Matthew Levering
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199535293
- eISBN:
- 9780191715839
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535293.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This book serves as an introduction to natural law theory. The Introduction proposes that natural law theory makes most sense in light of an understanding of a loving Creator. The first chapter then ...
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This book serves as an introduction to natural law theory. The Introduction proposes that natural law theory makes most sense in light of an understanding of a loving Creator. The first chapter then argues the Bible sketches both such an understanding of a loving Creator and an account of natural law that offers an expansive portrait of the moral life. The second chapter surveys the development of natural law doctrine from Descartes to Nietzsche, and shows how these thinkers reverse the biblical portrait by placing human beings at the center of the moral universe. Whereas the biblical portrait of natural law is other-directed, ordered to self-giving love, the modern accounts turn inward upon the self, with reductive consequences. The final two chapters employ theological and philosophical investigation to achieve a contemporary doctrine of natural law that accords with the biblical witness to a loving Creator. These two chapters interact creatively with the thought of St. Thomas Aquinas. The book revives discussion of natural law among biblical scholars while also challenging philosophers and theologians to re-think their accounts of natural law.Less
This book serves as an introduction to natural law theory. The Introduction proposes that natural law theory makes most sense in light of an understanding of a loving Creator. The first chapter then argues the Bible sketches both such an understanding of a loving Creator and an account of natural law that offers an expansive portrait of the moral life. The second chapter surveys the development of natural law doctrine from Descartes to Nietzsche, and shows how these thinkers reverse the biblical portrait by placing human beings at the center of the moral universe. Whereas the biblical portrait of natural law is other-directed, ordered to self-giving love, the modern accounts turn inward upon the self, with reductive consequences. The final two chapters employ theological and philosophical investigation to achieve a contemporary doctrine of natural law that accords with the biblical witness to a loving Creator. These two chapters interact creatively with the thought of St. Thomas Aquinas. The book revives discussion of natural law among biblical scholars while also challenging philosophers and theologians to re-think their accounts of natural law.
A. C. Lloyd
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198238065
- eISBN:
- 9780191597916
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198238061.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
Neoplatonism is traditionally considered a mystical philosophy; on the contrary the aim of this book is to show the importance of a logical and epistemological approach for the understanding of ...
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Neoplatonism is traditionally considered a mystical philosophy; on the contrary the aim of this book is to show the importance of a logical and epistemological approach for the understanding of Neoplatonic basic ontological problems. In doing that, Lloyd considers a very wide range of philosophers from Plotinus up to Byzantine Neoplatonists. After a preliminary discussion of how the Neoplatonic semantics and logical concepts are a result of their understanding of previous philosophers (in particular Aristotle), Lloyd introduces the key point of the book, i.e. his theory of the P‐series. A P‐series is a group of terms ordered according to priority a posteriority in which the first term is universal and common to all the others. This logical theory is applied to explain how the reality is structured (procession and emanation from the One) and how knowledge is constituted. The book ends with an analysis of how mystical apprehension differs from the union with the One.Less
Neoplatonism is traditionally considered a mystical philosophy; on the contrary the aim of this book is to show the importance of a logical and epistemological approach for the understanding of Neoplatonic basic ontological problems. In doing that, Lloyd considers a very wide range of philosophers from Plotinus up to Byzantine Neoplatonists. After a preliminary discussion of how the Neoplatonic semantics and logical concepts are a result of their understanding of previous philosophers (in particular Aristotle), Lloyd introduces the key point of the book, i.e. his theory of the P‐series. A P‐series is a group of terms ordered according to priority a posteriority in which the first term is universal and common to all the others. This logical theory is applied to explain how the reality is structured (procession and emanation from the One) and how knowledge is constituted. The book ends with an analysis of how mystical apprehension differs from the union with the One.
Margaret Gilbert
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199274956
- eISBN:
- 9780191603976
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199274959.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
People speak of ‘obligations’ in a variety of contexts. This chapter offers a partial characterization of the broad class of obligations with which this book is concerned. This class is important ...
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People speak of ‘obligations’ in a variety of contexts. This chapter offers a partial characterization of the broad class of obligations with which this book is concerned. This class is important from the perspective of practical reasoning, since reason requires one to fulfill such an obligation all else being equal: they provide one with sufficient reason to act in a certain way. Further, they are independent of one’s inclinations or self-interest. This class includes directed obligations, which are a matter of one person’s owing an action to another, but does not include imputed obligations.Less
People speak of ‘obligations’ in a variety of contexts. This chapter offers a partial characterization of the broad class of obligations with which this book is concerned. This class is important from the perspective of practical reasoning, since reason requires one to fulfill such an obligation all else being equal: they provide one with sufficient reason to act in a certain way. Further, they are independent of one’s inclinations or self-interest. This class includes directed obligations, which are a matter of one person’s owing an action to another, but does not include imputed obligations.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0021
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
The horizontal separation of the eyes introduces disparities along the horizontal dimension. It has been generally assumed that only horizontal disparities are used to code depth. However, the images ...
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The horizontal separation of the eyes introduces disparities along the horizontal dimension. It has been generally assumed that only horizontal disparities are used to code depth. However, the images from an extended surface also possess vertical disparities and it is now known that the visual system uses vertical disparities in a variety of ways, including the perception of absolute distance, depth scaling of horizontal disparities, and the perception of 3-D shape. This chapter discusses these issues. Topics covered include perception of slant, perception of inclination, stereoscopic anisotropies, disparities and distance scaling, and disparity-defined shape.Less
The horizontal separation of the eyes introduces disparities along the horizontal dimension. It has been generally assumed that only horizontal disparities are used to code depth. However, the images from an extended surface also possess vertical disparities and it is now known that the visual system uses vertical disparities in a variety of ways, including the perception of absolute distance, depth scaling of horizontal disparities, and the perception of 3-D shape. This chapter discusses these issues. Topics covered include perception of slant, perception of inclination, stereoscopic anisotropies, disparities and distance scaling, and disparity-defined shape.
Jon McGinnis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195331479
- eISBN:
- 9780199868032
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331479.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter focuses on Avicenna’s treatment of the most general principles of natural things, that is, those things that are in some way subject to motion or change. It begins with Avicenna’s ...
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This chapter focuses on Avicenna’s treatment of the most general principles of natural things, that is, those things that are in some way subject to motion or change. It begins with Avicenna’s enumeration and account of the principles of nature or causes required for motion. The discussion then turns to Avicenna’s analysis of motion and certain purported necessary conditions needed if there is to be motion, such as place, void, time, and the continuum as well as Avicenna’s arguments against atomism. Next, Avicenna’s theory of inclination (mayl) is considered as well as its role in his dynamics. The chapter concludes with his account of substantial change, the elements, and his initial introduction of a “Giver of Forms.”Less
This chapter focuses on Avicenna’s treatment of the most general principles of natural things, that is, those things that are in some way subject to motion or change. It begins with Avicenna’s enumeration and account of the principles of nature or causes required for motion. The discussion then turns to Avicenna’s analysis of motion and certain purported necessary conditions needed if there is to be motion, such as place, void, time, and the continuum as well as Avicenna’s arguments against atomism. Next, Avicenna’s theory of inclination (mayl) is considered as well as its role in his dynamics. The chapter concludes with his account of substantial change, the elements, and his initial introduction of a “Giver of Forms.”
J. Warren Smith
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195369939
- eISBN:
- 9780199893362
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369939.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Having described in Chapter 2 Ambrose’s view of the proper relation between the intellect, the emotions, and the body prior to the fall, the book turns in this chapter to an examination of questions ...
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Having described in Chapter 2 Ambrose’s view of the proper relation between the intellect, the emotions, and the body prior to the fall, the book turns in this chapter to an examination of questions related to Ambrose’s conception of the fall and its effects upon the passions and the intellect. How is the corruption of sin transmitted from one generation to the next? Does the fall result in the transmission of death alone or is there also a corruption of human faculties with a loss of moral freedom, libertas? In what sense does humanity retain free will while yet in "slavery to sin"? Does the fall result in an inheritance of guilt or just weakness? This chapter explores these questions by a comparison of Ambrose’s description of human nature before the fall in Hexameron and human nature after the fall under the law in De Iacob.Less
Having described in Chapter 2 Ambrose’s view of the proper relation between the intellect, the emotions, and the body prior to the fall, the book turns in this chapter to an examination of questions related to Ambrose’s conception of the fall and its effects upon the passions and the intellect. How is the corruption of sin transmitted from one generation to the next? Does the fall result in the transmission of death alone or is there also a corruption of human faculties with a loss of moral freedom, libertas? In what sense does humanity retain free will while yet in "slavery to sin"? Does the fall result in an inheritance of guilt or just weakness? This chapter explores these questions by a comparison of Ambrose’s description of human nature before the fall in Hexameron and human nature after the fall under the law in De Iacob.
Michael L. Frazer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390667
- eISBN:
- 9780199866687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390667.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Few today are aware that Immanuel Kant embraced moral sentimentalism at one point in his philosophical career, only to later reject it. This chapter argues that Kant's reasons for rejecting ...
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Few today are aware that Immanuel Kant embraced moral sentimentalism at one point in his philosophical career, only to later reject it. This chapter argues that Kant's reasons for rejecting sentimentalism need not lead us to do the same. Although the later Kant is willing to endorse many emotions that enable finite creatures to better conform to duty, he nonetheless argues that no form of fellow-feeling must ever be allowed to threaten the rational self-control which he identifies with autonomy. Yet once we see sentimentalism as dependant on a harmony of all the faculties in a reflectively stable psyche, rather than advocating the slavery of reason to passion, we see that the distinction between rationalism and sentimentalism is not between the autonomy of reason and the heteronomy of feeling, but rather between two competing theories of what reflective autonomy involves.Less
Few today are aware that Immanuel Kant embraced moral sentimentalism at one point in his philosophical career, only to later reject it. This chapter argues that Kant's reasons for rejecting sentimentalism need not lead us to do the same. Although the later Kant is willing to endorse many emotions that enable finite creatures to better conform to duty, he nonetheless argues that no form of fellow-feeling must ever be allowed to threaten the rational self-control which he identifies with autonomy. Yet once we see sentimentalism as dependant on a harmony of all the faculties in a reflectively stable psyche, rather than advocating the slavery of reason to passion, we see that the distinction between rationalism and sentimentalism is not between the autonomy of reason and the heteronomy of feeling, but rather between two competing theories of what reflective autonomy involves.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195084764
- eISBN:
- 9780199871049
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195084764.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter begins with a discussion of monocular and binocular coordinate systems, projection surfaces and camera calibration, and the concept of disparity. It then covers disparity on slanted ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of monocular and binocular coordinate systems, projection surfaces and camera calibration, and the concept of disparity. It then covers disparity on slanted surfaces, perception of slant, disparities on inclined surfaces, perception of inclination, vertical disparity, disparity-defined shape, and types of disparity.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of monocular and binocular coordinate systems, projection surfaces and camera calibration, and the concept of disparity. It then covers disparity on slanted surfaces, perception of slant, disparities on inclined surfaces, perception of inclination, vertical disparity, disparity-defined shape, and types of disparity.
Derek J. Penslar
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691138879
- eISBN:
- 9781400848577
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691138879.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on Jewish wartime sensibilities. As Jews began to serve in substantial numbers in the armies of Europe and North America, their patriotic inclinations clashed with their ...
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This chapter focuses on Jewish wartime sensibilities. As Jews began to serve in substantial numbers in the armies of Europe and North America, their patriotic inclinations clashed with their transnational attachments to Jews in the lands against which their country was fighting. This problem first emerged during the revolutions of 1848, when Jews fought both as rebels and as soldiers in the Habsburg armies, and it was the object of considerable discussion in the European-Jewish press. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 was far more traumatic as it sundered the French- and German-Jewish communities, which had long known close business and familial ties. Rabbinic sermons, fiction, and Jewish apologetic literature displayed a powerful transnationalist sensibility, a feeling of Jewish commonality even in times of war. As such, the willingness of Jews to fight each other was heralded as the ultimate proof of worthiness for equal rights.Less
This chapter focuses on Jewish wartime sensibilities. As Jews began to serve in substantial numbers in the armies of Europe and North America, their patriotic inclinations clashed with their transnational attachments to Jews in the lands against which their country was fighting. This problem first emerged during the revolutions of 1848, when Jews fought both as rebels and as soldiers in the Habsburg armies, and it was the object of considerable discussion in the European-Jewish press. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 was far more traumatic as it sundered the French- and German-Jewish communities, which had long known close business and familial ties. Rabbinic sermons, fiction, and Jewish apologetic literature displayed a powerful transnationalist sensibility, a feeling of Jewish commonality even in times of war. As such, the willingness of Jews to fight each other was heralded as the ultimate proof of worthiness for equal rights.
Solomon I. Sara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748627950
- eISBN:
- 9780748653058
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627950.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This book on Ɂimālah (inclination) poses challenges to readers, both native and non-native speakers of Arabic. The challenge for the native, in part, is because this work was the first systematic ...
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This book on Ɂimālah (inclination) poses challenges to readers, both native and non-native speakers of Arabic. The challenge for the native, in part, is because this work was the first systematic formalization of the grammar of the language. In the process of creating it, a whole new set of terms and a new paradigm of Arabic linguistics was introduced that was different from the traditional method, and more authentically descriptive. The book poses an even greater challenge to non-native Arabic readers schooled in different traditions, who will encounter not only a new language but a new and different paradigm, with its attendant conceptual framework. It considers the Arabic paradigm of doing linguistics not as a replica of the Western or of any other paradigm, but as being with its own imagery and its own theoretical scaffolding. The book aims to overcome the obstacles and challenges posed by Sībawayh's treatise. Transcriptions of Arabic words included within the English translation are in italics, and their corresponding glosses are enclosed in single quotes.Less
This book on Ɂimālah (inclination) poses challenges to readers, both native and non-native speakers of Arabic. The challenge for the native, in part, is because this work was the first systematic formalization of the grammar of the language. In the process of creating it, a whole new set of terms and a new paradigm of Arabic linguistics was introduced that was different from the traditional method, and more authentically descriptive. The book poses an even greater challenge to non-native Arabic readers schooled in different traditions, who will encounter not only a new language but a new and different paradigm, with its attendant conceptual framework. It considers the Arabic paradigm of doing linguistics not as a replica of the Western or of any other paradigm, but as being with its own imagery and its own theoretical scaffolding. The book aims to overcome the obstacles and challenges posed by Sībawayh's treatise. Transcriptions of Arabic words included within the English translation are in italics, and their corresponding glosses are enclosed in single quotes.
Christine M. Korsgaard
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199552733
- eISBN:
- 9780191720321
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199552733.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Aristotle believes that an agent lacks virtue unless she enjoys the performance of virtuous actions, while Kant claims that the person who does her duty despite contrary inclinations exhibits a moral ...
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Aristotle believes that an agent lacks virtue unless she enjoys the performance of virtuous actions, while Kant claims that the person who does her duty despite contrary inclinations exhibits a moral worth that the person who acts from inclination lacks. Despite these differences, this chapter argues that Aristotle and Kant share a distinctive view of the object of human choice and locus of moral value: that what we choose, and what has moral value, are not mere acts, but actions: acts done for the sake of ends. Morally good actions embody a kind of intrinsic value that inspires us to do them from duty (in Kant) or for the sake of the noble (in Aristotle). The chapter traces the difference in their attitudes about doing one's duty with pleasure to a difference in their attitudes towards pleasure itself: Aristotle sees it as a perception of the good, while Kant thinks of it as mere feeling.Less
Aristotle believes that an agent lacks virtue unless she enjoys the performance of virtuous actions, while Kant claims that the person who does her duty despite contrary inclinations exhibits a moral worth that the person who acts from inclination lacks. Despite these differences, this chapter argues that Aristotle and Kant share a distinctive view of the object of human choice and locus of moral value: that what we choose, and what has moral value, are not mere acts, but actions: acts done for the sake of ends. Morally good actions embody a kind of intrinsic value that inspires us to do them from duty (in Kant) or for the sake of the noble (in Aristotle). The chapter traces the difference in their attitudes about doing one's duty with pleasure to a difference in their attitudes towards pleasure itself: Aristotle sees it as a perception of the good, while Kant thinks of it as mere feeling.
Ian Drummond
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199579914
- eISBN:
- 9780191745959
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579914.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Medieval philosophers usually explained the passions of the soul in terms of a bodily change, John Duns Scotus rejects this view and explains the passions in terms of the inclinations of appetitive ...
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Medieval philosophers usually explained the passions of the soul in terms of a bodily change, John Duns Scotus rejects this view and explains the passions in terms of the inclinations of appetitive powers as such, regardless of whether they have a material aspect. The will therefore, even though it is a purely spiritual and immaterial power, can be the proper subject of emotions such as joy and sadness; these passions are ultimately voluntary, argues Scotus, because the inclinations of the will are due to its own free acts of volition. However, if the will is naturally inclined as the rational appetite to the good of the whole human being, some passions of the will seem not to be traceable to any free act. It is thus not clear whether Scotus can reconcile the traditional conception of the will as the rational appetite with his account of its free self-determinationLess
Medieval philosophers usually explained the passions of the soul in terms of a bodily change, John Duns Scotus rejects this view and explains the passions in terms of the inclinations of appetitive powers as such, regardless of whether they have a material aspect. The will therefore, even though it is a purely spiritual and immaterial power, can be the proper subject of emotions such as joy and sadness; these passions are ultimately voluntary, argues Scotus, because the inclinations of the will are due to its own free acts of volition. However, if the will is naturally inclined as the rational appetite to the good of the whole human being, some passions of the will seem not to be traceable to any free act. It is thus not clear whether Scotus can reconcile the traditional conception of the will as the rational appetite with his account of its free self-determination
Paul Hoffman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199579914
- eISBN:
- 9780191745959
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579914.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
What is it to be inclined or disposed to do something? What is it to incline, dispose, or incite the will? Do things that incline or incite the will do so by providing reasons for acting? Do they ...
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What is it to be inclined or disposed to do something? What is it to incline, dispose, or incite the will? Do things that incline or incite the will do so by providing reasons for acting? Do they influence the will by serving as efficient causes of acts of will? Both? Neither? This essay is a preliminary exploration into various medieval and early modern accounts of being inclined to do something and of inclining the will in the attempt to get an understanding of these notions. The focus is on Aquinas, Leibniz, and Descartes, in particular, for help in clarifying the concept of motive introduced by contemporary philosophers, such as Merleau-Ponty and Albritton, as a way to explain action that is distinct from both reasons and causes.Less
What is it to be inclined or disposed to do something? What is it to incline, dispose, or incite the will? Do things that incline or incite the will do so by providing reasons for acting? Do they influence the will by serving as efficient causes of acts of will? Both? Neither? This essay is a preliminary exploration into various medieval and early modern accounts of being inclined to do something and of inclining the will in the attempt to get an understanding of these notions. The focus is on Aquinas, Leibniz, and Descartes, in particular, for help in clarifying the concept of motive introduced by contemporary philosophers, such as Merleau-Ponty and Albritton, as a way to explain action that is distinct from both reasons and causes.
Solomon I. Sara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748627950
- eISBN:
- 9780748653058
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627950.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter discusses the inclination of the Ɂalif (letter [A]), noting that a great number of Arabs incline it. It considers cases such as a ‘hidden [h]’ followed by a ‘break [i]’; a barrier like a ...
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This chapter discusses the inclination of the Ɂalif (letter [A]), noting that a great number of Arabs incline it. It considers cases such as a ‘hidden [h]’ followed by a ‘break [i]’; a barrier like a ‘close [u]’ that can prevent the inclination; and cases where letters are ‘erected’.However, the processes of ‘inclination’ and ‘erection’ may vary between different groups, dialects, and styles. There are also some people who speak and incline items without any of the reasons that are mentioned.Less
This chapter discusses the inclination of the Ɂalif (letter [A]), noting that a great number of Arabs incline it. It considers cases such as a ‘hidden [h]’ followed by a ‘break [i]’; a barrier like a ‘close [u]’ that can prevent the inclination; and cases where letters are ‘erected’.However, the processes of ‘inclination’ and ‘erection’ may vary between different groups, dialects, and styles. There are also some people who speak and incline items without any of the reasons that are mentioned.
Solomon I. Sara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748627950
- eISBN:
- 9780748653058
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627950.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter describes cases of inclination that are not based on Giyās or ‘pattern’. In cases of proper names, such as ‘Al Haggag’, the majority of Arabs erect them with [a]. Meanwhile, the [a] of a ...
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This chapter describes cases of inclination that are not based on Giyās or ‘pattern’. In cases of proper names, such as ‘Al Haggag’, the majority of Arabs erect them with [a]. Meanwhile, the [a] of a common name such as haggag (pilgrim) is not inclined if it is ‘descriptive/adjective’. Arabs do not incline in the ‘action’ form because they distinguish between those that are ‘broken with an [i]’ and those which are ‘closed with a [u]’.Less
This chapter describes cases of inclination that are not based on Giyās or ‘pattern’. In cases of proper names, such as ‘Al Haggag’, the majority of Arabs erect them with [a]. Meanwhile, the [a] of a common name such as haggag (pilgrim) is not inclined if it is ‘descriptive/adjective’. Arabs do not incline in the ‘action’ form because they distinguish between those that are ‘broken with an [i]’ and those which are ‘closed with a [u]’.
Solomon I. Sara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748627950
- eISBN:
- 9780748653058
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627950.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter describes inclined letters that do not have the Ɂalif ([A]) after them, if the rā [r] after them is ‘broken with an [i]’. The letters will have the same status if they were before the ...
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This chapter describes inclined letters that do not have the Ɂalif ([A]) after them, if the rā [r] after them is ‘broken with an [i]’. The letters will have the same status if they were before the [A] and there is a [r] after the [A], even if they were ‘raised’ ones. The inclination does nothing to the [A].Less
This chapter describes inclined letters that do not have the Ɂalif ([A]) after them, if the rā [r] after them is ‘broken with an [i]’. The letters will have the same status if they were before the [A] and there is a [r] after the [A], even if they were ‘raised’ ones. The inclination does nothing to the [A].
Solomon I. Sara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748627950
- eISBN:
- 9780748653058
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627950.003.0009
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter notes Sībawayh's statements about the state of inclination among the Arabic speakers, and indicates the contexts where inclination takes place, listing the relevant rules given by ...
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This chapter notes Sībawayh's statements about the state of inclination among the Arabic speakers, and indicates the contexts where inclination takes place, listing the relevant rules given by Sībawayh. It also discusses the feminine marker [h] and its potential and actual hiddenness in pronunciation. The hiddenness of the [h] creates shorter sequences and consequently more immediate contexts for inclination when there is an [i] before the [A]. The feminine marker [h] can be hidden, in which case the final [A] is inclined in the context of a preceding ‘break [i]’ and the resulting form resembles another form on the surface, the dual.Less
This chapter notes Sībawayh's statements about the state of inclination among the Arabic speakers, and indicates the contexts where inclination takes place, listing the relevant rules given by Sībawayh. It also discusses the feminine marker [h] and its potential and actual hiddenness in pronunciation. The hiddenness of the [h] creates shorter sequences and consequently more immediate contexts for inclination when there is an [i] before the [A]. The feminine marker [h] can be hidden, in which case the final [A] is inclined in the context of a preceding ‘break [i]’ and the resulting form resembles another form on the surface, the dual.
Solomon I. Sara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748627950
- eISBN:
- 9780748653058
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627950.003.0011
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter examines Sībawayh's views on phonetically systematic cases where inclination is prevented, and mainly considers the effect that ‘the raised letters’ have when they precede or follow the ...
More
This chapter examines Sībawayh's views on phonetically systematic cases where inclination is prevented, and mainly considers the effect that ‘the raised letters’ have when they precede or follow the Ɂalif ([A]). It notes the following observations: inclination of [A] does not occur if one of the seven letters presented is before and after the [A]; inclination of [A] occurs if the beginning of a word is ‘broken with an [i]’ and between the ‘break [i]’ and the [A]; inclination of the [A] does not occur across word boundaries when it is followed by a [G] but it occurs when followed by a nonraised letter; and inclination of the [A] does not occur in forms that look like ‘names’ but are not names.Less
This chapter examines Sībawayh's views on phonetically systematic cases where inclination is prevented, and mainly considers the effect that ‘the raised letters’ have when they precede or follow the Ɂalif ([A]). It notes the following observations: inclination of [A] does not occur if one of the seven letters presented is before and after the [A]; inclination of [A] occurs if the beginning of a word is ‘broken with an [i]’ and between the ‘break [i]’ and the [A]; inclination of the [A] does not occur across word boundaries when it is followed by a [G] but it occurs when followed by a nonraised letter; and inclination of the [A] does not occur in forms that look like ‘names’ but are not names.
Solomon I. Sara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748627950
- eISBN:
- 9780748653058
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627950.003.0012
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter examines Sībawayh's views in the case of rā ([r]) and its effect on the inclination of the [A]. The [r] is a unique sound in that it is ‘repeated’, which gives it greater solidity than a ...
More
This chapter examines Sībawayh's views in the case of rā ([r]) and its effect on the inclination of the [A]. The [r] is a unique sound in that it is ‘repeated’, which gives it greater solidity than a single letter. In this, it vies with the raised letters for dominance of the environment of the [A]. There is inclination of the [A] before a ‘break [i]’ in the speech of some Arabs, irrespective of the presence of a raised letter. There is also inclination of the [A] when the [r] is a repeated letter.Less
This chapter examines Sībawayh's views in the case of rā ([r]) and its effect on the inclination of the [A]. The [r] is a unique sound in that it is ‘repeated’, which gives it greater solidity than a single letter. In this, it vies with the raised letters for dominance of the environment of the [A]. There is inclination of the [A] before a ‘break [i]’ in the speech of some Arabs, irrespective of the presence of a raised letter. There is also inclination of the [A] when the [r] is a repeated letter.
Solomon I. Sara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748627950
- eISBN:
- 9780748653058
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627950.003.0013
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter concludes the section on the inclination of [A] with the extension of the process beyond the letter [A] to the other letters, or, more specifically, to the ‘motions’ of the other ...
More
This chapter concludes the section on the inclination of [A] with the extension of the process beyond the letter [A] to the other letters, or, more specifically, to the ‘motions’ of the other letters, noting that ‘motions’ are considered to be parts or pieces of ‘the letters of length’. The long [A] and short [A], the ‘open [a]’, and the other ‘motions’ are now subject to the process of inclination when followed by the [r] ‘broken with an [i]’, that is, by [-ri].Less
This chapter concludes the section on the inclination of [A] with the extension of the process beyond the letter [A] to the other letters, or, more specifically, to the ‘motions’ of the other letters, noting that ‘motions’ are considered to be parts or pieces of ‘the letters of length’. The long [A] and short [A], the ‘open [a]’, and the other ‘motions’ are now subject to the process of inclination when followed by the [r] ‘broken with an [i]’, that is, by [-ri].
