Patrick Dattalo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378351
- eISBN:
- 9780199864645
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378351.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Random sampling (RS) and random assignment (RA) are considered by many researchers to be the definitive methodological procedures for maximizing external and internal validity. However, there is a ...
More
Random sampling (RS) and random assignment (RA) are considered by many researchers to be the definitive methodological procedures for maximizing external and internal validity. However, there is a daunting list of legal, ethical, and practical barriers to implementing RS and RA. While there are no easy ways to overcome these barriers, social workers should seek and utilize strategies that minimize sampling and assignment bias. This book is a single source of a diverse set of tools that will maximize a study's validity when RS and RA are neither possible nor practical. Readers are guided in selecting and implementing an appropriate strategy, including exemplar sampling, sequential sampling, randomization tests, multiple imputation, mean-score logistic regression, partial randomization, constructed comparison groups, propensity scores, and instrumental variables methods. Each approach is presented in such a way as to highlight its underlying assumptions, implementation strategies, and strengths and weaknesses.Less
Random sampling (RS) and random assignment (RA) are considered by many researchers to be the definitive methodological procedures for maximizing external and internal validity. However, there is a daunting list of legal, ethical, and practical barriers to implementing RS and RA. While there are no easy ways to overcome these barriers, social workers should seek and utilize strategies that minimize sampling and assignment bias. This book is a single source of a diverse set of tools that will maximize a study's validity when RS and RA are neither possible nor practical. Readers are guided in selecting and implementing an appropriate strategy, including exemplar sampling, sequential sampling, randomization tests, multiple imputation, mean-score logistic regression, partial randomization, constructed comparison groups, propensity scores, and instrumental variables methods. Each approach is presented in such a way as to highlight its underlying assumptions, implementation strategies, and strengths and weaknesses.
Patrick Dattalo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378351
- eISBN:
- 9780199864645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378351.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter describes the following alternatives and complements to RS in terms of their assumptions, implementations, strengths, and weaknesses: (1) randomization tests; (2) multiple imputation; ...
More
This chapter describes the following alternatives and complements to RS in terms of their assumptions, implementations, strengths, and weaknesses: (1) randomization tests; (2) multiple imputation; and (3) mean-score logistic regression. Randomization tests are statistical alternatives to RS. Multiple imputation is a statistical supplement RS. Mean-score logistic regression is a statistical alternative or supplement to RS.Less
This chapter describes the following alternatives and complements to RS in terms of their assumptions, implementations, strengths, and weaknesses: (1) randomization tests; (2) multiple imputation; and (3) mean-score logistic regression. Randomization tests are statistical alternatives to RS. Multiple imputation is a statistical supplement RS. Mean-score logistic regression is a statistical alternative or supplement to RS.
Andrews Reath
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199288830
- eISBN:
- 9780191603648
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199288836.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter analyzes the structure and underlying rationale of Kant's principles of imputation (Zurechnung), with particular concern for his principles governing the moral imputation of bad ...
More
This chapter analyzes the structure and underlying rationale of Kant's principles of imputation (Zurechnung), with particular concern for his principles governing the moral imputation of bad consequences. It shows how Kant's principles make the imputation of actions and consequences a question for practical reason, rather than a straightforward factual, causal, or metaphysical issue. For Kant, the imputation of actions and consequences is made within the context of, and depends upon, the application of first-order moral norms governing conduct (those setting out strict moral requirements). It suggests that Kant's principles of imputation are generally sound, though they need to be qualified in important ways.Less
This chapter analyzes the structure and underlying rationale of Kant's principles of imputation (Zurechnung), with particular concern for his principles governing the moral imputation of bad consequences. It shows how Kant's principles make the imputation of actions and consequences a question for practical reason, rather than a straightforward factual, causal, or metaphysical issue. For Kant, the imputation of actions and consequences is made within the context of, and depends upon, the application of first-order moral norms governing conduct (those setting out strict moral requirements). It suggests that Kant's principles of imputation are generally sound, though they need to be qualified in important ways.
Hans Kelsen
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198252177
- eISBN:
- 9780191681363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198252177.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
Causality and imputation are two different kinds of functional connection, two different ways in which two states of affairs can be connected together as condition and consequence. The difference ...
More
Causality and imputation are two different kinds of functional connection, two different ways in which two states of affairs can be connected together as condition and consequence. The difference between the two is this: imputation (i.e. the relation between a certain behaviour as condition and a sanction as consequence, described by a moral or legal law) is produced by an act of will whose meaning is a norm, while causality (i.e. the relation between cause and effect described by a natural law) is independent of any such intervention. Another difference is that every concrete cause has to be considered as the effect of some other cause, and every concrete effect as the cause of some other effect, and so — by the very nature of causality — the chain of cause and effect is endless in both directions. In the case of imputation, the situation is completely different.Less
Causality and imputation are two different kinds of functional connection, two different ways in which two states of affairs can be connected together as condition and consequence. The difference between the two is this: imputation (i.e. the relation between a certain behaviour as condition and a sanction as consequence, described by a moral or legal law) is produced by an act of will whose meaning is a norm, while causality (i.e. the relation between cause and effect described by a natural law) is independent of any such intervention. Another difference is that every concrete cause has to be considered as the effect of some other cause, and every concrete effect as the cause of some other effect, and so — by the very nature of causality — the chain of cause and effect is endless in both directions. In the case of imputation, the situation is completely different.
Donna Harrington
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195339888
- eISBN:
- 9780199863662
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195339888.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter presents the requirements for conducting a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Types of missing data, as well as methods of checking for and addressing missing data, such as imputation, ...
More
This chapter presents the requirements for conducting a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Types of missing data, as well as methods of checking for and addressing missing data, such as imputation, are addressed. Normality is also discussed, including how to assess univariate and multivariate normality as well as estimation methods for non-normal data. Finally, approaches to determining the sample size needed for CFA, such as rules of thumb, the Satorra–Saris method, the MacCallum approach, and the Monte Carlo approach are introduced. Because these issues are quite technical, a brief introduction and suggestions for ways to address each issue, as well as suggested readings for additional information, are provided.Less
This chapter presents the requirements for conducting a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Types of missing data, as well as methods of checking for and addressing missing data, such as imputation, are addressed. Normality is also discussed, including how to assess univariate and multivariate normality as well as estimation methods for non-normal data. Finally, approaches to determining the sample size needed for CFA, such as rules of thumb, the Satorra–Saris method, the MacCallum approach, and the Monte Carlo approach are introduced. Because these issues are quite technical, a brief introduction and suggestions for ways to address each issue, as well as suggested readings for additional information, are provided.
Paul Clarke and Rebecca Hardy
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198528487
- eISBN:
- 9780191723940
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528487.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter begins by describing helpful typologies of missing data based on pattern and non-response mechanisms. It then summarizes a collection of commonly used but imperfect methods for dealing ...
More
This chapter begins by describing helpful typologies of missing data based on pattern and non-response mechanisms. It then summarizes a collection of commonly used but imperfect methods for dealing with missing data at the analysis stage. Three more rigorous methods, maximum likelihood, multiple imputation, and weighting, are also considered.Less
This chapter begins by describing helpful typologies of missing data based on pattern and non-response mechanisms. It then summarizes a collection of commonly used but imperfect methods for dealing with missing data at the analysis stage. Three more rigorous methods, maximum likelihood, multiple imputation, and weighting, are also considered.
Henry E. Allison
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199647033
- eISBN:
- 9780191741166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199647033.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This essay analyzes Kant's attempt to ground radical evil, understood as the root of all moral evil, in the concept of finite rational agency. Kant is seen as holding that such evil consists in a ...
More
This essay analyzes Kant's attempt to ground radical evil, understood as the root of all moral evil, in the concept of finite rational agency. Kant is seen as holding that such evil consists in a fundamental orientation of the will, which in order to count as moral must be imputable to the agent. Accordingly, he asks what must be presupposed if such evil is to be imputable and he finds the answer in the paradoxical notion of a freely chosen propensity. In addition to defending the coherence of this notion, the essay discusses Allen Wood's effort to naturalize radical evil by identifying it with “unsociable sociability.” Although the importance of this conception for understanding Kant's view of evil is acknowledged, it is denied that this can be the whole story, since it is unable to deal with the question of imputation.Less
This essay analyzes Kant's attempt to ground radical evil, understood as the root of all moral evil, in the concept of finite rational agency. Kant is seen as holding that such evil consists in a fundamental orientation of the will, which in order to count as moral must be imputable to the agent. Accordingly, he asks what must be presupposed if such evil is to be imputable and he finds the answer in the paradoxical notion of a freely chosen propensity. In addition to defending the coherence of this notion, the essay discusses Allen Wood's effort to naturalize radical evil by identifying it with “unsociable sociability.” Although the importance of this conception for understanding Kant's view of evil is acknowledged, it is denied that this can be the whole story, since it is unable to deal with the question of imputation.
Ernesto Screpanti and Stefano Zamagni
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199279142
- eISBN:
- 9780191602887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199279144.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
Exposes the basic principles of neoclassical theoretical system and then provides an answer to the question: was the marginalist a real revolution? The specific contributions of Jevons, Menger, and ...
More
Exposes the basic principles of neoclassical theoretical system and then provides an answer to the question: was the marginalist a real revolution? The specific contributions of Jevons, Menger, and Walras are considered in some detail. The reasons for success of the marginalist revolution are finally discussed.Less
Exposes the basic principles of neoclassical theoretical system and then provides an answer to the question: was the marginalist a real revolution? The specific contributions of Jevons, Menger, and Walras are considered in some detail. The reasons for success of the marginalist revolution are finally discussed.
Arlie Loughnan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199698592
- eISBN:
- 9780191738883
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199698592.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter marks out the boundary of mental incapacity in criminal law — determining what's in and what's out. It suggests an approach to mental incapacity in criminal law whereby the relevant ...
More
This chapter marks out the boundary of mental incapacity in criminal law — determining what's in and what's out. It suggests an approach to mental incapacity in criminal law whereby the relevant substantive and procedural provisions are understood as doctrines (not defences), some of which are exculpatory. The significance of this reconstruction of the terrain of mental incapacity is that it permits a reconceptualization of the roles of mental incapacity in criminal law — to include imputation, inculpation, and a procedural role, as well as exculpation. This reconstruction introduces the conceptual tools which are employed throughout this book. In addition, the chapter reveals that the scope of this book is itself an argument — for the placement of particular legal doctrines, which share certain formal features, on the terrain of mental incapacity.Less
This chapter marks out the boundary of mental incapacity in criminal law — determining what's in and what's out. It suggests an approach to mental incapacity in criminal law whereby the relevant substantive and procedural provisions are understood as doctrines (not defences), some of which are exculpatory. The significance of this reconstruction of the terrain of mental incapacity is that it permits a reconceptualization of the roles of mental incapacity in criminal law — to include imputation, inculpation, and a procedural role, as well as exculpation. This reconstruction introduces the conceptual tools which are employed throughout this book. In addition, the chapter reveals that the scope of this book is itself an argument — for the placement of particular legal doctrines, which share certain formal features, on the terrain of mental incapacity.
Paul C. Gutjahr
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199740420
- eISBN:
- 9780199894703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740420.003.0022
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Chapter twenty-two addresses the key doctrine of imputation in terms of the Princeton faculty and their disputes over the doctrine with both Nathaniel Taylor (and his New Haven Theology) at Yale and ...
More
Chapter twenty-two addresses the key doctrine of imputation in terms of the Princeton faculty and their disputes over the doctrine with both Nathaniel Taylor (and his New Haven Theology) at Yale and Moses Stuart at Andover. Princeton’s view stood against the rising popularity of the New Haven Theology and its influence on the revivalist theology found in the Second Great Awakening.Less
Chapter twenty-two addresses the key doctrine of imputation in terms of the Princeton faculty and their disputes over the doctrine with both Nathaniel Taylor (and his New Haven Theology) at Yale and Moses Stuart at Andover. Princeton’s view stood against the rising popularity of the New Haven Theology and its influence on the revivalist theology found in the Second Great Awakening.
Paul C. Gutjahr
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199740420
- eISBN:
- 9780199894703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740420.003.0023
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Chapter twenty-three explores Charles Hodge’s Commentary on Romans, which established him as both a national and international biblical scholar of repute. Hodge sought to create a scholarly ...
More
Chapter twenty-three explores Charles Hodge’s Commentary on Romans, which established him as both a national and international biblical scholar of repute. Hodge sought to create a scholarly commentary which could also be of use to lay readers, and he wished to respond to the doctrinal errors he saw in the Romans commentaries recently published by Moses Stuart and Albert Barnes. Hodge’s work showed him to be strictly Confessional in his outlook and his method of biblical exegesis.Less
Chapter twenty-three explores Charles Hodge’s Commentary on Romans, which established him as both a national and international biblical scholar of repute. Hodge sought to create a scholarly commentary which could also be of use to lay readers, and he wished to respond to the doctrinal errors he saw in the Romans commentaries recently published by Moses Stuart and Albert Barnes. Hodge’s work showed him to be strictly Confessional in his outlook and his method of biblical exegesis.
Alan C. Clifford
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198261957
- eISBN:
- 9780191682254
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198261957.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, History of Christianity
This chapter discusses the objections of John Owen, John Wesley, Richard Baxter, and John Tillotson to the doctrine of the imputed righteousness of Christ. It shows that, judged from a 16th-century ...
More
This chapter discusses the objections of John Owen, John Wesley, Richard Baxter, and John Tillotson to the doctrine of the imputed righteousness of Christ. It shows that, judged from a 16th-century perspective, much that was taught by Baxter, Tillotson, and Wesley may be rehabilitated and regarded as a legitimate expression of Reformation theology. If their views are not entirely satisfactory, the same must be said of Owen, whose high Calvinist orthodoxy cannot be traced to the biblical theology of Calvin and his fellow Reformers.Less
This chapter discusses the objections of John Owen, John Wesley, Richard Baxter, and John Tillotson to the doctrine of the imputed righteousness of Christ. It shows that, judged from a 16th-century perspective, much that was taught by Baxter, Tillotson, and Wesley may be rehabilitated and regarded as a legitimate expression of Reformation theology. If their views are not entirely satisfactory, the same must be said of Owen, whose high Calvinist orthodoxy cannot be traced to the biblical theology of Calvin and his fellow Reformers.
Chittharanjan F. Amerasinghe
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199212385
- eISBN:
- 9780191707230
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199212385.003.0014
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
In a situation in which the international responsibility of a State for an injury to an alien is invoked and in which diplomatic protection may be exercised, several conditions must be fulfilled in ...
More
In a situation in which the international responsibility of a State for an injury to an alien is invoked and in which diplomatic protection may be exercised, several conditions must be fulfilled in respect of the respondent State's position. Apart from other requirements, there must be an act or omission of a person or a group of persons and this must be attributable (or imputable) to the respondent State. This attribution is a matter for international law, though the internal or national law of the State may be recognized as applicable by international law. This chapter deals with the attribution (or imputation) to the host or respondent State of violations of substantive primary rules, which relates to its objective capacity to be a respondent.Less
In a situation in which the international responsibility of a State for an injury to an alien is invoked and in which diplomatic protection may be exercised, several conditions must be fulfilled in respect of the respondent State's position. Apart from other requirements, there must be an act or omission of a person or a group of persons and this must be attributable (or imputable) to the respondent State. This attribution is a matter for international law, though the internal or national law of the State may be recognized as applicable by international law. This chapter deals with the attribution (or imputation) to the host or respondent State of violations of substantive primary rules, which relates to its objective capacity to be a respondent.
Nicholas Jardine
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198250395
- eISBN:
- 9780191681288
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198250395.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter begins by reviewing the question-oriented account of historical understanding of explaining scenes of inquiry, local reality, and interpretation. It follows with an argument of an ...
More
This chapter begins by reviewing the question-oriented account of historical understanding of explaining scenes of inquiry, local reality, and interpretation. It follows with an argument of an account that avoids the most blatant forms of hermeneutic circularity, unlike related question-oriented accounts. It then discusses the main topic, the relation between the explication of historical understanding and the craft of historical interpretation. In particular, it examines the validity of two additional criteria of adequacy of interpretation: faithfulness to authorial intention and imputation of consistency. It argues that the theoretical account pointed out in this chapter entails definite stances on these issues, and that these stances are in good accord with common sense and sound historical practice. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the prospects for extension of this account from the history of philosophy and the sciences to the history of writings in general.Less
This chapter begins by reviewing the question-oriented account of historical understanding of explaining scenes of inquiry, local reality, and interpretation. It follows with an argument of an account that avoids the most blatant forms of hermeneutic circularity, unlike related question-oriented accounts. It then discusses the main topic, the relation between the explication of historical understanding and the craft of historical interpretation. In particular, it examines the validity of two additional criteria of adequacy of interpretation: faithfulness to authorial intention and imputation of consistency. It argues that the theoretical account pointed out in this chapter entails definite stances on these issues, and that these stances are in good accord with common sense and sound historical practice. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the prospects for extension of this account from the history of philosophy and the sciences to the history of writings in general.
Raymond L. Chambers and Robert G. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198566625
- eISBN:
- 9780191738449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566625.003.0016
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
Model-based inference for distributions and quantiles extends the theory set out in previous chapters to where the target of inference is the finite population distribution function, rather than the ...
More
Model-based inference for distributions and quantiles extends the theory set out in previous chapters to where the target of inference is the finite population distribution function, rather than the finite population total. Inference for quantiles is then carried out by appropriately inverting an efficient predictor of this function. Empirical best predictors under the homogeneous, stratified and linear regression models are described, and their properties discussed. An extension of the empirical best approach to the case where a non-parametric regression fit is more appropriate is developed, as well as an approximation to its prediction variance. An application to imputation for missing data in a wages survey is used to illustrate the comparative performances of the different estimators and the extension to a clustered population model is explored.Less
Model-based inference for distributions and quantiles extends the theory set out in previous chapters to where the target of inference is the finite population distribution function, rather than the finite population total. Inference for quantiles is then carried out by appropriately inverting an efficient predictor of this function. Empirical best predictors under the homogeneous, stratified and linear regression models are described, and their properties discussed. An extension of the empirical best approach to the case where a non-parametric regression fit is more appropriate is developed, as well as an approximation to its prediction variance. An application to imputation for missing data in a wages survey is used to illustrate the comparative performances of the different estimators and the extension to a clustered population model is explored.
Michael J. McClymond and Gerald R. McDermott
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199791606
- eISBN:
- 9780199932290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199791606.003.0022
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Jonathan Edwards thought a misunderstanding of the human will was at the root of nearly all that had gone wrong in theology. Often dissatisfied with existing boundaries, he paid tribute in Freedom of ...
More
Jonathan Edwards thought a misunderstanding of the human will was at the root of nearly all that had gone wrong in theology. Often dissatisfied with existing boundaries, he paid tribute in Freedom of the Will to intellectualists on the will by stipulating that the will always follows the last dictate of the understanding, which “is as the greatest apparent good is.” He concluded that there is no true freedom of the will when the will is indifferent or self-determined without influence or motive. In Original Sin he attempted two things: to establish universal depravity and to demonstrate the fact and justice of the imputation of Adam's sin. The end of the chapter considers philosophical objections to Edwards's occasionalism, and the charge that he strayed far from Calvin on the authorship of Adam's sin.Less
Jonathan Edwards thought a misunderstanding of the human will was at the root of nearly all that had gone wrong in theology. Often dissatisfied with existing boundaries, he paid tribute in Freedom of the Will to intellectualists on the will by stipulating that the will always follows the last dictate of the understanding, which “is as the greatest apparent good is.” He concluded that there is no true freedom of the will when the will is indifferent or self-determined without influence or motive. In Original Sin he attempted two things: to establish universal depravity and to demonstrate the fact and justice of the imputation of Adam's sin. The end of the chapter considers philosophical objections to Edwards's occasionalism, and the charge that he strayed far from Calvin on the authorship of Adam's sin.
Michael J. McClymond and Gerald R. McDermott
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199791606
- eISBN:
- 9780199932290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199791606.003.0037
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Although there are numerous difficulties in identifying Edwards's theological legacy, the first distinct group of followers to emerge was referred to as the New Divinity. From the outset, there was ...
More
Although there are numerous difficulties in identifying Edwards's theological legacy, the first distinct group of followers to emerge was referred to as the New Divinity. From the outset, there was significant opposition to Edwardsean theology from Arminians and from liberalizing Congregationalists (or Old Lights). Appropriating and adapting Edwards's theology proved to be problematic not only because of the complexity of ideas, but also because of a lack of access to his materials. Ultimately the New Divinity authors moved beyond Edwards by heightening human responsibility, rejecting imputation, and removing the distinction between moral inability and natural ability. Despite these changes, these Edwardseans venerated Edwards and believed that his legacy should endure. Edwardsean teaching underlay much of nineteenth-century evangelical expansion in missions, antislavery (abolitionism), education, and social reform.Less
Although there are numerous difficulties in identifying Edwards's theological legacy, the first distinct group of followers to emerge was referred to as the New Divinity. From the outset, there was significant opposition to Edwardsean theology from Arminians and from liberalizing Congregationalists (or Old Lights). Appropriating and adapting Edwards's theology proved to be problematic not only because of the complexity of ideas, but also because of a lack of access to his materials. Ultimately the New Divinity authors moved beyond Edwards by heightening human responsibility, rejecting imputation, and removing the distinction between moral inability and natural ability. Despite these changes, these Edwardseans venerated Edwards and believed that his legacy should endure. Edwardsean teaching underlay much of nineteenth-century evangelical expansion in missions, antislavery (abolitionism), education, and social reform.
Alexander Sarch
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190056575
- eISBN:
- 9780190056605
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190056575.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology, Philosophy of Law
The conclusion of Criminally Ignorant: Why the Law Pretends We Know What We Don’t provides an overview of the main takeaways from the book. At its broadest, this is a book about a common legal ...
More
The conclusion of Criminally Ignorant: Why the Law Pretends We Know What We Don’t provides an overview of the main takeaways from the book. At its broadest, this is a book about a common legal fiction: the criminal law’s practice of pretending we know what we don’t. Maybe one instinctively feels scandalized by legal fictions. It’s natural to want the law to be honest and accurate. Nonetheless, this book has tried to give reasons not to be so worried and actually get on board with the kind of legal fiction at issue here. The book has argued that equal culpability imputation involves a justified fiction that promotes valuable aims. At least when properly constrained, it is justified for the law to treat you as if you had certain culpability-relevant mental states (like knowledge of inculpatory facts or awareness of risks) that you didn’t literally possess. What justifies it? The same purposes the criminal law generally serves: protecting our core interests, rights, and values.Less
The conclusion of Criminally Ignorant: Why the Law Pretends We Know What We Don’t provides an overview of the main takeaways from the book. At its broadest, this is a book about a common legal fiction: the criminal law’s practice of pretending we know what we don’t. Maybe one instinctively feels scandalized by legal fictions. It’s natural to want the law to be honest and accurate. Nonetheless, this book has tried to give reasons not to be so worried and actually get on board with the kind of legal fiction at issue here. The book has argued that equal culpability imputation involves a justified fiction that promotes valuable aims. At least when properly constrained, it is justified for the law to treat you as if you had certain culpability-relevant mental states (like knowledge of inculpatory facts or awareness of risks) that you didn’t literally possess. What justifies it? The same purposes the criminal law generally serves: protecting our core interests, rights, and values.
Myoung-jae Lee
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190258733
- eISBN:
- 9780190258771
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190258733.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This monograph reviews the three most popular methods in applied economics and other social sciences: matching, regression discontinuity, and difference in differences. This book also examines ...
More
This monograph reviews the three most popular methods in applied economics and other social sciences: matching, regression discontinuity, and difference in differences. This book also examines related methods such as weighting, regression imputation, complete pairing, and triple difference. The book introduces the underlying econometric/statistical ideas for these methods, shows what is identified and how the identified parameters are estimated, and then illustrates how they are applied with empirical examples. The volume emphasizes how to implement the methods with data; many data and programs are provided in the online appendix that will be updated over time. The minimum requirement for the book is basic econometrics and statistics including least squares estimator, and the target audience is upper‐level undergraduate students, graduate students and researchers on self‐study. Despite this, all readers—theoretical econometricians/statisticians, applied economists/social scientists, and researchers/students—will find something useful in the book from different perspectives.Less
This monograph reviews the three most popular methods in applied economics and other social sciences: matching, regression discontinuity, and difference in differences. This book also examines related methods such as weighting, regression imputation, complete pairing, and triple difference. The book introduces the underlying econometric/statistical ideas for these methods, shows what is identified and how the identified parameters are estimated, and then illustrates how they are applied with empirical examples. The volume emphasizes how to implement the methods with data; many data and programs are provided in the online appendix that will be updated over time. The minimum requirement for the book is basic econometrics and statistics including least squares estimator, and the target audience is upper‐level undergraduate students, graduate students and researchers on self‐study. Despite this, all readers—theoretical econometricians/statisticians, applied economists/social scientists, and researchers/students—will find something useful in the book from different perspectives.
Andrew von Hirsch
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198260578
- eISBN:
- 9780191682124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198260578.003.0020
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
Formerly, proposals to extend the reach of the criminal law often were rationalised on paternalistic grounds, or on grounds of the conduct's supposed ‘sinfulness’. Such efforts could be challenged by ...
More
Formerly, proposals to extend the reach of the criminal law often were rationalised on paternalistic grounds, or on grounds of the conduct's supposed ‘sinfulness’. Such efforts could be challenged by appealing to the harm principle — that is, the requirement that the conduct involved be harmful to others. What limitations of principle should there be upon the invocation of more ‘remote’ forms of risk, as grounds for criminalisation? This chapter deals with remote harm and fair imputation. It describes a mode of analysis which focuses on the likelihood and magnitude of a remote risk, and on certain countervailing concerns and constraints. This approach has by now become sufficiently established to merit being termed the ‘Standard’ Harms Analysis. The chapter also considers the distinction between criminal prohibitions applicable to the general public and those which deal with more specialised activities. It argues why it is important to develop fair-imputation principles when dealing with remote risks.Less
Formerly, proposals to extend the reach of the criminal law often were rationalised on paternalistic grounds, or on grounds of the conduct's supposed ‘sinfulness’. Such efforts could be challenged by appealing to the harm principle — that is, the requirement that the conduct involved be harmful to others. What limitations of principle should there be upon the invocation of more ‘remote’ forms of risk, as grounds for criminalisation? This chapter deals with remote harm and fair imputation. It describes a mode of analysis which focuses on the likelihood and magnitude of a remote risk, and on certain countervailing concerns and constraints. This approach has by now become sufficiently established to merit being termed the ‘Standard’ Harms Analysis. The chapter also considers the distinction between criminal prohibitions applicable to the general public and those which deal with more specialised activities. It argues why it is important to develop fair-imputation principles when dealing with remote risks.
