews the history of DNA analysis for individual identification in criminal cases. The principles underlying Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Polymerase Chain Reaction ... More

Chapter 1 reviews the history of DNA analysis for individual identification in criminal cases. The principles underlying Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and their application in the first cases in the US and the UK in the mid-‘80s are discussed. The differences between these two DNA technologies (RFLP and PCR) are discussed and the evolution of new PCR-based genotyping methods for analyzing length and sequence polymorphisms is reviewed. The first DNA exoneration, which used the PCR-based HLA-DQ alpha test, is discussed in the context of exclusionary and inclusionary DNA results. The statistical issues involved in interpreting a match (inclusion) between the genetic profile of the evidence and the reference samples by calculating the Random Match Probability metric is discussed. Finally, the contentious history of the debate about the admissibility of DNA results in the courtroom, known as the “DNA Wars” is reviewed.Less

Caring for Destitution or Not?*

Jan Breman

in On Pauperism in Present and Past

In the second chapter the author provides an account of the state’s relationship with its poor citizens. The chapter scrutinizes a wide range of programmes/schemes and actors who influence decisions ... More

In the second chapter the author provides an account of the state’s relationship with its poor citizens. The chapter scrutinizes a wide range of programmes/schemes and actors who influence decisions on how poverty is dealt with in India. Again Gujarat remains the field from which the critical inferences are drawn. The state has been in the focus of intense debates and controversies vis-à-vis meanings and manifestations of ‘development’ on the destiny of the poor of the state. This chapter discusses the discourse on ‘retreating state’ and brings to the table important evidence to the challenges thrown up by it in front of the poor subjects.Less